메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 2842-2853

The effects of x chromosome loss on neuroanatomical and cognitive phenotypes during adolescence: A multi-modal structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging study

Author keywords

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); Gray matter morphology; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); The X chromosome; Turner's syndrome; White matter connectivity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ANGULAR GYRUS; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHROMOSOME LOSS; CHROMOSOME MOSAICISM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITION ASSESSMENT; CONNECTOME; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORPUS CALLOSUM; CORTICAL THICKNESS (BRAIN); DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FEMALE; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; INFERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; LINGUAL GYRUS; MIDDLE TEMPORAL GYRUS; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; SURFACE AREA; TURNER SYNDROME; WHITE MATTER; WORKING MEMORY; X CHROMOSOME; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; GENETICS; IMAGE PROCESSING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOLOGY;

EID: 84973431487     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu079     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 4344685681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex chromosomes and brain gender
    • Arnold AP 2004. Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nat Rev Neurosci. 5: 701-708.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 701-708
    • Arnold, A.P.1
  • 2
    • 58049173922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What does the "four core genotypes" mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?
    • Arnold AP, Chen X. 2009. What does the "four core genotypes" mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues? Front Neuroendocrinol. 30: 1-9.
    • (2009) Front Neuroendocrinol. , vol.30 , pp. 1-9
    • Arnold, A.P.1    Chen, X.2
  • 3
    • 0142153190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
    • Baddeley A. 2003. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 4: 829-839.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 829-839
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 4
    • 58549114180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Puberty induction in Turner syndrome: Results of oestrogen treatment on development of secondary sexual characteristics, uterine dimensions and serum hormone levels
    • Bannink EM, van Sassen C, van Buuren S, de Jong FH, Lequin M, Mulder PG, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. 2009. Puberty induction in Turner syndrome: results of oestrogen treatment on development of secondary sexual characteristics, uterine dimensions and serum hormone levels. Clin Endocrinol. 70: 265-273.
    • (2009) Clin Endocrinol. , vol.70 , pp. 265-273
    • Bannink, E.M.1    Van Sassen, C.2    Van Buuren, S.3    De Jong, F.H.4    Lequin, M.5    Mulder, P.G.6    De Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S.M.7
  • 5
    • 0036868692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - A technical review
    • Beaulieu C. 2002. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-a technical review. NMRBiomed. 15: 435-455.
    • (2002) NMRBiomed. , vol.15 , pp. 435-455
    • Beaulieu, C.1
  • 6
    • 80053514690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced functional connectivity during working memory in Turner syndrome
    • Bray S, Dunkin B, Hong DS, Reiss AL. 2011. Reduced functional connectivity during working memory in Turner syndrome. Cereb Cortex. 21: 2471-2481.
    • (2011) Cereb Cortex , vol.21 , pp. 2471-2481
    • Bray, S.1    Dunkin, B.2    Hong, D.S.3    Reiss, A.L.4
  • 7
    • 84886294480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant functional network recruitment of posterior parietal cortex in turner syndrome
    • Bray S, Hoeft F, Hong DS, Reiss AL. 2013. Aberrant functional network recruitment of posterior parietal cortex in turner syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp. 34: 3117-3128.
    • (2013) Hum Brain Mapp. , vol.34 , pp. 3117-3128
    • Bray, S.1    Hoeft, F.2    Hong, D.S.3    Reiss, A.L.4
  • 9
  • 10
    • 84933675582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PANDA: A pipeline toolbox for analyzing brain diffusion images
    • Cui Z, Zhong S, Xu P, He Y, Gong G. 2013. PANDA: a pipeline toolbox for analyzing brain diffusion images. Front Hum Neurosci. 7: 42.
    • (2013) Front Hum Neurosci. , vol.7 , pp. 42
    • Cui, Z.1    Zhong, S.2    Xu, P.3    He, Y.4    Gong, G.5
  • 12
    • 0033460319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escapees on the X chromosome
    • Disteche CM 1999. Escapees on the X chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96: 14180-14182.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 14180-14182
    • Disteche, C.M.1
  • 13
    • 26244452551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mistreatment of covariate interaction terms in linear model analyses of behavioural and evolutionary ecology studies
    • Engqvist L. 2005. The mistreatment of covariate interaction terms in linear model analyses of behavioural and evolutionary ecology studies. Anim Behav. 70: 967-971.
