Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain

Neuroscience

Volumn 338, Issue , 2016, Pages 114-129

  Sluka, Kathleen A ^a   Clauw, Daniel J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

central sensitization; chronic pain; fibromyalgia; hyperalgesia; neurobiology; pain

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONIC PAIN; CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXCITATION; FIBROMYALGIA; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PAIN RECEPTOR; PATHOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SENSORY SYSTEM; STRESS; SYMPTOM; ANIMAL; BRAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SPINAL CORD;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CHRONIC PAIN; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 84977538481     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: 18737544     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Abdelhamid, R.E., Sluka, K.A., ASICs mediate pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal diseases. Physiology (Bethesda) 30 (2015), 449–459.
2. Ablin, J.N., Clauw, D.J., Lyden, A.K., et al. Effects of sleep restriction and exercise deprivation on somatic symptoms and mood in healthy adults. Clin Exp Rheumatol 31 (2013), S53–S59.
3. Albrecht, P.J., Hou, Q., Argoff, C.E., et al. Excessive peptidergic sensory innervation of cutaneous arteriole-venule shunts (AVS) in the palmar glabrous skin of fibromyalgia patients: implications for widespread deep tissue pain and fatigue. Pain Med 14 (2013), 895–915.
4. Amano, T., Yamakuni, T., Okabe, N., et al. Production of nerve growth factor in rat skeletal muscle. Neurosci Lett 132 (1991), 5–7.
5. Baidya, D.K., Agarwal, A., Khanna, P., et al. Pregabalin in acute and chronic pain. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 27 (2011), 307–314.
6. Baraniuk, J.N., Whalen, G., Cunningham, J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of opioid peptides in fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 5, 2004, 48.
7. Bement, M.K., Sluka, K.A., Low-intensity exercise reverses chronic muscle pain in the rat in a naloxone-dependent manner. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 (2005), 1736–1740.
8. Bement, M.K., Sluka, K.A., Co-localization of p-CREB and p-NR1 in spinothalamic neurons in a chronic muscle pain model. Neurosci Lett 418 (2007), 22–27.
9. Bobinski, F., Ferreira, T.A., Cordova, M.M., et al. Role of brainstem serotonin in analgesia produced by low-intensity exercise on neuropathic pain after sciatic nerve injury in mice. Pain 156 (2015), 2595–2606.
10. Bote, M.E., Garcia, J.J., Hinchado, M.D., et al. An exploratory study of the effect of regular aquatic exercise on the function of neutrophils from women with fibromyalgia: Role of IL-8 and noradrenaline. Brain Behav Immun, 2013.
11. Bote, M.E., Garcia, J.J., Hinchado, M.D., et al. Fibromyalgia: anti-inflammatory and stress responses after acute moderate exercise. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e74524.
12. Brummett, C.M., Janda, A.M., Schueller, C.M., et al. Survey criteria for fibromyalgia independently predict increased postoperative opioid consumption after lower-extremity joint arthroplasty: a prospective, observational cohort study. Anesthesiology 119 (2013), 1434–1443.
13. Carli, G., Suman, A.L., Biasi, G., et al. Reactivity to superficial and deep stimuli in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 100 (2002), 259–269.
14. Caro, X.J., Winter, E.F., Evidence of abnormal epidermal nerve fiber density in fibromyalgia: clinical and immunologic implications. Arthritis Rheumatol 66 (2014), 1945–1954.
15. 2+ channel-dependent activation of ERK in paraventricular thalamus modulates acid-induced chronic muscle pain. J Neurosci 30 (2010), 10360–10368.
16. Chen, W.N., Chen, C.C., Acid mediates a prolonged antinociception via substance P signaling in acid-induced chronic widespread pain. Mol Pain, 10, 2014, 30.
17. Cheng, S.J., Chen, C.C., Yang, H.W., et al. Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in synaptic transmission and plasticity of a nociceptive input on capsular central amygdaloid neurons in normal and acid-induced muscle pain mice. J Neurosci 31 (2011), 2258–2270.
18. Cicuttini, F.M., Wluka, A.E., Not just loading and age: the dynamics of osteoarthritis, obesity and inflammation. Med J Aust, 204, 2016, 47.
19. Clauw, D.J., Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA 311 (2014), 1547–1555.
20. Clauw, D.J., Chrousos, G.P., Chronic pain and fatigue syndromes: overlapping clinical and neuroendocrine features and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Neuroimmunomodulation 4 (1997), 134–153.
