Smoking to regulate negative affect: Disentangling the relationship between posttraumatic stress and emotional disorder symptoms, nicotine dependence, and cessation-related problems

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1471-1478

  Mahaffey, Brittain L ^a   Gonzalez, Adam ^a   Farris, Samantha G ^b   Zvolensky, Michael J ^b,c   Bromet, Evelyn J ^a   Luft, Benjamin J ^a   Kotov, Roman ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SMOKING CESSATION; SMOKING REGULATION; SYMPTOM; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; MOOD DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGY; SMOKING; TERRORISM;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOOD DISORDERS; SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 84973138155     PISSN: 14622203     EISSN: 1469994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv175     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(2): 183-192. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged≥ 18 years with mental illness-United States, 2009-2011. MMWR. 2013;62(5):81. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pre-view/mmwrhtml/mm6205a2.htm. Accessed April 8, 2015.
3. Goodwin RD, Wall MM, Choo T. Changes in mood and anxiety disorders among male and female current smokers from to. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(7): 493-497. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.014.
4. Lawrence D, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1): 698-703. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-2852.
5. SAMHSA. Smoking Rate among Adults with Serious Psychological Distress Remains High. 2015. www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/spot120-smokingspd_/spot120-smokingSPD.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2015.
6. Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA. 2000;284(20): 2606-2610. doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606.
7. Welch AE, Jasek JP, Caramanica K, Chiles MC, Johns M. Cigarette smoking and 9/11-related posttraumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees 2003-12. Prevent Med. 2015;73(1): 94-99. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.023.
8. Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D. Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2010;5(136): 768. doi:10.1037/a0020327.
9. Beckham JC, Vrana SR, Barefoot JC, Feldman ME, Fairbank J, Moore SD. Magnitude and duration of cardiovascular response to anger in Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psych. 2002;70(1): 228. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.269.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
11. Acierno RA, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Saunders BE, Best CL. Violent assault, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Risk factors for cigarette use among adult women. J Behav Modif. 1996;20(4):363-384. doi:10.1177/01454455960204001.
12. Beckham JC. Smoking and anxiety in combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1999;31(2): 103-110. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471731.
13. Beckham JC, Roodman AA, Shipley RH, et al. Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8(3): 461-472.
14. Feldner MT, Smith RC, Monson CM, Zvolensky MJ. Initial evaluation of an integrated treatment for comorbid PTSD and smoking using a non-concurrent, multiple-baseline design. Behav Ther. 2013;44(3): 514-528. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.003.
15. Weaver TL, Etzel JC. Smoking patterns, symptoms of PTSD and depression: preliminary findings from a sample of severely battered women. Addict Behav. 2003;28(9): 1665-1679. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.041.
16. Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev. 2004;111(1): 33-51. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33.
17. McCarthy DE, Curtin JJ, Piper ME, Baker TB. Substance Abuse and Emotion. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2010.
18. Marshall EC, Zvolensky MJ, Vujanovic AA, Gibson LE, Gregor K, Bernstein A. Evaluation of smoking characteristics among community-recruited daily smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder and panic psychopathology. J Anxiety Dis. 2008;22(7): 1214-1226. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.003.
19. Calhoun PS, Levin HF, Dedert EA, Johnson Y, Beckham JC. The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking outcome expectancies among U.S. military veterans who served since September 11, 2001. J Trauma Stress. 2011;24(3):303-308. doi:10.1002/jts.20634.
20. Beckham JC, Lytle BL, Vrana SR, Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Shipley RH. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in response to a trauma-related stressor among Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav. 1996;21(1): 93-101.
21. Beckham JC, Calhoun PS, Wilson SM, Dedert EA, Dennis M. Predictors of lapse in first week of smoking abstinence in PTSD and non-PTSD smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;15(6): 1122-1129. doi:0.1093/ntr/nts252.
22. Hruska B, Bernier J, Kenner F, et al. Examining the relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, positive smoking outcome expectancies, and cigarette smoking in people with substance use disorders: a multiple mediator model. Addict Behav. 2014;39(1): 273-281. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.002.
23. Farris SG, Zvolensky MJ, Beckham JC, Vujanovic AA, Schmidt NB. Trauma exposure and cigarette smoking: the impact of negative affect and affect-regulatory smoking motives. J Addict Dis. 2014;33(4): 354-365. doi:10.1080/10550887.2014.969622.
24. Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hiripi E, Kessler R. Nicotine dependence in the United States: prevalence, trends, and smoking persistence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(9): 810-816. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.810.
25. Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A. Cigarette smoking and panic psychopathology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14(6): 301-305. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00386.x.
