Effects of the global financial crisis on health in high-income OECD countries: A narrative review

International Journal of Health Services

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 208-240

  Karanikolos, Marina ^a,b   Heino, Pia ^b,c   McKee, Martin ^a,b   Stuckler, David ^d   Legido Quigley, Helena ^b,e  

^a EUROPEAN OBSERVATORY ON HEALTH SYSTEMS AND POLICIES   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Economic crisis; OECD; Review

Indexed keywords

DISEASE INCIDENCE; ECONOMIC IMPACT; FINANCIAL CRISIS; HEALTH IMPACT; HEALTH RISK; MENTAL HEALTH; OECD; PUBLIC HEALTH; SMOKING;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

ECONOMIC RECESSION; HEALTH; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INCOME; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ECONOMIC RECESSION; GLOBAL HEALTH; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; INCOME;

EID: 84974686477     PISSN: 00207314     EISSN: 15414469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020731416637160     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Karanikolos M, Mladovsky P, Cylus J, et al. Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1323-1331.
2. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Marmot M, Stuckler D. Austere or not? UK coalition government budgets and health inequalities. J R Soc Med. 2013;106(11):432-436.
3. McKee M, Karanikolos M, Belcher P, Stuckler D. Austerity: a failed experiment on the people of Europe. Clin Med. 2012;12(4):346-350.
4. Stuckler D, Basu S, Suhrcke M, McKee M. The health implications of financial crisis: a review of the evidence. Ulster Med J. 2009;78(3):142-145.
5. Ruhm CJ. Are recessions good for your health?. Q J Econ. 2000;115(2):617-650.
6. Granados JT. Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980-1997. Eur J Popul. 2005;21(4):393-422.
7. Stuckler D, King L, McKee M. Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9661):399-407.
8. Modrek S, Stuckler D, McKee M, Cullen MR, Basu S. A review of health consequences of recessions internationally and a synthesis of the US response during the great recession. Public Health Rev. 2013;35(1):1.
9. Stuckler D, Meissner C, Fishback P, Basu S, McKee M. Banking crises and mortality during the great depression: evidence from US urban populations, 1929-1937. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(5):410-419.
10. Glonti K, Gordeev VS, Goryakin Y, et al. A systematic review on health resilience to economic crises. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123117.
11. Milner A, Page A, LaMontagne AD. Long-term unemployment and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e51333.
12. Suhrcke M, Stuckler D, Suk JE, et al. The impact of economic crises on communicable disease transmission and control: a systematic review of the evidence. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20724.
13. Ekamper P, van Poppel F, Stein AD, Bijwaard GE, Lumey LH. Prenatal famine exposure and adult mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes through age 63 years. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(4):271-279.
14. Rotar O, Moguchaia E, Boyarinova M, et al. Seventy years after the siege of Leningrad: does early life famine still affect cardiovascular risk and aging? J Hypertens. 2015;33(9):1772-1779; discussion 9.
15. Mustard CA, Bielecky A, Etches J, et al. Mortality following unemployment in Canada, 1991-2001. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):441.
16. Lundin A, Falkstedt D, Lundberg I, Hemmingsson T. Unemployment and coronary heart disease among middle-aged men in Sweden: 39 243 men followed for 8 years. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(3):183-188.
17. Noelke C, Avendano M. Who suffers during recessions? economic downturns, job loss, and cardiovascular disease in older Americans. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(10):873-882.
18. Maruthappu M, Shalhoub J, Tariq Z, et al. Unemployment, government healthcare spending, and cerebrovascular mortality, worldwide 1981-2009: an ecological study. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(3):364-371.
19. Maruthappu M, Watson RA, Watkins J, et al. Unemployment, public-sector healthcare expenditure and colorectal cancer mortality in the European Union: 1990-2009. Int J Public Health. 2016 Jan;61(1):119-130.
20. Ennis KY, Chen MH, Smith GC, et al. The impact of economic recession on the incidence and treatment of cancer. J Cancer. 2015;6(8):727-733.