    • (2005) Anim Behav. , vol.70 , pp. 967-971
    • Engqvist, L.1
  • 14
    • 0036334830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate
    • Genovese CR, Lazar NA, Nichols T. 2002. Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage. 15: 870-878.
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.15 , pp. 870-878
    • Genovese, C.R.1    Lazar, N.A.2    Nichols, T.3
  • 15
    • 83055194453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence and divergence of thickness correlations with diffusion connections across the human cerebral cortex
    • Gong G, He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. 2012. Convergence and divergence of thickness correlations with diffusion connections across the human cerebral cortex. Neuroimage. 59: 1239-1248.
    • (2012) Neuroimage , vol.59 , pp. 1239-1248
    • Gong, G.1    He, Y.2    Chen, Z.J.3    Evans, A.C.4
  • 18
    • 33646235639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visuospatial executive function in Turner syndrome: Functional MRI and neurocognitive findings
    • Hart SJ, Davenport ML, Hooper SR, Belger A. 2006. Visuospatial executive function in Turner syndrome: functional MRI and neurocognitive findings. Brain. 129: 1125-1136.
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 1125-1136
    • Hart, S.J.1    Davenport, M.L.2    Hooper, S.R.3    Belger, A.4
  • 19
    • 33745957679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective alterations of white matter associated with visuospatial and sensorimotor dysfunction in Turner syndrome
    • Holzapfel M, Barnea-Goraly N, Eckert MA, Kesler SR, Reiss AL. 2006. Selective alterations of white matter associated with visuospatial and sensorimotor dysfunction in Turner syndrome. J Neurosci. 26: 7007-7013.
    • (2006) J Neurosci. , vol.26 , pp. 7007-7013
    • Holzapfel, M.1    Barnea-Goraly, N.2    Eckert, M.A.3    Kesler, S.R.4    Reiss, A.L.5
  • 20
    • 84864541230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition and behavior in Turner syndrome: A brief review
    • Hong DS, Reiss AL. 2012. Cognition and behavior in Turner syndrome: a brief review. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 9(Suppl 2):710-712.
    • (2012) Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 710-712
    • Hong, D.S.1    Reiss, A.L.2
  • 22
    • 84993815499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for the XChromosome in sex differences in variability in general intelligence?
    • Johnson W, Carothers A, Deary IJ. 2009. A role for the XChromosome in sex differences in variability in general intelligence? Perspect Psychol Sci. 4: 598-611.
    • (2009) Perspect Psychol Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 598-611
    • Johnson, W.1    Carothers, A.2    Deary, I.J.3
  • 25
    • 33646887561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurofunctional differences associated with arithmetic processing in turner syndrome
    • Kesler SR, Menon V, Reiss AL. 2006. Neurofunctional differences associated with arithmetic processing in turner syndrome. Cereb Cortex. 16: 849-856.
    • (2006) Cereb Cortex , vol.16 , pp. 849-856
    • Kesler, S.R.1    Menon, V.2    Reiss, A.L.3
  • 26
    • 22044448620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated 3-D extraction and evaluation of the inner and outer cortical surfaces using a Laplacian map and partial volume effect classification
    • Kim JS, Singh V, Lee JK, Lerch J, Ad-Dab'bagh Y, MacDonald D, Lee JM, Kim SI, Evans AC. 2005. Automated 3-D extraction and evaluation of the inner and outer cortical surfaces using a Laplacian map and partial volume effect classification. Neuroimage. 27: 210-221.
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.27 , pp. 210-221
    • Kim, J.S.1    Singh, V.2    Lee, J.K.3    Lerch, J.4    Ad-Dab'bagh, Y.5    MacDonald, D.6    Lee, J.M.7    Kim, S.I.8    Evans, A.C.9
  • 27
    • 33846619125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of neuronal complexes in human X-linked brain diseases
    • Laumonnier F, Cuthbert PC, Grant SG. 2007. The role of neuronal complexes in human X-linked brain diseases. Am J Hum Genet. 80: 205-220.