21. Coghill, R.C., McHaffie, J.G., Yen, Y.F., Neural correlates of interindividual differences in the subjective experience of pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003), 8538–8542.
22. Cohen, S.P., Verdolin, M.H., Chang, A.S., et al. The intravenous ketamine test predicts subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients. J Pain 7 (2006), 391–398.
23. Crofford, L., The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis in the fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain 4 (1996), 181–200.
24. Crofford, L.J., The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31 (2002), 1–13.
25. da Silva, L.F.S., DeSantana, J.M., Sluka, K.A., Activation of NMDA receptors in the brainstem, rostral ventromedial medulla, and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis mediates mechanical hyperalgesia produced by repeated intramuscular injections of acidic saline in rats. Pain 11 (2010), 378–387.
26. da Silva, L.F.S., Walder, R.Y., Davidson, B.L., et al. Changes in expression of NMDA-NR1 receptor subunits in the rostral ventromedial medulla modulates pain behaviors. Pain 151 (2010), 155–161.
27. Dailey, D.L., Keffala, V.J., Sluka, K.A., Cognitive and physical fatigue tasks enhance pain, cognitive fatigue and physical fatigue in people with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 67 (2015), 288–296.
28. Dailey, D.L., Rakel, B.A., Vance, C.G., et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain, fatigue and hyperalgesia while restoring central inhibition in primary fibromyalgia. Pain 154 (2013), 2554–2562.
29. Dawes JM, Andersson DA, Bennett DLH, Bevan S, McMahon SB (2013) Inflammatory mediators and modulators of pain. In: Melzack and wall's textbook of pain, vol. 6th ed., (McMahon, SB et al., eds), p 48 Philadelphia: Elsevier.
30. De Resende, M.A., Silva, L.F., Sato, K., et al. Blockade of opioid receptors in the medullary reticularis nucleus dorsalis, but not the rostral ventromedial medulla, prevents analgesia produced by diffuse noxious inhibitory control in rats with muscle inflammation. J Pain, 2011.
31. Desmeules, J.A., Cedraschi, C., Rapiti, E., et al. Neurophysiologic evidence for a central sensitization in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003), 1420–1429.
32. Dickenson, A.H., Sullivan, A.F., Evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the frequency dependent potentiation of deep rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones following C fibre stimulation. Neuropharmacology 26 (1987), 1235–1238.
33. Dina, O.A., Levine, J.D., Green, P.G., Muscle inflammation induces a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent chronic-latent muscle pain. J Pain 9 (2008), 457–462.
34. Dina, O.A., Levine, J.D., Green, P.G., Enhanced cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle produced by a novel mechanism in rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress. Eur J Pain, 2011.
35. Dina, O.A., Levine, J.D., Green, P.G., Enhanced cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle produced by a novel mechanism in rats exposed to unpredictable sound stress. Eur J Pain 15 (2011), 796–800.
36. Dohrenbusch, R., Sodhi, H., Lamprecht, J., et al. Fibromyalgia as a disorder of perceptual organization? An analysis of acoustic stimulus processing in patients with widespread pain. Z Rheumatol 56 (1997), 334–341.
37. Doppler, K., Rittner, H.L., Deckart, M., et al. Reduced dermal nerve fiber diameter in skin biopsies of patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 156 (2015), 2319–2325.
38. Eippert, F., Tracey, I., Pain and the PAG: learning from painful mistakes. Nat Neurosci 17 (2014), 1438–1439.
39. Fayed, N., Garcia-Campayo, J., Magallon, R., et al. Localized 1H-NMR spectroscopy in patients with fibromyalgia: a controlled study of changes in cerebral glutamate/glutamine, inositol, choline, and N-acetylaspartate. Arthritis Res Ther, 12, 2010, R134.
40. Foerster, B.R., Nascimento, T.D., DeBoer, M., et al. Excitatory and inhibitory brain metabolites as targets of motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation therapy and predictors of its efficacy in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheumatol 67 (2015), 576–581.
41. Frey Law, L.A., Sluka, K.A., McMullen, T., et al. Acidic buffer induced muscle pain evokes referred pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in humans. Pain 140 (2008), 254–264.
42. Gautam, M., Benson, C.J., Ranier, J.D., et al. ASICs do not play a role in maintaining hyperalgesia induced by repeated intramuscular acid injections. Pain Res Treat, 2012, 2012, 817437.
43. Geisser, M.E., Glass, J.M., Rajcevska, L.D., et al. A psychophysical study of auditory and pressure sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. J Pain 9 (2008), 417–422.