21. Shin D, Kim JM, Tandi TE, Park EC. Impact of change in job status on mortality for newly onset type II diabetes patients: 7 years follow-up using cohort data of National Health Insurance, Korea. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015 Aug 22. pii: S1871-4021(15)00079-X.
22. Ruhm CJ. Healthy living in hard times. J Health Econ. 2005;24(2):341-363.
23. Legido-Quigley H, Otero L, la Parra D, Alvarez-Dardet C, Martin-Moreno JM, McKee M. Will austerity cuts dismantle the Spanish healthcare system? BMJ. 2013 Jun 13;346:f2363.
24. Reeves A, McKee M, Stuckler D. The attack on universal health coverage in Europe: recession, austerity and unmet needs. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(3):364-365.
25. Thomson S, Figueras J, Evetovits T, et al. Economic crisis, health systems and health in Europe. Impact and implications for policy. Copenhagen: WHO, Regional Office for Europe; 2014.
26. Kentikelenis A, Karanikolos M, Papanicolas I, Basu S, McKee M, Stuckler D. Health effects of financial crisis: omens of a Greek tragedy. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1457-1458.
27. Kentikelenis A, Karanikolos M, Reeves A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Greece's health crisis: from austerity to denialism. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):748-753.
28. Rajmil L, Fernandez de Sanmamed MJ, Choonara I, et al. Impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis on child health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(6):6528-6546.
29. Simou E, Koutsogeorgou E. Effects of the economic crisis on health and healthcare in Greece in the literature from 2009 to 2013: a systematic review. Health Policy. 2014;115(2-3):111-119.
30. Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, Suhrcke M. Responding to the economic crisis: a primer for public health professionals. J Public Health. 2010;32(3):298-306.
31. World Health Organization. The Financial Crisis and Global Health Report of a High-Level Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2009.
32. World Health Organization. Resolution. Health in times of global economic crisis: implications for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2009.
33. de Goeij MC, Suhrcke M, Toffolutti V, van de Mheen D, Schoenmakers TM, Kunst AE. How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: a realist systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2015 Apr;131:131-146.
34. De Vogli R, Marmot M, Stuckler D. Excess suicides and attempted suicides in Italy attributable to the great recession. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(4):378-379.
35. Ayers JW, Althouse BM, Allem JP, et al. Novel surveillance of psychological distress during the great recession. J Affect Disord. 2012;142(1-3):323-330.
36. Burgard SA, Seefeldt KS, Zelner S. Housing instability and health: findings from the Michigan recession and recovery study. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2215-2224.
37. Houle JN. Mental health in the foreclosure crisis. Soc Sci Med. 2014 Oct;118:1-8.
38. Yilmazer T, Babiarz P, Liu F. The impact of diminished housing wealth on health in the United States: evidence from the great recession. Soc Sci Med. 2015 Apr;130:234-241.
39. McInerney M, Mellor JM, Nicholas LH. Recession depression: mental health effects of the 2008 stock market crash. J Health Econ. 2013;32(6):1090-1104.
40. Frank C, Davis CG, Elgar FJ. Financial strain, social capital, and perceived health during economic recession: a longitudinal survey in rural Canada. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2014;27(4):422-438.
41. Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Popham F. Trends in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the 1991-2010 Health Surveys of England. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5):e001790.
42. Hauksdottir A, McClure C, Jonsson SH, Olafsson O, Valdimarsdottir UA. Increased stress among women following an economic collapse-a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):979-988.
43. Dagher RK, Chen J, Thomas SB. Gender differences in mental health outcomes before, during, and after the great recession. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0124103.
44. Blomqvist S, Burstrom B, Backhans MC. Increasing health inequalities between women in and out of work-the impact of recession or policy change? A repeated cross-sectional study in Stockholm county, 2006 and 2010. Int J Equity Health. 2014 Jul 25;13:51.
45. Riumallo-Herl C, Basu S, Stuckler D, Courtin E, Avendano M. Job loss, wealth and depression during the Great Recession in the USA and Europe. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(5):1508-1517.