    • (2007) Am J Hum Genet. , vol.80 , pp. 205-220
    • Laumonnier, F.1    Cuthbert, P.C.2    Grant, S.G.3
  • 28
    • 0015336653 scopus 로고
    • Theory of X-linkage of major intellectual traits
    • Lehrke R. 1972. Theory of X-linkage of major intellectual traits. Am J Ment Defic. 76: 611-619.
    • (1972) Am J Ment Defic. , vol.76 , pp. 611-619
    • Lehrke, R.1
  • 29
    • 84887953610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in the human brain and the impact of sex chromosomes and sex hormones
    • Lentini E, Kasahara M, Arver S, Savic I. 2013. Sex differences in the human brain and the impact of sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Cereb Cortex. 23: 2322-2336.
    • (2013) Cereb Cortex , vol.23 , pp. 2322-2336
    • Lentini, E.1    Kasahara, M.2    Arver, S.3    Savic, I.4
  • 30
    • 84874996061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal motor cortex excitability is associated with reduced cortical thickness in X monosomy
    • Lepage JF, Clouchoux C, Lassonde M, Evans AC, Deal CL, Theoret H. 2013. Abnormal motor cortex excitability is associated with reduced cortical thickness in X monosomy. Hum Brain Mapp. 34: 936-944.
    • (2013) Hum Brain Mapp. , vol.34 , pp. 936-944
    • Lepage, J.F.1    Clouchoux, C.2    Lassonde, M.3    Evans, A.C.4    Deal, C.L.5    Theoret, H.6
  • 31
    • 84858045837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic imprinting effects on cognitive and social abilities in prepubertal girls with Turner syndrome
    • Lepage JF, Hong DS, Hallmayer J, Reiss AL. 2012. Genomic imprinting effects on cognitive and social abilities in prepubertal girls with Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 97:E460-E464.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. , vol.97 , pp. E460-E464
    • Lepage, J.F.1    Hong, D.S.2    Hallmayer, J.3    Reiss, A.L.4
  • 33
    • 84881160949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical brain morphology in young, estrogen-naive, and adolescent, estrogen-treated girls with Turner syndrome
    • Lepage JF, Mazaika PK, Hong DS, Raman M, Reiss AL. 2013. Cortical brain morphology in young, estrogen-naive, and adolescent, estrogen-treated girls with Turner syndrome. Cereb Cortex. 23: 2159-2168.
    • (2013) Cereb Cortex , vol.23 , pp. 2159-2168
    • Lepage, J.F.1    Mazaika, P.K.2    Hong, D.S.3    Raman, M.4    Reiss, A.L.5
  • 34
    • 10044226234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical thickness analysis examined through power analysis and a population simulation
    • Lerch JP, Evans AC. 2005. Cortical thickness analysis examined through power analysis and a population simulation. Neuroimage. 24: 163-173.
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.24 , pp. 163-173
    • Lerch, J.P.1    Evans, A.C.2
  • 36
    • 0033823615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated 3-D extraction of inner and outer surfaces of cerebral cortex from MRI
    • MacDonald D, Kabani N, Avis D, Evans AC. 2000. Automated 3-D extraction of inner and outer surfaces of cerebral cortex from MRI. Neuroimage. 12: 340-356.
    • (2000) Neuroimage , vol.12 , pp. 340-356
    • MacDonald, D.1    Kabani, N.2    Avis, D.3    Evans, A.C.4
  • 37
    • 79551581624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomical spatial patterns in Turner syndrome
    • Marzelli MJ, Hoeft F, Hong DS, Reiss AL. 2011. Neuroanatomical spatial patterns in Turner syndrome. Neuroimage. 55: 439-447.