26. Kinnunen T, Doherty K, Militello FS, Garvey AJ. Depression and smoking cessation: characteristics of depressed smokers and effects of nicotine replacement. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(4): 791-798. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.791.
27. Weinberger AH, George TP, McKee SA. Differences in smoking expectancies in smokers with and without a history of major depression. Addict Behav. 2011;36(4): 434-437. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.024.
28. Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; November, 1993; San Antonio, TX.
29. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(7): 596-606. doi:10.1002/da.20837.
30. Watson D, O'Hara MW, Simms LJ, et al. Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychol Assess. 2007;19(3): 253-268. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253.
31. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II: Manual. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Harcourt Brace; 1996.
32. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6): 893-897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.
33. Watson D, O'Hara MW, Chmielewski M, et al. Further validation of the IDAS: evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity. Psychol Assess. 2008;20(3): 248-259. doi:248. doi.org/10.1037/a0012570.
34. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition. (SCID-I/NP). New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 2002.
35. Brown RA, Lejuez CW, Kahler CW, Strong DR. Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(1): 180-185. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.180.
36. Zvolensky MJ, Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, et al. Emotional responding to biological challenge as a function of panic disorder and smoking. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(1): 19-32. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.07.004.
37. Zvolensky MJ, Lejuez CW, Kahler CW, Brown RA. Nonclinical panic attack history and smoking cessation: an initial examination. Addict Behav. 2004;29(4): 825-830. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.017.
38. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86(9): 1119-1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.
39. Etter JF, Duc TV, Perneger TV. Validity of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index among relatively light smokers. Addiction. 1999;94(2): 269-281. doi:10.1080/09652149934080.
40. Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Riggs R, et al. Concordance of different measures of nicotine dependence: two pilot studies. Addict Behav. 2004;29(8): 1527-1539. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.03.
41. Ikard FF, Green DE, Horn DA. A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. Substance use and misuse. Intern J Addict. 2015;4(4):649-659. doi:10.3109/10826086909062040.
42. Shiffman S. Assessing smoking patterns and motives. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(5): 732-742. doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.5.732
43. Zvolensky MJ, Bonn-Miller MO, Feldner MT, Leen-Feldner E, McLeish AC, Gregor K. Anxiety sensitivity: Concurrent associations with negative affect smoking motives and abstinence self-confidence among young adult smokers. Addict Behav. 2006;31(3): 429-439. doi:10.1016/j. addbeh.2005.05.027.
44. Macnee CL, Talsma A. Development and testing of the barriers to cessation scale. Nurs Res. 1995;44(4): 214-219. doi:10.1097/0000 6199-199507000-00005.
45. Macnee CL, Talsma A. Predictors of progress in smoking cessation. Public Health Nurs. 1995;12(4): 242-248. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.1995. tb00143.x.
46. Gonzalez A, Vujanovic AA, Johnson KA, Leyro TM, Zvolensky MJ. The role of mindful attention in regard to the relation between negative affect reduction outcome expectancies and emotional vulnerability among adult cigarette smokers. Cognit Ther Res. 2009;33(6): 645-656. doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9246-x.
47. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3): 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
48. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods. 2004;36(4): 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553.
49. Hayes AF. Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Commun Monogr 2009;76(4): 408-420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.
50. Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2013.
51. Breslau N, Davis GC, Schultz LR. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(3): 289-294. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.289.
52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged≥ 18 years--United States, 2005-2010. MMWR. 2011;60(35): 1207. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6035a5.htm. Accessed April 8, 2015.
53. Feldner MT, Babson KA, Zvolensky MJ. Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: a critical review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(1): 14-45. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.004.
54. Creamer M, Burgess P, McFarlane AC. Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychol Med. 2001;31(7): 1237-1247. doi:10.1017/S0033291701004287.
55. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Borges G, Nock M, Wang PS. Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. JAMA. 2005;293(20): 2487-2495. doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2487.
56. Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49: 377-412. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377.
57. Watson D. Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(4): 522-536. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522.
58. Baschnagel JS, Coffey SF, Schumacher JA, Drobes DJ, Saladin ME. Relationship between PTSD symptomatology and nicotine dependence severity in crime victims. Addict Behav. 2008;33(11): 1441-1447. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.03.004.
59. Greenberg JB, Ameringer KJ, Trujillo MA, et al. Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and cigarette smoking. J Addict Behav. 2012;26(1): 89. doi:10.1037/a0024328.
60. Joseph AM, McFall M, Saxon AJ, et al. Smoking intensity and severity of specific symptom clusters in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trama Stress. 2012;25(1): 10-16. doi:10.1037/a0024328.
61. Leventhal AM, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: a transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion-smoking comorbidity. Psychol Bull. 2014;141(11): 176-212. doi:10.1037/bul0000003.