46. Economou M, Madianos M, Peppou LE, Patelakis A, Stefanis CN. Major depression in the era of economic crisis: a replication of a cross-sectional study across Greece. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(3):308-314.
47. Madianos M, Economou M, Alexiou T, Stefanis C. Depression and economic hardship across Greece in 2008 and 2009: two cross-sectional surveys nationwide. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(10):943-952.
48. Mylona K, Tsiantou V, Zavras D, Pavi E, Kyriopoulos J. Determinants of selfreported frequency of depressive symptoms in Greece during economic crisis. Public Health. 2014;128(8):752-754.
49. Sargent-Cox K, Butterworth P, Anstey KJ. The global financial crisis and psychological health in a sample of Australian older adults: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(7):1105-1112.
50. Kendrick T, Stuart B, Newell C, Geraghty AW, Moore M. Changes in rates of recorded depression in English primary care 2003-2013: time trend analyses of effects of the economic recession, and the GP contract quality outcomes framework (QOF). J Affect Disord. 2015 Jul 15;180:68-78.
51. Gili M, Roca M, Basu S, McKee M, Stuckler D. The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(1):103-108.
52. McLaughlin KA, Nandi A, Keyes KM, et al. Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(7):1441-1448.
53. Thekiso TB, Heron EA, Masood B, Murphy M, McLoughlin DM, Kennedy N. Mauling of the "Celtic Tiger": clinical characteristics and outcome of first-episode depression secondary to the economic recession in Ireland. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):455-460.
54. Economou M, Madianos M, Peppou LE, Souliotis K, Patelakis A, Stefanis C. Cognitive social capital and mental illness during economic crisis: a nationwide population-based study in Greece. Soc Sci Med. 2014 Jan;100:141-147.
55. Nena E, Steiropoulos P, Papanas N, Kougkas D, Zarogoulidis P, Constantinidis T. Greek financial crisis: from loss of money to loss of sleep? Hippokratia. 2014;18(2):135-138.
56. Modrek S, Hamad R, Cullen MR. Psychological well-being during the great recession: changes in mental health care utilization in an occupational cohort. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):304-310.
57. Brenner MH, Andreeva E, Theorell T, et al. Organizational downsizing and depressive symptoms in the European recession: the experience of workers in France, Hungary, Sweden and the United kingdom. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97063.
58. Wang J, Smailes E, Sareen J, Fick GH, Schmitz N, Patten SB. The prevalence of mental disorders in the working population over the period of global economic crisis. Canadian J Psychiatry. 2010;55(9):598-605.
59. Avcin BA, Kucina AU, Sarotar BN, Radovanovic M, Plesnicar BK. The present global financial and economic crisis poses an additional risk factor for mental health problems on the employees. Psychiatria Danubina. 2011;23(Suppl 1): S142-S148.
60. Robert G, Martinez JM, Garcia AM, Benavides FG, Ronda E. From the boom to the crisis: changes in employment conditions of immigrants in Spain and their effects on mental health. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(3):404-409.
61. Agudelo-Suarez AA, Ronda E, Vazquez-Navarrete ML, Garcia AM, Martinez JM, Benavides FG. Impact of economic crisis on mental health of migrant workers: what happened with migrants who came to Spain to work? Int J Public Health. 2013;58(4):627-631.
62. Stuckler D, Basu S, Suhrcke M, Coutts A, McKee M. Effects of the 2008 recession on health: a first look at European data. Lancet. 2011;378(9786):124-125.
63. Reeves A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Economic suicides in the Great Recession in Europe and North America. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205(3):246-247.
64. Barr B, Taylor-Robinson D, Scott-Samuel A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e5142.
65. Lopez Bernal JA, Gasparrini A, Artundo CM, McKee M. The effect of the late 2000 s financial crisis on suicides in Spain: an interrupted time-series analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(5):732-736.
66. Reeves A, Stuckler D, McKee M, Gunnell D, Chang SS, Basu S. Increase in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession. Lancet. 2012;380 (9856):1813-1814.