44. Gerecz-Simon, E.M., Tunks, E.R., Heale, J.A., et al. Measurement of pain threshold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and healthy controls [see comments]. Clin Rheumatol 8 (1989), 467–474.
45. Gerster, J.C., Hadj-Djilani, A., Hearing and vestibular abnormalities in primary fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol 11 (1984), 678–680.
46. Giesecke, T., Gracely, R.H., Grant, M.A., et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004), 613–623.
47. Giesecke, T., Gracely, R.H., Williams, D.A., et al. The relationship between depression, clinical pain, and experimental pain in a chronic pain cohort. Arthritis Rheum, 52, 2005.
48. Glass, J.M., Lyden, A., Petzke, F., et al. The effect of brief exercise cessation on pain, fatigue, and mood symptom development in healthy, fit individuals. J Psychosom Res 57 (2004), 391–398.
49. Gracely, R.H., Geisser, M.E., Giesecke, T., et al. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 127 (2004), 835–843.
50. Gracely, R.H., Petzke, F., Wolf, J.M., et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 46 (2002), 1333–1343.
51. Graven-Nielsen, T., Aspegren, K.S., Henriksson, K.G., et al. Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 85 (2000), 483–491.
52. Green, P.G., Alvarez, P., Gear, R.W., et al. Further validation of a model of fibromyalgia syndrome in the rat. J Pain 12 (2011), 811–818.
53. Green, P.G., Chen, X., Alvarez, P., et al. Early-life stress produces muscle hyperalgesia and nociceptor sensitization in the adult rat. Pain 152 (2011), 2549–2556.
54. Gregory, N.S., Brito, R., Fusaro, M.C.G.O., et al. ASIC3 is required for development of fatigue-induced hyperalgesia. Mol Neurobiol, 2015.
55. Gregory, N.S., Brito, R., Fusaro, M.C.G.O., et al. ASIC3 is required for development of fatigue-induced hyperalgesia. Mol Neurobiol, 53, 2015, 10.
56. Gregory, N.S., Gibson-Corley, K., Frey-Law, L., et al. Fatigue-enhanced hyperalgesia in response to muscle insult: Induction and development occur in a sex-dependent manner. Pain 154 (2013), 2668–2676.
57. Gwilym, S.E., Filippini, N., Douaud, G., et al. Thalamic atrophy associated with painful osteoarthritis of the hip is reversible after arthroplasty: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometric study. Arthritis Rheum 62 (2010), 2930–2940.
58. Gwilym, S.E., Oag, H.C., Tracey, I., et al. Evidence that central sensitisation is present in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and influences the outcome after surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 93 (2011), 498–502.
59. Harris, R.E., Elevated excitatory neurotransmitter levels in the fibromyalgia brain. Arthritis Res Ther, 12, 2010, 141.
60. Harris, R.E., Clauw, D.J., Imaging central neurochemical alterations in chronic pain with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurosci Lett 520 (2012), 192–196.
61. Harris, R.E., Clauw, D.J., Scott, D.J., et al. Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci 27 (2007), 10000–10006.
62. Harris, R.E., Napadow, V., Huggins, J.P., et al. Pregabalin rectifies aberrant brain chemistry, connectivity, and functional response in chronic pain patients. Anesthesiology 119 (2013), 1453–1464.
63. Harris, R.E., Sundgren, P.C., Craig, A.D., et al. Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain. Arthritis Rheum 60 (2009), 3146–3152.
64. Harris, R.E., Sundgren, P.C., Pang, Y., et al. Dynamic levels of glutamate within the insula are associated with improvements in multiple pain domains in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 58 (2008), 903–907.
65. Harte, S.E., Clauw, D.J., Napadow, V., et al. Pressure pain sensitivity and insular combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx) are associated with subsequent clinical response to sham but not traditional acupuncture in patients who have chronic pain. Med Acupunct 25 (2013), 154–160.
66. Hata, T., Itoh, E., Kawabata, A., Changes in CNS levels of serotonin and its metabolite in SART-stressed (repeatedly cold-stressed) rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 56 (1991), 101–104.
67. Hayashi, K., Ozaki, N., Kawakita, K., et al. Involvement of NGF in the rat model of persistent muscle pain associated with taut band. J Pain 12 (2011), 1059–1068.
68. Hoeger-Bement, M.K., Sluka, K.A., Phosphorylation of CREB and mechanical hyperalgesia is reversed by blockade of the cAMP pathway in a time-dependent manner after repeated intramuscular acid injections. J Neurosci 23 (2003), 5437–5445.
