Framing and the health policy process: A scoping review

Health Policy and Planning

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 801-816

  Koon, Adam D ^a   Hawkins, Benjamin ^a   Mayhew, Susannah H ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Frames; health policy; ideas; policy process; scoping review

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL ARTICLE; DATA BASE; EPISTEMOLOGY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LITERATURE; SCIENTIST; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIOLOGY; THEORETICAL MODEL; MANAGEMENT; POLITICS; RESEARCH; SYSTEMS THEORY;

HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; POLICY MAKING; POLITICS; RESEARCH; SYSTEMS THEORY;

EID: 84977118183     PISSN: 02681080     EISSN: 14602237     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czv128     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Abraham T. 2011. The chronicle of a disease foretold pandemic H1N1 and the construction of a global health security threat. Political Studies 59, 797-812.
2. Adams J, Braun V, McCreanor T. 2010. A critical analysis of gay men's health policy documents. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review 6, 42-59.
3. Andress L. 2007. The emergence of the social determinants of health on the policy agenda in Britain: a case study, 1980-2003. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Texas.
4. Arksey H, O'Malley L. 2005. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social ResearchMethodology 8, 19-32.
5. Aveyard H. 2014. Doing a Literature Review in Health and Social Care: A Practical Guide. Berkshire: Open University Press.
6. Bachrach P, Baratz MS. 1962. Two faces of power. The American Political Science Review 56, 947-52.
7. Barry CL, Jarlenski M, Grob R, Schlesinger M, Gollust SE. 2011. News media framing of childhood obesity in the United States from 2000 to 2009. Pediatrics 128, 132-45.
8. Bartlett FC. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Bateson G. 1972. Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Baumgartner FR, Jones BD. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. Béland D. 2010. Policy change and health care research. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 35, 615-41.
12. Béland D, Cox RH
13. Benford RD, Snow DA. 2000. Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology 26, 611-39.
14. Bennett S, Agyepong IA, Sheikh K, Hanson K, Ssengooba F, Gilson L. 2011. Building the field of health policy and systems research: an agenda for action. PLoS Medicine 8, e1001081.
15. Berger MSR. 2013. Is how you say it more important than what you say? Issue framing in controversial public policy discourse: the cases of Needle Exchange and Stem Cell Research in New Jersey. Ph. D. Thesis. Rutgers University.
16. Berger P, Luckmann T. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Anchor Books.
17. Berlan D, Buse K, Shiffman J, Tanaka S. 2014. The bit in the middle: a synthesis of global health literature on policy formulation and adoption. Health Policy and Planning 29, 23-34.
18. Blackman T, Harrington B, Elliott E et al. 2012. Framing health inequalities for local intervention: comparative case studies. Sociology of Health and Illness 34, 49-63.
19. Brien S, Lorenzetti DL, Lewis S, Kennedy J, Ghali WA. 2010. Overview of a formal scoping review on health system report cards. Implementation Science 5, 2.
20. Chong D, Druckman JN. 2007a. Framing public opinion in competitive democracies. American Political Science Review 101, 637-55.
21. Chong D, Druckman JN. 2007b. Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science 10, 103-26.
22. Creed WED, Langstraat JA, Scully MA. 2002. A picture of the frame: frame analysis as technique and as politics. Organizational Research Methods 5, 34-55.
23. Dahl RA. 1961. Who governs?: Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
24. David CC, Atun JML, La Vina AGM. 2012. Framing in legislation: the case of population policy in the Philippines. Population Research and Policy Review 31, 297-319.
25. Daw JR, Morgan SG, Collins PA, Abelson J. 2014. Framing incremental expansions to public health insurance systems: the case of Canadian pharmacare. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 39, 295-319.
26. de Leeuw E, Clavier C, Breton E. 2014. Health policy-why research it and how : health political science. Health Research Policy and Systems 12, 1-10.
27. de Savigny D, Adam T. 2009. Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening. Geneva: WHO.
28. Doan AE, Kirkpatrick K. 2013. Giving girls a shot: an examination of mandatory vaccination legislation. Policy Studies Journal 41, 295-318.
29. Dodge KA. 2008. Framing public policy and prevention of chronic violence in American youths. American Psychologist 63, 573-90.