67. Fowler KA, Gladden RM, Vagi KJ, Barnes J, Frazier L. Increase in suicides associated with home eviction and foreclosure during the US housing crisis: findings from 16 national violent death reporting system states, 2005-2010. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):311-316.
68. Cordoba-Dona JA, San Sebastian M, Escolar-Pujolar A, Martinez-Faure JE, Gustafsson PE. Economic crisis and suicidal behaviour: the role of unemployment, sex and age in Andalusia, southern Spain. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13(1):55.
69. Rhodes AE, Bethell J, Carlisle C, Rosychuk RJ, Lu H, Newton A. Time trends in suicide-related behaviours in girls and boys. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(3):152-159.
70. Miret M, Caballero FF, Huerta-Ramirez R, et al. Factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in Spain for different age groups. Prevalence before and after the onset of the economic crisis. J Affect Disord. 2014;163(1):1-9.
71. Madianos MG, Alexiou T, Patelakis A, Economou M. Suicide, unemployment and other socioeconomic factors: Evidence from the economic crisis in Greece. Eur J Psychiatry. 2014;28(1):39-49.
72. Rachiotis G, Stuckler D, McKee M, Hadjichristodoulou C. What has happened to suicides during the Greek economic crisis? Findings from an ecological study of suicides and their determinants (2003-2012). BMJ Open. 2015;5(3):e007295.
73. Fountoulakis KN, Koupidis SA, Grammatikopoulos IA, Theodorakis PN. First reliable data suggest a possible increase in suicides in Greece. BMJ. 2013;347:f4900.
74. Antonakakis N, Collins A. The impact of fiscal austerity on suicide: on the empirics of a modern Greek tragedy. Soc Sci Med. 2014 July;112:39-50.
75. Kondilis E, Ierodiakonou I, Gavana M, Giannakopoulos S, Benos A. Suicide mortality and economic crisis in Greece: men's Achilles' heel. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(6):e1.
76. Fountoulakis KN, Grammatikopoulos IA, Koupidis SA, Siamouli M, Theodorakis PN. Health and the financial crisis in Greece. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1001-1002; author reply 2.
77. Kondilis E, Giannakopoulos S, Gavana M, Ierodiakonou I, Waitzkin H, Benos A. Economic crisis, restrictive policies, and the population's health and health care: the Greek case. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(6):973-979.
78. Economou M, Madianos M, Theleritis C, Peppou LE, Stefanis CN. Increased suicidality amid economic crisis in Greece. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1459.
79. Economou M, Madianos M, Peppou LE, Theleritis C, Patelakis A, Stefanis C. Suicidal ideation and reported suicide attempts in Greece during the economic crisis. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(1):53-59.
80. Branas CC, Kastanaki AE, Michalodimitrakis M, et al. The impact of economic austerity and prosperity events on suicide in Greece: a 30-year interrupted timeseries analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e005619.
81. De Vogli R. Unemployment and suicides during the recession in Italy. BMJ. 2013;347:f4908.
82. Perry IJ, Corcoran P, Fitzgerald AP, Keeley HS, Reulbach U, Arensman E. The incidence and repetition of hospital-treated deliberate self harm: findings from the world's first national registry. PloS One. 2012;7(2):e31663.
83. Vanderoost F, van der Wielen S, van Nunen K, Van Hal G. Employment loss during economic crisis and suicidal thoughts in Belgium: a survey in general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(615):e691-697.
84. Coope C, Donovan J, Wilson C, et al. Characteristics of people dying by suicide after job loss, financial difficulties and other economic stressors during a period of recession (2010-2011): a review of coroners records. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:98-105.
85. Chan CH, Caine ED, You S, Fu KW, Chang SS, Yip PS. Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(3):246-252.
86. Saurina C, Bragulat B, Saez M, Lopez-Casasnovas G. A conditional model for estimating the increase in suicides associated with the 2008-2010 economic recession in England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(9):779-787.