    • (2011) Neuroimage , vol.55 , pp. 439-447
    • Marzelli, M.J.1    Hoeft, F.2    Hong, D.S.3    Reiss, A.L.4
  • 38
    • 0242573246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and structural alterations of the intraparietal sulcus in a developmental dyscalculia of genetic origin
    • Molko N, Cachia A, Riviere D, Mangin JF, Bruandet M, Le Bihan D, Cohen L, Dehaene S. 2003. Functional and structural alterations of the intraparietal sulcus in a developmental dyscalculia of genetic origin. Neuron. 40: 847-858.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.40 , pp. 847-858
    • Molko, N.1    Cachia, A.2    Riviere, D.3    Mangin, J.F.4    Bruandet, M.5    Le Bihan, D.6    Cohen, L.7    Dehaene, S.8
  • 41
    • 84880672757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric psychoneuroendocrinology: A new frontier for understanding the impact of hormones on emotion and cognition
    • Mueller SC 2013. Magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric psychoneuroendocrinology: a new frontier for understanding the impact of hormones on emotion and cognition. J Neuroendocrinol. 25: 762-770.
    • (2013) J Neuroendocrinol. , vol.25 , pp. 762-770
    • Mueller, S.C.1
  • 44
    • 29444455049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosage compensation of the active X chromosome in mammals
    • Nguyen DK, Disteche CM. 2006a. Dosage compensation of the active X chromosome in mammals. Nat Genet. 38: 47-53.
    • (2006) Nat Genet. , vol.38 , pp. 47-53
    • Nguyen, D.K.1    Disteche, C.M.2
  • 45
    • 33845344367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High expression of the mammalian X chromosome in brain
    • Nguyen DK, Disteche CM. 2006b. High expression of the mammalian X chromosome in brain. Brain Res. 1126: 46-49.
    • (2006) Brain Res. , vol.1126 , pp. 46-49
    • Nguyen, D.K.1    Disteche, C.M.2
  • 46
    • 54149115464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human brain white matter atlas: Identification and assignment of common anatomical structures in superficialwhite matter
    • Oishi K, Zilles K, Amunts K, Faria A, Jiang H, Li X, Akhter K, Hua K, Woods R, Toga AW et al. 2008. Human brain white matter atlas: identification and assignment of common anatomical structures in superficialwhite matter. Neuroimage. 43: 447-457.
    • (2008) Neuroimage , vol.43 , pp. 447-457
    • Oishi, K.1    Zilles, K.2    Amunts, K.3    Faria, A.4    Jiang, H.5    Li, X.6    Akhter, K.7    Hua, K.8    Woods, R.9    Toga, A.W.10
  • 48
    • 0031156671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous pubertal development in Turner's syndrome
    • Italian Study Group for Turner's Syndrome
    • Pasquino AM, Passeri F, Pucarelli I, Segni M, Municchi G. 1997. Spontaneous pubertal development in Turner's syndrome. Italian Study Group for Turner's Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82: 1810-1813.
    • (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. , vol.82 , pp. 1810-1813
    • Pasquino, A.M.1    Passeri, F.2    Pucarelli, I.3    Segni, M.4    Municchi, G.5
  • 49
    • 79955484518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation
    • Patenaude B, Smith SM, Kennedy DN, Jenkinson M. 2011. A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. Neuroimage. 56: 907-922.
    • (2011) Neuroimage , vol.56 , pp. 907-922
    • Patenaude, B.1    Smith, S.M.2    Kennedy, D.N.3    Jenkinson, M.4
  • 52
    • 84886380930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution whole brain imaging of anatomical variation in XO, XX, and XY mice
    • Raznahan A, Probst F, Palmert MR, Giedd JN, Lerch JP. 2013. High resolution whole brain imaging of anatomical variation in XO, XX, and XY mice. Neuroimage. 83: 962-968.
    • (2013) Neuroimage , vol.83 , pp. 962-968
    • Raznahan, A.1    Probst, F.2    Palmert, M.R.3    Giedd, J.N.4    Lerch, J.P.5
  • 54
  • 55
    • 11844280261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turner syndrome: A review of genetic and hormonal influences on neuropsychological functioning
    • Rovet J. 2004. Turner syndrome: A review of genetic and hormonal influences on neuropsychological functioning. Child Neuropsychol. 10: 262-279.