69. Hoheisel, U., Unger, T., Mense, S., Sensitization of rat dorsal horn neurons by NGF-induced subthreshold potentials and low-frequency activation. A study employing intracellular recordings in vivo. Brain Res 1169 (2007), 34–43.
70. Holton, K.F., Taren, D.L., Thomson, C.A., et al. The effect of dietary glutamate on fibromyalgia and irritable bowel symptoms. Clin Exp Rheumatol 30 (2012), 10–17.
71. Janda, A.M., As-Sanie, S., Rajala, B., et al. Fibromyalgia survey criteria is associated with increased postoperative opioid consumption in women undergoing hysterectomy. Anesthesiology, 2015.
72. Jensen, K.B., Loitoile, R., Kosek, E., et al. Patients with fibromyalgia display less functional connectivity in the brain's pain inhibitory network. Mol Pain, 8, 2012, 32.
73. Julien, N., Goffaux, P., Arsenault, P., et al. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain 114 (2005), 295–302.
74. Karczewski, J., Spencer, R.H., Garsky, V.M., et al. Reversal of acid-induced and inflammatory pain by the selective ASIC3 inhibitor, APETx2. Br J Pharmacol 161 (2010), 950–960.
75. Khasar, S.G., Burkham, J., Dina, O.A., et al. Stress induces a switch of intracellular signaling in sensory neurons in a model of generalized pain. J Neurosci 28 (2008), 5721–5730.
76. Khasar, S.G., Dina, O.A., Green, P.G., et al. Sound stress-induced long-term enhancement of mechanical hyperalgesia in rats is maintained by sympathoadrenal catecholamines. J Pain 10 (2009), 1073–1077.
77. Kim, S.H., Song, J., Mun, H., et al. Effect of the combined use of tramadol and milnacipran on pain threshold in an animal model of fibromyalgia. Korean J Intern Med 24 (2009), 139–142.
78. Kosek, E., Ekholm, J., Hansson, P., Increased pressure pain sensibility in fibromyalgia patients is located deep to the skin but not restricted to muscle tissue. Pain 63 (1995), 335–339.
79. Kosek, E., Hansson, P., Modulatory influence on somatosensory perception from vibration and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia patients and healthy subjects. Pain 70 (1997), 41–51.
80. Kosek, E., Ordeberg, G., Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain 88 (2000), 69–78.
81. Kroenke, K., Mangelsdorff, A.D., Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. Am J Med 86 (1989), 262–266.
82. Kuraishi, Y., Satoh, M., Participation of spinal cord substance P in hyperalgesia induced by repeated cold stress. Regul Pept 46 (1993), 405–406.
83. Lautenbacher, S., Rollman, G.B., Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 13 (1997), 189–196.
84. Lautenbacher, S., Rollman, G.B., McCain, G.A., Multi-method assessment of experimental and clinical pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 59 (1994), 45–53.
85. Le Bars, D., Villanueva, L., Electrophysiological evidence for the activation of descending inhibitory controls by nociceptive afferent pathways. Prog Brain Res 77 (1988), 275–299.
86. Le Bars, D., Villanueva, L., Bouhassira, D., et al. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in animals and in man. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1992, 55–65.
87. Lee, M.C., Tracey, I., Imaging pain: a potent means for investigating pain mechanisms in patients. Br J Anaesth 111 (2013), 64–72.
88. Letzen, J.E., Craggs, J.G., Perlstein, W.M., et al. Functional connectivity of the default mode network and its association with pain networks in irritable bowel patients assessed via lidocaine treatment. J Pain 14 (2013), 1077–1087.
89. Light, A.R., White, A.T., Hughen, R.W., et al. Moderate exercise increases expression for sensory, adrenergic, and immune genes in chronic fatigue syndrome patients but not in normal subjects. J Pain 10 (2009), 1099–1112.
90. Lin, C.C., Chen, W.N., Chen, C.J., et al. An antinociceptive role for substance P in acid-induced chronic muscle pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109 (2012), E76–E83.
91. Liu, Y.T., Shao, Y.W., Yen, C.T., et al. Acid-induced hyperalgesia and anxio-depressive comorbidity in rats. Physiol Behav 131 (2014), 105–110.
92. Loggia, M.L., Kim, J., Gollub, R.L., et al. Default mode network connectivity encodes clinical pain: an arterial spin labeling study. Pain 154 (2013), 24–33.
93. Martinez-Lavin, M., Hermosillo, A.G., Autonomic nervous system dysfunction may explain the multisystem features of fibromyalgia [editorial; comment]. Semin Arthritis Rheum 29 (2000), 197–199.