87. Baumbach A, Gulis G. Impact of financial crisis on selected health outcomes in Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(3):399-403.
88. Vlachadis N, Vrachnis N, Ktenas E, Vlachadi M, Kornarou E. Mortality and the economic crisis in Greece. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):691.
89. Tapia Granados JA, Rodriguez JM. Health, economic crisis, and austerity: a comparison of Greece, Finland and Iceland. Health Policy. 2015;119(7):941-953.
90. Regidor E, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, de la Fuente L. Has health in Spain been declining since the economic crisis? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(3):280-282.
91. Mattei G, Ferrari S, Pingani L, Rigatelli M. Short-term effects of the 2008 great recession on the health of the Italian population: an ecological study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(6):851-858.
92. Asgeirsdottir TL, Ragnarsdottir DO. Health-income inequality: the effects of the Icelandic economic collapse. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:50.
93. Hessel P, Vandoros S, Avendano M. The differential impact of the financial crisis on health in Ireland and Greece: a quasi-experimental approach. Public Health. 2014;128(10):911-919.
94. Zavras D, Tsiantou V, Pavi E, Mylona K, Kyriopoulos J. Impact of economic crisis and other demographic and socio-economic factors on self-rated health in Greece. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(2):206-210.
95. Fernandez A, Garcia-Alonso J, Royo-Pastor C, et al. Effects of the economic crisis and social support on health-related quality of life: first wave of a longitudinal study in Spain. Br J Gen Pract. 2015;65(632):e198-203.
96. Burgard SA, Kalousova L, Seefeldt KS. Perceived job insecurity and health: the Michigan recession and recovery study. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(9):1101-1106.
97. Althouse BM, Allem JP, Childers MA, Dredze M, Ayers JW. Population health concerns during the United States' great recession. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(2):166-170.
98. Gujonsdottir GR, Kristjansson M, Olafsson O, et al. Immediate surge in female visits to the cardiac emergency department following the economic collapse in Iceland: an observational study. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(9):694-698.
99. Asgeirsdottir TL, Olafsdottir T, Ragnarsdottir DO. Business cycles, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the Icelandic economic collapse. Blood Pressure. 2014;23(4):213-221.
100. Makaris E, Michas G, Micha R, et al. Greek socio-economic crisis and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Southwestern Peloponnese. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(5):4886-4887.
101. Modrek S, Cullen MR. Health consequences of the 'great recession' on the employed: evidence from an industrial cohort in aluminum manufacturing. Soc Sci Med. 2013 Sep;92:105-113.
102. Astell-Burt T, Feng X. Health and the 2008 economic recession: evidence from the United Kingdom. PloS One. 2013;8(2):e56674.
103. Rouvas AA, Chatziralli IP, Ladas ID, et al. The impact of financial crisis on central serous chorioretinopathy in Greece: is there any correlation? Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(4):559-565.
104. Karatzanis AD, Symvoulakis EK, Nikolaou V, Velegrakis GA. Potential impact of the financial crisis on outpatient hospital visits due to otorhinolaryngologic disorders in Crete, Greece. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(2):126-128.
105. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Sandgren A, Stuckler D, Semenza JC. Tuberculosis control and economic recession: longitudinal study of data from 21 European countries, 1991-2012. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(6):369-379.
106. Winston CA, Navin TR, Becerra JE, et al. Unexpected decline in tuberculosis cases coincident with economic recession-United States, 2009. BMC Public Health. 2011 Nov 7;11:846.
107. Danno K, Komukai J, Yoshida H, et al. Influence of the 2009 financial crisis on detection of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis in Osaka city, Japan: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e001489.
108. Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos G. High-burden epidemics in Greece in the era of economic crisis. Early signs of a public health tragedy. J Prev Med Hyg. 2012;53(3):169-171.
109. Godfrey ER, Randolph SE. Economic downturn results in tick-borne disease upsurge. Parasites Vectors. 2011 Mar 15;4:35.