    • (2004) Child Neuropsychol. , vol.10 , pp. 262-279
    • Rovet, J.1
  • 56
    • 84920816376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in cortical thickness and their possible genetic and sex hormonal underpinnings
    • forthcoming
    • Savic I, Arver S. forthcoming 2014. Sex differences in cortical thickness and their possible genetic and sex hormonal underpinnings. Cereb Cortex.
    • (2014) Cereb Cortex
    • Savic, I.1    Arver, S.2
  • 57
    • 67650456816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking gene, brain, and behavior: DRD4, frontal asymmetry, and temperament
    • Schmidt LA, Fox NA, Perez-Edgar K, Hamer DH. 2009. Linking gene, brain, and behavior: DRD4, frontal asymmetry, and temperament. Psychol Sci. 20: 831-837.
    • (2009) Psychol Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 831-837
    • Schmidt, L.A.1    Fox, N.A.2    Perez-Edgar, K.3    Hamer, D.H.4
  • 58
    • 84871596101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The angular gyrus: Multiple functions and multiple subdivisions
    • Seghier ML 2013. The angular gyrus: multiple functions and multiple subdivisions. Neuroscientist. 19: 43-61.
    • (2013) Neuroscientist. , vol.19 , pp. 43-61
    • Seghier, M.L.1
  • 60
    • 17444421587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-linked genes and mental functioning
    • Skuse DH 2005. X-linked genes and mental functioning. Hum Mol Genet. 14(Spec No 1):R27-R32.
    • (2005) Hum Mol Genet. , vol.14 , pp. R27-R32
    • Skuse, D.H.1
  • 61
    • 0031987382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity in MRI data
    • Sled JG, Zijdenbos AP, Evans AC. 1998. A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity nonuniformity in MRI data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 17: 87-97.
    • (1998) IEEE Trans Med Imaging. , vol.17 , pp. 87-97
    • Sled, J.G.1    Zijdenbos, A.P.2    Evans, A.C.3
  • 64
    • 4344635520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast and robust parameter estimation for statistical partial volume models in brain MRI
    • Tohka J, Zijdenbos A, Evans A. 2004. Fast and robust parameter estimation for statistical partial volume models in brain MRI. Neuroimage. 23: 84-97.
    • (2004) Neuroimage , vol.23 , pp. 84-97
    • Tohka, J.1    Zijdenbos, A.2    Evans, A.3
  • 65
    • 0029786254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and the X chromosome
    • Turner G. 1996. Intelligence and the X chromosome. Lancet. 347: 1814-1815.
    • (1996) Lancet. , vol.347 , pp. 1814-1815
    • Turner, G.1
  • 66
    • 0036322886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain
    • Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M. 2002. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 15: 273-289.
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.15 , pp. 273-289
    • Tzourio-Mazoyer, N.1    Landeau, B.2    Papathanassiou, D.3    Crivello, F.4    Etard, O.5    Delcroix, N.6    Mazoyer, B.7    Joliot, M.8
  • 67
    • 84863296775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in children's arithmetic performance are accounted for by gender differences in language abilities
    • Wei W, Lu H, Zhao H, Chen C, Dong Q, Zhou X. 2012. Gender differences in children's arithmetic performance are accounted for by gender differences in language abilities. Psychol Sci. 23: 320-330.
    • (2012) Psychol Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 320-330
    • Wei, W.1    Lu, H.2    Zhao, H.3    Chen, C.4    Dong, Q.5    Zhou, X.6
  • 69
    • 0036826508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic "pipeline" analysis of 3-D MRI data for clinical trials: Application to multiple sclerosis
    • Zijdenbos AP, Forghani R, Evans AC. 2002. Automatic "pipeline" analysis of 3-D MRI data for clinical trials: application to multiple sclerosis. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 21: 1280-1291.
    • (2002) IEEE Trans Med Imaging. , vol.21 , pp. 1280-1291
    • Zijdenbos, A.P.1    Forghani, R.2    Evans, A.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.