30. Dorfman L, Wallack L, Woodruff K. 2005. More than a message: framing public health advocacy to change corporate practices. Health Education and Behavior 32, 320-36.
31. Driedger SM, Eyles J. 2003. Different frames, different fears: communicating about chlorinated drinking water and cancer in the Canadian media. Social Science and Medicine 56, 1279.
32. Druckman JN. 2010. Competing frames in a political campaign. In Schaffner B, Sellers PJ (eds). Winning with Words: The Origins and Impact of Framing. New York: Routledge, 101-20.
33. Druckman JN. 2004. Political preference formation: competition, deliberation, and the (ir)relevance of framing effects. American Political Science Review 98, 671-86.
34. Druckman JN. 2011. What's it all about? Framing in Political Science. In: Keren G (ed). Persepctives on Framing. New York: Psychology Press, 279-301.
35. Druckman JN, Kuklinski JH, Sigelman L. 2009. The unmet potential of interdisciplinary research: political psychological approaches to voting and public opinion. Political Behavior 31, 485-510.
36. Edelman M. 1977. Political Language. New York: Academic Press New York.
37. Edelman MJ. 1988. Constructing the Polítical Spectacle. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
38. Edelman MJ. 1985. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
39. Elder CD, Cobb RW. 1983. The Political Uses of Symbols. New York: Longman New York.
40. Entman RM. 1993. Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication 43, 51-8.
41. Esmail LC, Kohler JC. 2012. The politics behind the implementation of the WTO Paragraph 6 Decision in Canada to increase global drug access. Globalization and Health 8, 7.
42. Fairclough N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
43. Firbank OE. 2011. Framing home-care policy: a case study of reforms in a Canadian jurisdiction. Journal of Aging Studies 25, 34-44.
44. Fischer F
45. Fischer F, Forester J (eds). 1993. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. Durham: Duke University Press.
46. Fischer F, Gottweis H (eds). 2012. The Argumentative Turn Revisited: Public Policy as Communicative Practice. Durham: Duke University Press.
47. Fogarty AS, Chapman S. 2012. Advocates, interest groups and Australian news coverage of alcohol advertising restrictions: content and framing analysis. BMC Public Health 12, 727.
48. Fogarty AS, Chapman S. 2011. Framing and the marginalisation of evidence in media reportage of policy debate about alcopops, Australia 2008-2009: implications for advocacy. Drug and Alcohol Review 30, 569-76.
49. Foucault M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York: Vintage Books.
50. Fraser N. 1989. Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory. Minneaopolis: University of Minnesota Press.
51. Frickel S. 2004. Building an interdiscipline: collective action framing and the rise of genetic toxicology. Social Problems 51, 269-87.
52. Gamson WA, Croteau D, Hoynes W, Sasson T. 1992. Media images and the social construction of reality. Annual Review of Sociology 18, 373-93.
53. Gamson WA. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Gamson WA, Lasch KE. 1983. The political culture of welfare policy. In: Spiro S, Yuchtman-Yaar E (eds). Evaluating the Welfare State: Social and Political Perspectives. New York: Academic Press, 397-415.
55. Gamson WA, Modigliani A. 1987. The changing culture of affirmative action. In: Braumgart R (ed). Research in Political Sociology. Greenwhich, CT: JAI Press Inc. , 137-77.
56. Garvin T, Eyles J. 2001. Public health responses for skin cancer prevention: the policy framing of Sun Safety in Australia, Canada and England. Social Science and Medicine 53, 1175-89.
57. Gilson L, Hanson K, Sheikh K, Agyepong IA, Ssengooba F, Bennett S. 2011. Building the field of health policy and systems research: social science matters. PLoS Medicine 8, e1001079.
58. Gilson L, Raphaely N. 2008. The terrain of health policy analysis in low and middle income countries: a review of published literature 1994-2007. Health Policy and Planning 23, 294-307.
59. Gitlin T. 1980. The WholeWorld isWatching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkley: University of California Press.
60. Goffman E. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
61. Gollust SE, Niederdeppe J, Barry CL. 2013. Framing the consequences of childhood obesity to increase public support for obesity prevention policy. American Journal of Public Health 103, 96-103.