94. Mayer, E.A., Gebhart, G.F., Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia. Gastroenterology 107 (1994), 271–293.
95. McBeth, J., Morris, S., Benjamin, S., et al. Associations between adverse events in childhood and chronic widespread pain in adulthood: are they explained by differential recall?. J Rheumatol 28 (2001), 2305–2309.
96. McLean, S.A., Williams, D.A., Stein, P.K., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor concentration is associated with pain but not fatigue symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006), 2776–2782.
97. Mendieta, D., la Cruz-Aguilera, D.L., Barrera-Villalpando, M.I., et al. IL-8 and IL-6 primarily mediate the inflammatory response in fibromyalgia patients. J Neuroimmunol 290 (2016), 22–25.
98. Menzies, V., Lyon, D.E., Integrated review of the association of cytokines with fibromyalgia and fibromyalgia core symptoms. Biol Res Nurs 11 (2010), 387–394.
99. Miranda, A., Peles, S., McLean, P.G., et al. Effects of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, alosetron, in a rat model of somatic and visceral hyperalgesia. Pain 126 (2006), 54–63.
100. Miranda, A., Peles, S., Rudolph, C., et al. Altered visceral sensation in response to somatic pain in the rat. Gastroenterology 126 (2004), 1082–1089.
101. Molliver, D.C., Immke, D.C., Fierro, L., et al. ASIC3, an acid-sensing ion channel, is expressed in metaboreceptive sensory neurons. Mol Pain, 1, 2005, 35.
102. Murase, S., Terazawa, E., Queme, F., et al. Bradykinin and nerve growth factor play pivotal roles in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise (delayed-onset muscle soreness). J Neurosci 30 (2010), 3752–3761.
103. Nagakura, Y., Oe, T., Aoki, T., et al. Biogenic amine depletion causes chronic muscular pain and tactile allodynia accompanied by depression: a putative animal model of fibromyalgia. Pain 146 (2009), 26–33.
104. Napadow, V., Kim, J., Clauw, D.J., et al. Decreased intrinsic brain connectivity is associated with reduced clinical pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 64 (2012), 2398–2403.
105. Napadow, V., Lacount, L., Park, K., et al. Intrinsic brain connectivity in fibromyalgia is associated with chronic pain intensity. Arthritis Rheum, 2010.
106. Nasu, T., Taguchi, T., Mizumura, K., Persistent deep mechanical hyperalgesia induced by repeated cold stress in rats. Eur J Pain 14 (2010), 236–244.
107. Nielsen, A.N., Mathiesen, C., Blackburn-Munro, G., Pharmacological characterisation of acid-induced muscle allodynia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 487 (2004), 93–103.
108. Nishiyori, M., Uchida, H., Nagai, J., et al. Permanent relief from intermittent cold stress-induced fibromyalgia-like abnormal pain by repeated intrathecal administration of antidepressants. Mol Pain, 7, 2011, 69.
109. Oaklander, A.L., Herzog, Z.D., Downs, H.M., et al. Objective evidence that small-fiber polyneuropathy underlies some illnesses currently labeled as fibromyalgia. Pain 154 (2013), 2310–2316.
110. Okano, K., Kuraishi, Y., Satoh, M., Effects of intrathecally injected glutamate and substance P antagonists on repeated cold stress-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 18 (1995), 42–44.
111. Olivan-Blazquez, B., Herrera-Mercadal, P., Puebla-Guedea, M., et al. Efficacy of memantine in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. Pain 155 (2014), 2517–2525.
112. Oliveira, L.R., de Melo, V.U., Macedo, F.N., et al. Induction of chronic non-inflammatory widespread pain increases cardiac sympathetic modulation in rats. Auton Neurosci 167 (2012), 45–49.
113. Omiya, Y., Goto, K., Ishige, A., et al. Changes in analgesia-producing mechanism of repeated cold stress loading in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65 (2000), 261–266.
114. Petzke, F., Ambrose, K., Gracely, R.H., et al. What do tender points measure?. Arthritis Rheum, 42, 1999, S342.
115. Petzke, F., Clauw, D.J., Sympathetic nervous system function in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2 (2000), 116–123.
116. Petzke, F., Clauw, D.J., Ambrose, K., et al. Increased pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia: effects of stimulus type and mode of presentation. Pain 105 (2003), 403–413.
117. Petzke, F., Gracely, R.H., Khine, A., et al. Pain sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia (FM): expectancy effects on pain measurements. Arthritis Rheum, 42, 1999, S342.