110. Asmundsdottir LR, Erlendsdottir H, Gottfredsson M. Nationwide study of Candidemia, antifungal use, and antifungal drug resistance in Iceland, 2000 to 2011. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(3):841-848.
111. Sigursteinsdottir H, Rafnsdottir GL. Sickness and sickness absence of remaining employees in a time of economic crisis: a study among employees of municipalities in Iceland. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:95-102.
112. de la Fuente VS, Lopez MA, Gonzalez IF, Alcantara OJ, Ritzel DO. The impact of the economic crisis on occupational injuries. J Safety Res. 2014;48:77-85.
113. Murphy SM, Kieran I, Shaughnessy MO. The trauma of a recession. Ir J Med Sci. 2011;180(3):735-736.
114. Mustard CA, Chambers A, Ibrahim S, Etches J, Smith P. Time trends in musculoskeletal disorders attributed to work exposures in Ontario using three independent data sources, 2004-2011. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(4):252-257.
115. Vrachnis N, Vlachadis N, Iliodromiti Z, Vlachadi M, Creatsas G. Greece's birth rates and the economic crisis. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):692-693.
116. De Curtis M. Economic recession and maternal and child health in Italy. Lancet. 2014;383(9928):1546-1547.
117. Pearlman DN, Jackson TL, Gjelsvik A, Viner-Brown S, Garro A. The impact of the 2007-2009 US recession on the health of children with asthma: evidence from the national child asthma call-back survey. Med Health R I. 2012;95(12):394-396.
118. Berger RP, Fromkin JB, Stutz H, et al. Abusive head trauma during a time of increased unemployment: a multicenter analysis. Pediatrics. 2011;128(4):637-643.
119. Kyriopoulos II, Zavras D, Skroumpelos A, Mylona K, Athanasakis K, Kyriopoulos J. Barriers in access to healthcare services for chronic patients in times of austerity: an empirical approach in Greece. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:54.
120. Huang J, Birkenmaier J, Kim Y. Job loss and unmet health care needs in the economic recession: different associations by family income. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11):e178-183.
121. Burgard SA, Hawkins JM. Race/Ethnicity, educational attainment, and foregone health care in the United States in the 2007-2009 recession. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(2):e134-140.
122. Piette JD, Rosland AM, Silveira MJ, Hayward R, McHorney CA. Medication cost problems among chronically ill adults in the US: did the financial crisis make a bad situation even worse? Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011 Apr 2015;187-194.
123. Kalousova L, Burgard SA. Tough choices in tough times: debt and medication nonadherence. Health Edu Behav. 2014;41(2):155-163.
124. Boukus ER, Cunningham PJ. Mixed signals: trends in Americans' access to medical care, 2007-2010. Track Rep. 2011 Aug;(25):1-6.
125. Garcia-Subirats I, Vargas I, Sanz B, et al. Changes in access to health services of the immigrant and native-born population in Spain in the context of economic crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(10):10182-10201.
126. Compton WM, Gfroerer J, Conway KP, Finger MS. Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002-2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Sep 1;142:350-353.
127. Macy JT, Chassin L, Presson CC. Predictors of health behaviors after the economic downturn: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2013 Jul;89:8-15.
128. Bor J, Basu S, Coutts A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008-2009. Alcohol Alcoholism. 2013;48(3):343-348.
129. Kalousova L, Burgard SA. Unemployment, measured and perceived decline of economic resources: contrasting three measures of recessionary hardships and their implications for adopting negative health behaviors. Soc Sci Med. 2014 Apr;106:28-34.
130. Nandi A, Charters TJ, Strumpf EC, Heymann J, Harper S. Economic conditions and health behaviours during the 'great recession'. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(12):1038-1046.
131. Lo CC, Cheng TC. Heavy drinking during periods of high unemployment: 15-year trend study of the role of race/ethnicity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;133(2):383-390.
132. Murphy RD, Zemore SE, Mulia N. Housing instability and alcohol problems during the 2007-2009 US recession: the moderating role of perceived family support. J Urban Health. 2014;91(1):17-32.