62. Goss D. 1996. Writing about AIDS: Framing policy. Scandinavian Journal of Management 12, 57-68.
63. Grant MJ, Booth A. 2009. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal 26, 91-108.
64. Gusfield JR. 1981. The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking-Driving and the Symbolic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Habermas J. 1985. The Theory of Communicative Action: Volume 2: Lifeword and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Boston: Beacon press.
66. Hawkins B, Holden C. 2013. Framing the alcohol policy debate: industry actors and the regulation of the UK beverage alcohol market. Critical Policy Studies 7, 53-71.
67. Hay C. 2011. Ideas and the construction of interests. In: Béland D, Cox RH (eds). Ideas and Politics in Social Science Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-82.
68. Howarth D. 2000. Discourse, Buckingham: Open University Press.
69. Iannantuono A, Eyles J. 2000. Environmental health policy: analytic framing of the great lakes picture. Environmental Management 26, 385-92.
70. Iannantuono A, Eyles J. 1997. Meanings in policy: a textual analysis of Canada's achieving health for all' document. Social Science and Medicine 44, 1611-21.
71. Ibrahim Y. 2007. SARS and the Rhetoric of War in Singapore. Crossroads 18, 90-119.
72. Inoue K, Drori GS. 2006. The global institutionalization of health as a social concern: organizational and discursive trends. International Sociology 21, 199-219.
73. Iyengar S. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
74. Jenkin GL, Signal L, Thomson G. 2011. Framing obesity: the framing contest between industry and public health at the New Zealand inquiry into obesity. Obesity Reviews 12, 1022-30.
75. Jenson J. 1989. Paradigms and political discourse: protective legislation in France and the United States before 1914. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique 22, 235-58.
76. Jerit J. 2009. How predictive appeals affect policy opinions. American Journal of Political Science 53, 411-26.
77. Jerit J. 2008. Issue framing and engagement: rhetorical strategy in public policy debates. Political Behavior, 30, 1-24.
78. John P. 2012. Analyzing Public Policy, 2nd edn. Oxon: Routledge.
79. Johnson C. 2010. Framing and the politics of public health: an examination of competing health narratives in Honduras. Global Public Health 5, 1-14.
80. Kahneman D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
81. Kahneman D, Tversky A. 1984. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39, 341-50.
82. Kahneman D, Tversky A. 1979. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263-92.
83. Kamradt-Scott A. 2012. Evidence-based medicine and the governance of pandemic influenza. Global Public Health 7, S111-26.
84. Kamradt-Scott A, McInnes C. 2012. The securitisation of pandemic influenza: framing, security and public policy. Global Public Health 7, S95-110.
85. Kingdon JW. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
86. Kolker ES. 2004. Framing as a cultural resource in health social movements: funding activism and the breast cancer movement in the US 1990-1993. Sociology of Health and Illness 26, 820-44.
87. Koon AD, Mayhew SH. 2013. Strengthening the health workforce and rolling out universal health coverage: the need for policy analysis. Global Health Action 6, 21852.
88. Kosiki GM. 1993. Problems and opportunities in agenda-setting research. Journal of Communication 43, 100-27.
89. Kwan S. 2009. Framing the fat body: contested meanings between government, activists, and industry. Sociological Inquiry 79, 25-50.
90. Kwan S, Graves J. 2013. Framing Fat: Competing Constructions in Contemporary Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
91. L'Espérance A. 2013. Fertilize-this : framing infertility in Quebec, Ontario and England between 1990 and 2010. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Ottawa.
92. Laclau E, Mouffe C. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards A Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso Books.
93. Lakoff G. 2004. Don't Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.
94. Lakoff G. 2006. Thinking Points: Communicating Our American Values and Vision. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
95. Lakoff G, Johnson M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
96. Levin IP, Schneider SL, Gaeth GJ. 1998. All frames are not created equal: a typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 76, 149-88.
97. Lieberman RC. 2002. Ideas, institutions, and political order: explaining political change. The American Political Science Review 96, 697-712.
98. Majone G. 1989. Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process. New Haven: Yale University Press.
99. March JG, Olsen JP. 1984. The new institutionalism: organizational factors in political life. The American Political Science Review 78, 734-49.