118. Petzke, F., Gracely, R.H., Park, K.M., et al. What do tender points measure? Influence of distress on 4 measures of tenderness. J Rheumatol 30 (2003), 567–574.
119. Petzke, F., Khine, A., Williams, D., et al. Dolorimetry performed at 3 paired tender points highly predicts overall tenderness. J Rheumatol 28 (2001), 2568–2569.
120. Pillemer, S.R., Bradley, L.A., Crofford, L.J., et al. The neuroscience and endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 40 (1997), 1928–1939.
121. Potvin, S., Paul-Savoie, E., Morin, M., et al. Temporal summation of pain is not amplified in a large proportion of fibromyalgia patients. Pain Res Treat, 2012, 2012, 938595.
122. Price, D.D., Staud, R., Robinson, M.E., et al. Enhanced temporal summation of second pain and its central modulation in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 99 (2002), 49–59.
123. Price, M.P., McIlwrath, S.L., Xie, J., et al. The DRASIC cation channel contributes to the detection of cutaneous touch and acid stimuli in mice. Neuron 32 (2001), 1071–1083.
124. Quintero, J., Dooley, D.J., Pomerleau, F., et al. Amperometric measurement of glutamate release modulation by gabapentin and pregabalin in rat neocortical slices: role of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ α2δ-1 subunit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2011.
125. Quintero, L., Cuesta, M.C., Silva, J.A., et al. Repeated swim stress increases pain-induced expression of c-Fos in the rat lumbar cord. Brain Res 965 (2003), 259–268.
126. Quintero, L., Moreno, M., Avila, C., et al. Long-lasting delayed hyperalgesia after subchronic swim stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 (2000), 449–458.
127. Radhakrishnan, R., Sluka, K.A., Increased glutamate and decreased glycine release in the rostral ventromedial medulla during induction of a pre-clinical model of chronic widespread muscle pain. Neurosci Lett 457 (2009), 141–145.
128. Raphael, K.G., Natelson, B.H., Janal, M.N., et al. A community-based survey of fibromyalgia-like pain complaints following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Pain 100 (2002), 131–139.
129. Roerig, S.C., Fujimoto, J.M., Tseng, L.F., Comparisons of descending pain inhibitory pathways activated by beta-endorphin and morphine as characterized by supraspinal and spinal antinociceptive interactions in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247 (1988), 1107–1113.
130. Rossi, H.L., Luu, A.K., DeVilbiss, J.L., et al. Obesity increases nociceptive activation of the trigeminal system. Eur J Pain 17 (2013), 649–653.
131. Rossi, H.L., Luu, A.K., Kothari, S.D., et al. Effects of diet-induced obesity on motivation and pain behavior in an operant assay. Neuroscience 235 (2013), 87–95.
132. Rukwied, R., Mayer, A., Kluschina, O., et al. NGF induces non-inflammatory localized and lasting mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in human skin. Pain 148 (2010), 407–413.
133. Russell, I.J., Neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol 57:Suppl 2 (1998), 63–66.
134. Russell, I.J., Vaeroy, H., Javors, M., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 35 (1992), 550–556.
135. Russell, I.J., Vipraio, G., Fletcher, E.M., et al. Characteristics of spinal fluid (CSF) substance p (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Arthritis Rheum, 39, 1996, S275.
136. Sabharwal, R., Rasmussen, L., Sluka, K.A., et al. Exercise prevents development of autonomic dysregulation and hyperalgesia in a mouse model of chronic muscle pain. Pain, 2015.
137. Sarchielli, P., Di Filippo, M., Nardi, K., et al. Sensitization, glutamate, and the link between migraine and fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 11 (2007), 343–351.
138. Satoh, M., Kuraishi, Y., Kawamura, M., Effects of intrathecal antibodies to substance-P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin on repeated cold stress-induced hyperalgesia – comparison with carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 49 (1992), 273–278.
139. Schmidt-Wilcke, T., Clauw, D.J., Fibromyalgia: from pathophysiology to therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2011.
140. Schmidt-Wilcke, T., Ichesco, E., Hampson, J.P., et al. Resting state connectivity correlates with drug and placebo response in fibromyalgia patients. Neuroimage Clin 6 (2014), 252–261.
141. Schwarz, M.J., Spath, M., Muller-Bardorff, H., et al. Relationship of substance P, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and tryptophan in serum of fibromyalgia patients. Neurosci Lett 259 (1999), 196–198.