133. Vijayasiri G, Richman JA, Rospenda KM. The Great Recession, somatic symptomatology and alcohol use and abuse. Addictive behaviors. 2012;37(9):1019-1024.
134. Richman JA, Rospenda KM, Johnson TP, et al. Drinking in the age of the great recession. J Addict Dis. 2012;31(2):158-172.
135. Zemore SE, Mulia N, Jones-Webb RJ, Liu H, Schmidt L. The 2008-2009 recession and alcohol outcomes: differential exposure and vulnerability for black and Latino populations. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2013;74(1):9-20.
136. Frijters P, Johnston DW, Lordan G, Shields MA. Exploring the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and problem drinking as captured by Google searches in the U.S. Soc Sci Med. 2013 May;84:61-68.
137. Harhay MO, Bor J, Basu S, et al. Differential impact of the economic recession on alcohol use among white British adults, 2004-2010. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24(3):410-415.
138. Asgeirsdottir TL, Corman H, Noonan K, Olafsdottir T, Reichman NE. Was the Economic Crisis of 2008 good for Icelanders? Impact on health behaviors. Econ Hum Biol. 2014;13(0):1-19.
139. McClure CB, Valdimarsdottir UA, Hauksdottir A, Kawachi I. Economic crisis and smoking behaviour: prospective cohort study in Iceland. BMJ Open. 2012;2(5):e001386.
140. Schoretsaniti S, Filippidis FT, Vardavas CI, et al. 5-Year trends in the intention to quit smoking amidst the economic crisis and after recently implemented tobacco control measures in Greece. Addict Behav. 2014;39(1):140-145.
141. Gallus S, Tramacere I, Pacifici R, et al. Smoking in Italy 2008-2009: a rise in prevalence related to the economic crisis? Prevent Med. 2011;52(2):182-183.
142. Jackson TL, Gjelsvik A, Garro A, Pearlman DN. Correlates of smoking during an economic recession among parents of children with asthma. J Asthma. 2013;50(5):457-462.
143. Jonsdottir S, Asgeirsdottir TL. The effect of job loss on body weight during an economic collapse. Eur J Health Econ. 2014;15(6):567-576.
144. Smith LP, Ng SW, Popkin BM. Resistant to the recession: low-income adults' maintenance of cooking and away-from-home eating behaviors during times of economic turbulence. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(5):840-846.
145. Ng SW, Slining MM, Popkin BM. Turning point for US diets? recessionary effects or behavioral shifts in foods purchased and consumed. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(3):609-616.
146. Loopstra R, Reeves A, Taylor-Robinson D, Barr B, McKee M, Stuckler D. Austerity, sanctions, and the rise of food banks in the UK. BMJ. 2015;350:h1775.
147. Colman G, Dave D. Exercise, physical activity, and exertion over the business cycle. Soc Sci Med. 2013 Sep;93:11-20.
148. Stuckler D, Reeves A, Karanikolos M, McKee M. The health effects of the global financial crisis: can we reconcile the differing views? A network analysis of literature across disciplines. Health Econ Policy Law. 2015;10(1):83-99.
149. Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Communications of the European society for child and adolescent psychiatry: the state of child and adolescent psychiatry in Greece during the international financial crisis: a brief report. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22:131-134.
150. Fronstin P. The impact of the 2007-2009 recession on workers' health coverage. EBRI issue brief/Employee Benefit Research Institute. 2011;356:1-19.
151. Fronstin P. The impact of the recession on employment-based health coverage. EBRI Issue Brief. 2010;342:1-22.
152. Holahan J. The 2007-09 recession and health insurance coverage. Health Affairs (Project Hope). 2011;30(1):145-152.
153. McClure CB, Valdimarsdottir UA, Hauksdottir A, Kawachi I. Economic crisis and smoking behaviour: Prospective cohort study in Iceland. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e001386.
154. McClure LA, Fernandez CA, Clarke TC, et al. Risky drinking in the older population: a comparison of Florida to the rest of the US. Addict Behav. 2013;38(4):1894-1897.