100. McInnes C Kamradt-Scott A, Lee K et al. 2012. Framing global health: the governance challenge. Global Public Health 7, S83-94.
101. Menashe CL, Siegel M. 1998. The power of a frame: an analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues-United States, 1985-1996. Journal of Health Communication 3, 307-25.
102. Mills CW. 1956. The Power Elite. London: Oxford University Press.
103. Mitton C, Smith N, Peacock S, Evoy B, Abelson J. 2009. Public participation in health care priority setting: a scoping review. Health Policy 91, 219-228.
104. Moret-Hartman M, Knoester PD, Hekster YA, van der Wilt GJ. 2006. Non-compliance on the part of the professional community with a national guideline: An argumentative policy analysis. Health Policy 78, 353-9.
105. Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE, Barry CL. 2014. Inoculation in competitive framing: examining message effects on policy preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly 78, 634-55.
106. Noy D. 2009. When framing fails: ideas, influence, and resources in San Francisco's homeless policy field. Social Problems 56, 223-42.
107. Ofori-Birikorang A. 2010. Promoting a new health policy in the Ghanaian media: Newspaper framing of the National Health Insurance scheme from 2005-2007. Ph. D. Thesis, Ohio University.
108. Oronje RN. 2013. Understanding the drivers of change in sexual and reproductive health policy and legislation in Kenya. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Sussex.
109. Pan Z, Kosicki GM. 1993. Framing analysis: an approach to news discourse. Political Communication 10, 55-75.
110. Parkhurst JO. 2012. Framing, ideology and evidence: Uganda's HIV success and the development of PEPFAR's' ABC'policy for HIV prevention. Evidence and Policy 8, 17-36.
111. Parkhurst JO, Vulimiri M. 2013. Cervical cancer and the global health agenda: insights from multiple policy-analysis frameworks. Global Public Health 8, 1093-108.
112. Paterson S, Marshall C. 2011. Framing the new midwifery: media narratives in Ontario and Quebec during the 1980s and 1990s. Journal of Canadian Studies 45, 82-107.
113. Peters AJ, Van Driel FTM, Jansen WHM. 2013. Silencing women's sexuality: global AIDS policies and the case of the female condom. Journal of the International AIDS Society 16, 18452.
114. Petticrew M, Roberts H. 2006. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, 1st edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
115. Rabinow P, Sullivan WM (eds). 1987. Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look, 2nd edn. Berkley: University of California Press.
116. Rasmussen AC. 2011. Contraception as health? The framing of issue categories in contemporary policy making. Administration and Society 43, 930-53.
117. Redington L. 2009. The Orphan drug act of 1983: a case study of issue framing and the failure to effect policy change from 1990-1994. Ph. D. Thesis, University of North Carolina.
118. Reubi D. 2012. Making a human right to tobacco control: expert and advocacy networks, framing and the right to health. Global Public Health 7, S176-90.
119. Ridde V, Morestin F. 2011. A scoping review of the literature on the abolition of user fees in health care services in Africa. Health Policy and Planning 26, 1-11.
120. Rochefort D, Cobb R. 1994. The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
121. Roe E. 1994. Narrative Policy Analysis: Theory and Practice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
122. Rohlinger DA. 2002. Framing the abortion debate: organizational resources, media strategies, and movement-countermovement dynamics. The Sociological Quarterly 43, 479-507.
123. Roth AL, Dunsby J, Bero LA. 2003. Framing processes in public commentary on US federal tobacco control regulation. Social Studies of Science 33, 7-44.
124. Rothman AJ, Salovey P. 1997. Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: the role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin 121, 3-19.
125. Rumrill P, Fitzgerald S, Merchant W. 2010. Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work 35, 399-404.
126. Rushton S. 2012. The global debate over HIV-related travel restrictions: framing and policy change. Global Public Health 7, S159-75.
127. Sabatier PA, Jenkins-Smith HC. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder: Westview Press.
128. Saguy A. 2013. What'sWrong with Fat? London: Oxford University Press.
129. Saguy AC, Riley KW. 2005. Weighing both sides: morality, mortality, and framing contests over obesity. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 30 869-923.