142. Segerdahl, A.R., Mezue, M., Okell, T.W., et al. The dorsal posterior insula subserves a fundamental role in human pain. Nat Neurosci 18 (2015), 499–500.
143. Serra, J., Collado, A., Sola, R., et al. Hyperexcitable C nociceptors in fibromyalgia. Ann Neurol 75 (2014), 196–208.
144. Shang, Y., Gurley, K., Symons, B., et al. Noninvasive optical characterization of muscle blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in women with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther, 14, 2012, R236.
145. Sharma, N.K., Ryals, J.M., Gajewski, B.J., et al. Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain. Phys Ther 90 (2010), 714–725.
146. Sharma, N.K., Ryals, J.M., Liu, H., et al. Acidic saline-induced primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. J Pain 10 (2009), 1231–1241.
147. Simms, R.W., Roy, S.H., Hrovat, M., et al. Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism. Arthritis Rheum 37 (1994), 794–800.
148. Skyba, D.A., King, E.W., Sluka, K.A., Effects of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on the development and maintenance of hyperalgesia induced by repeated intramuscular injection of acidic saline. Pain 98 (2002), 69–78.
149. Skyba, D.A., Lisi, T.L., Sluka, K.A., Excitatory amino acid concentrations increase in the spinal cord dorsal horn after repeated intramuscular injection of acidic saline. Pain 119 (2005), 142–149.
150. Slade, G.D., Conrad, M.S., Diatchenko, L., et al. Cytokine biomarkers and chronic pain: association of genes, transcription, and circulating proteins with temporomandibular disorders and widespread palpation tenderness. Pain 152 (2011), 2802–2812.
151. Sluka, K.A., Danielson, J., Rasmussen, L., et al. Exercise-induced pain requires NMDA receptor activation in the medullary raphe nuclei. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44 (2012), 420–427.
152. Sluka, K.A., Gregory, N.S., The dichotomized role for acid sensing ion channels in musculoskeletal pain and inflammation. Neuropharmacology 94 (2015), 58–63.
153. Sluka, K.A., Kalra, A., Moore, S.A., Unilateral intramuscular injections of acidic saline produce a bilateral, long-lasting hyperalgesia. Muscle Nerve 24 (2001), 37–46.
154. Sluka, K.A., O'Donnell, J.M., Danielson, J., et al. Regular physical activity prevents development of chronic pain and activation of central neurons. J Appl Physiol 114 (2013), 725–733.
155. Sluka, K.A., Price, M.P., Breese, N.M., et al. Chronic hyperalgesia induced by repeated acid injections in muscle is abolished by the loss of ASIC3, but not ASIC1. Pain 106 (2003), 229–239.
156. Sluka, K.A., Rasmussen, L.A., Fatiguing exercise enhances hyperalgesia to muscle inflammation. Pain 148 (2010), 188–197.
157. Sluka, K.A., Rohlwing, J.J., Bussey, R.A., et al. Chronic muscle pain induced by repeated acid injection is reversed by spinally administered æ-, and ë-, but not k-, opioid receptor agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302 (2002), 1146–1150.
158. Smythe, H., Tender points: evolution of concepts of the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 81 (1986), 2–6.
159. Sorensen, J., Graven-Nielsen, T., Henriksson, K.G., et al. Hyperexcitability in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 25 (1998), 152–155.
160. Srikuea, R., Symons, T.B., Long, D.E., et al. Association of fibromyalgia with altered skeletal muscle characteristics which may contribute to postexertional fatigue in postmenopausal women. Arthritis Rheum 65 (2013), 519–528.
161. Staud, R., Bovee, C.E., Robinson, M.E., et al. Cutaneous C-fiber pain abnormalities of fibromyalgia patients are specifically related to temporal summation. Pain 139 (2008), 315–323.
162. Staud, R., Cannon, R.C., Mauderli, A.P., et al. Temporal summation of pain from mechanical stimulation of muscle tissue in normal controls and subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain 102 (2003), 87–95.
163. Staud, R., Vierck, C.J., Robinson, M.E., et al. Effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on temporal summation of pain are similar in fibromyalgia patients and normal control subjects. J Pain 6 (2005), 323–332.
164. Staud, R., Weyl, E.E., Bartley, E., et al. Analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of muscle injections with lidocaine or saline in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J Pain 18 (2014), 803–812.
165. Sturgill, J., McGee, E., Menzies, V., Unique cytokine signature in the plasma of patients with fibromyalgia. J Immunol Res, 2014, 2014, 938576.