130. Sardell A. 2014. Insuring Children's Health: Contentious Politics and Public Policy. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
131. Schattschneider EE. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
132. Scheufele D. 1999. Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication 49, 103-22.
133. Scheufele DA, Iyengar S. 2012. The state of framing research: a call for new directions. In: Kensk K, Jamieson KH (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication Theories. New York: Oxford University Press, 1-27.
134. Scheufele DA, Tewksbury D. 2007. Framing, agenda setting, and priming: the evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication 57, 9-20.
135. Schmidt VA. 2008. Discursive institutionalism: the explanatory power of ideas and discourse. Annual Review of Political Science 11, 303-26.
136. Schmidt VA. 2011. Reconciling ideas and institutions through discursive institutionalism. In: Béland D, Cox RH (eds). Ideas and Politics in Social Science Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 47-64.
137. Schön DA. 1993. Generative metaphor: a perspective on problem-setting in social policy. In: Ortony A (ed). Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 137-63.
138. Schön DA, Rein M. 1994. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books.
139. Schutz A. 1962. Collected Papers: The Problem of Social Reality. Volume I. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
140. Sheikh K, Gilson L, Agyepong IA, Hanson K, Ssengooba F, Bennett S. 2011. Building the field of health policy and systems research: framing the questions. PLoS Medicine 8, e1001073.
141. Shiffman J. 2009. A social explanation for the rise and fall of global health issues. Bulletin of theWorld Health Organization 87, 608-13.
142. Shiffman J, Smith S. 2007. Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet 370, 1370-9.
143. Sil R, Katzenstein PJ. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study ofWorld Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
144. Smith K. 2013a. Beyond Evidence Based Policy in Public Health: The Interplay of Ideas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
145. Smith KE. 2013b. Understanding the influence of evidence in public health policy: what can we learn from the 'tobacco wars'? Social Policy and Administration 47, 382-98.
146. Snow DA, Rochford EB, Worden SK, Benford RD. 1986. Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American Sociological Review 51, 464-81.
147. Snow DA, Benford RD. 1988. Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research 1, 197-217.
148. Spector M, Kitsuse JI. 1987. Constructing Social Problems. London: Transaction Publishers.
149. Stone D. 2012. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, 3rd edn. London: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
150. Stone DA. 1989. Causal stories and the formation of policy agendas. Political Science Quarterly 104, 281-300.
151. Studlar DT. 2008. U. S. tobacco control: public health, political economy, or morality policy? The Review of Policy Research 25, 393-410.
152. Sturdy S, Smith-Merry J, Freeman R. 2012. Stakeholder consultation as social mobilization: framing scottish mental health policy. Social Policy and Administration 46, 823-44.
153. Tannen D. 1993. Framing in Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
154. Tuchman G. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
155. Tversky A, Kahneman D. 1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211, 453-8.
156. Tynkkynen L-K, Lehto J, Miettinen S. 2012. Framing the decision to contract out elderly care and primary health care services-perspectives of local level politicians and civil servants in Finland. BMC Health Services Research 12, 201.
157. Van Hulst M, Yanow D. 2014. From policy frames to framing: theorizing a more dynamic, political approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 1-21.
158. Walt G, Shiffman J, Schneider H, Murray SF, Brugha R, Gilson L. 2008. Doing health policy analysis: methodological and conceptual reflections and challenges. Health Policy and Planning 23, 308-17.
159. Walt G, Gilson L. 2014. Can frameworks inform knowledge about health policy processes? Reviewing health policy papers on agenda setting and testing them against a specific priority-setting framework. Health Policy and Planning 29, 6-22.
160. Weber M. 1946. The social psychology of the world religions. In: Gerth HH, Mills CW (eds). From MaxWeber. London: Routledge.
161. Weiss JA. 1989. The powers of problem definition: the case of government paperwork. Policy Sciences 22, 97-121.
162. Williams OD. 2012. Access to medicines, market failure and market intervention: a tale of two regimes. Global Public Health 7, S127-43.
163. Woodling M, Williams OD, Rushton S. 2012. New life in old frames: HIV, development and the AIDS plus MDGs approach. Global Public Health 7, S144-58.
164. Yanow D. 1996. How Does a Policy Mean?: Interpreting Policy and Organizational Actions. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
165. Yanow D, Schwartz-Shea P. 2006. Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and The Interpretive Turn. London: ME Sharpe Inc.