166. Suarez-Roca, H., Leal, L., Silva, J.A., et al. Reduced GABA neurotransmission underlies hyperalgesia induced by repeated forced swimming stress. Behav Brain Res 189 (2008), 159–169.
167. Suarez-Roca, H., Silva, J.A., Arcaya, J.L., et al. Role of mu-opioid and NMDA receptors in the development and maintenance of repeated swim stress-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Behav Brain Res 167 (2006), 205–211.
168. Svensson, P., Cairns, B.E., Wang, K., et al. Injection of nerve growth factor into human masseter muscle evokes long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia. Pain 104 (2003), 241–247.
169. Taguchi, T., Katanosaka, K., Yasui, M., et al. Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception in a rat reserpine-induced pain model. Pain 156 (2015), 415–427.
170. Tchivileva, I.E., Lim, P.F., Smith, S.B., et al. Effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism on response to propranolol therapy in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 20 (2010), 239–248.
171. Tillu, D.V., Gebhart, G.F., Sluka, K.A., Descending facilitatory pathways from the RVM initiate and maintain bilateral hyperalgesia after muscle insult. Pain 136 (2008), 331–339.
172. Tracey, I., “Seeing” how our drugs work brings translational added value. Anesthesiology 119 (2013), 1247–1248.
173. Uceyler, N., Hauser, W., Sommer, C., Systematic review with meta-analysis: cytokines in fibromyalgia syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 12, 2011, 245.
174. Uceyler, N., Zeller, D., Kahn, A.K., et al. Small fibre pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Brain 136 (2013), 1857–1867.
175. Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., Thomsen, C., Norregaard, J., et al. 31P NMR spectroscopy and electromyography during exercise and recovery in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 22 (1995), 1544–1551.
176. Wager, T.D., Atlas, L.Y., Lindquist, M.A., et al. An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1388–1397.
177. Walder, R.Y., Gautam, M., Wilson, S.P., et al. Selective targeting of ASIC3 using miRNAs inhibits primary and secondary hyperalgesia following muscle inflammation. Pain 152 (2011), 2348–2356.
178. Wilder-Smith, C.H., Robert-Yap, J., Abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic and visceral hypersensitivity in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 13 (2007), 3699–3704.
179. Williams, D.A., Brown, S.C., Clauw, D.J., et al. Self-reported symptoms before and after September 11 in patients with fibromyalgia. JAMA 289 (2003), 1637–1638.
180. Wolfe, F., The relation between tender points and fibromyalgia symptom variables: evidence that fibromyalgia is not a discrete disorder in the clinic. Ann Rheum Dis 56 (1997), 268–271.
181. Wolfe, F., Ross, K., Anderson, J., et al. Aspects of fibromyalgia in the general population: sex, pain threshold, and fibromyalgia symptoms. J Rheumatol 22 (1995), 151–156.
182. Wolfe, F., Smythe, H.A., Yunus, M.B., et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 33 (1990), 160–172.
183. Wortmann, R.L., Searching for the cause of fibromyalgia: is there a defect in energy metabolism?. Arthritis Rheum 37 (1994), 790–793.
184. Wu, C., Erickson, M.A., Xu, J., et al. Expression profile of nerve growth factor after muscle incision in the rat. Anesthesiology 110 (2009), 140–149.
185. Yaksh, T.L., Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processing. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22 (1985), 845–858.
186. Yarnitsky, D., Conditioned pain modulation (the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect): its relevance for acute and chronic pain states. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23 (2010), 611–615.
187. Yarnitsky, D., Granot, M., Nahman-Averbuch, H., et al. Conditioned pain modulation predicts duloxetine efficacy in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 153 (2012), 1193–1198.
188. Yokoyama, T., Audette, K.M., Sluka, K.A., Pregabalin reduces muscle and cutaneous hyperalgesia in two models of chronic muscle pain in rats. J Pain 8 (2007), 422–429.
189. Yokoyama, T., Lisi, T.L., Moore, S.A., et al. Muscle fatigue increases the probability of developing hyperalgesia in mice. J Pain 8 (2007), 692–699.
190. Younger, J., Mackey, S., Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med 10 (2009), 663–672.
191. Yunus, M., Masi, A.T., Calabro, J.J., et al. Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. Semin Arthritis Rheum 11 (1981), 151–171.
192. Yunus, M., Masi, A.T., Calabro, J.J., et al. Primary fibromyalgia. Am Fam Physician 25 (1982), 115–121.
193. Yunus, M.B., Editorial review: an update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology. Curr Rheumatol Rev 11 (2015), 70–85.