Examining the relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, positive smoking outcome expectancies, and cigarette smoking in people with substance use disorders: A multiple mediator model

Addictive Behaviors

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 273-281

  Hruska, Bryce ^a   Bernier, Jennifer ^a   Kenner, Frank ^a   Kenne, Deric R ^a   Boros, Alec P ^b   Richardson, Christopher J ^b   Delahanty, Douglas L ^a,c  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Oriana House Alcohol Drug Addiction and Mental Health Crisis Center   (United States)

^c Northeast Ohio Medical University   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoking; Positive smoking outcome expectancies; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Substance use disorder (SUD)

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; BOREDOM; DETOXIFICATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXPECTANCY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MODEL; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; QUESTIONNAIRE; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TASTE;

CIGARETTE SMOKING; POSITIVE SMOKING OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD); SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER (SUD);

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 84890151216     PISSN: 03064603     EISSN: 18736327     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Acierno R., Kilpatrick D., Resnick H.S., Saunders B.E., Best C.L. Violent assault, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Behavior Modification 1996, 20:363-384.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision) 2000, Author, Washington, DC.
3. Baca C.T., Yahne C.E. Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment: What you need to know. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009, 36:205-219. 10.1016/j/jsat.2008.06/003.
4. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182. 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173.
5. Beckham J.C., Dennis M.F., McClernon F.J., Mozley S.L., Collie C.F., Vrana S.R. The effects of cigarette smoking on script-driven imagery in smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 2007, 32:2900-2915. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.026.
6. Beckham J.C., Kirby A.C., Feldman M.E., Hertzberg M.A., Moore S.D., Crawford A.L., et al. Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 1997, 22:637-647. 10.1016/S0306-4603(96)00071-8.
7. Beckham J.C., Wiley M.T., Miller S.C., Dennis M.F., Wilson S.M., McClernon J., et al. Ad lib smoking in post-traumatic stress disorder: An electronic diary study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008, 10:1149-1157. 10.1080/14622200802123302.
8. Brandon T.H. Negative affect as motivation to smoke. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1994, 3:33-37. 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10769919.
9. Brandon T.H., Juliano L.M., Copeland A.L. Expectancies for tobacco smoking. How expectancies shape experience 1999, 263-299. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. I. Kirsch (Ed.).
10. Breslau N., Davis G.C., Peterson E.L., Schultz L.R. A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biological Psychiatry 2000, 48:902-909.
11. Breslau N., Davis G.C., Schultz L.R. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60:289-294.
12. Breslau N., Novak S.P., Kessler R.C. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 55:69-76.
13. Buckley T.C., Holohan D.R., Mozley S.L., Walsh K., Kassel J. The effect of nicotine and attention allocation on physiological and self-report measures on induced anxiety in PTSD: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2007, 15:154-164. 10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.154.
14. Buckley T.C., Mozley S.L., Bedard M.A., Dewulf A.-C., Greif J. Preventive health behaviors, health-risk behaviors, physical morbidity, and health-related role functioning impairment in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine 2004, 169:536-540.
15. Calhoun P.S., Levin H.F., Dedert E.A., Johnson Y., The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Beckham J.S. The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking outcome expectancies among U.S. military veterans who served since September 11, 2001. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2011, 24:303-308. 10.1002/jts.20634.
16. Carmody T.P., McFall M., Saxon A.J., Malte C.A., Chow B., Joseph A.M., et al. Smoking outcome expectancies in military veteran smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012, 14:919-926.
17. Carter B.L., Lam C.Y., Robinson J.D., Paris M.M., Waters A.J., Wetter D.W., et al. Real-time craving and mood assessments before and after smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Dependence 2008, 10:1165-1169. 10.1080/14622200802163084.
18. Centers for Disease Control, Prevention The health consequences of smoking: A report of the surgeon general 2004, (Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/complete_report/index.htm).
19. Centers for Disease Control, Prevention Trends in current cigarette smoking among high school students and adults, United States, 1965-2010 2011, (Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm).
20. Clark C.H., Mahoney J.S., Clark D.J., Ericksen L.R. Screening for depression in a hepatitis C population: The reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Journal of Advanced Nursing 2002, 40:361-369. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02378.x.
21. Cohen L.M., McCarthy D.M., Brown S.A., Myers M.G. Negative affect combines with smoking outcome expectancies to predict smoking behavior over time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2002, 16:91-97. 10.1037//0893-164X.16.2.91.
22. Copeland A.L., Brandon T.H., Quinn E.P. The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult: Measurement of smoking outcome expectancies of experienced smokers. Psychological Assessment 1995, 7:484-494. 10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.484.
23. Cougle J.R., Zvolensky M.J., Fitch K.E., Sachs-Ericsson N. The role of comorbidity in explaining the associations between anxiety disorders and smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010, 12:355-364.
24. Delfino R.J., Jamner L.D., Whalen C.K. Temporal analysis of the relationship of smoking behavior and urges to mood states in men versus women. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2001, 3:235-348. 10.1080/14622200 110050466.
25. Dierker L., Donny E. The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008, 10:439-446. 10.1080/1462220080190198.
26. Dodgen C.E. Nicotine dependence: Understanding and applying the most effective treatment interventions 2005, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
27. Dore G., Mills K., Murray R., Teesson M., Farrugia P. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and suicidality in inpatients with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Review 2012, 31:294-302.
28. Dragan M., Lis-Turlejska M. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disroder in alcohol dependent patients in Poland. Addictive Behaviors 2007, 32:902-911. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.025.
29. Driessen M., Schulte S., Luedecke C., Schaefer I., Sutmann F., Ohlmeier M., et al. Trauma and PTSD in patients with alcohol, drug, or dual dependence: A multi-center study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2008, 32:481-488. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00591.x.
30. Efron B. Better bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1987, 82:171-185. 10.2307/2289144.
31. Ehring T., Quack D. Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy 2010, 41:587-598. 10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004.
32. Etter J.-F. A comparison of the content-, construct- and predictive validity of the Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005, 77:259-268.
33. Etter J.-F. Comparing the validity of the Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008, 95:152-159.
34. Etter J.-F., Le Houezec J., Perneger T.V. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:359-370. 10.1038/sj.npp.1300030.
35. Fagerström K. The epidemiology of smoking: Health consequences and benefits of cessation. Drugs 2002, 62:1-9. 10.2165/00003495-200262002-00001.
36. Feldner M.T., Babson K.A., Zvolensky M.J., Vujanovic A.A., Lewis S.F., Gibson L.E., et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and smoking to reduce negative affect: An investigation of trauma-exposed daily smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2007, 32:214-227.
37. Foa E.B., Cashman L., Jaycox L., Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment 1997, 9:445-451. 10.1037//1040-3590.9.4.445.
38. Fox R.M., Brown R.A. Nicotine fading and self-monitoring for cigarette abstinence or controlled smoking. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis 1979, 12:111-125. 10.1901/jaba.1979.12-111.
39. Goldman M.S., Del Boca F.K., Darkes J. Alcohol expectancy theory: The application of cognitive neuroscience. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism 1999, 203-246. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. K.E. Leonard, H.T. Blane (Eds.).
40. Grant B.F., Stinson F.S., Dawson D.A., Chou S.P., Dufour M.C., Compton W., et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:807-816. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807.
41. Griffin M.G., Uhlmansiek M.H., Resick P.A., Mechanic M.B. Comparison of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale versus the Clinician-administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale in domestic violence survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:497-503. 10.1007/s10960-004-5798-4.
42. Guydish J., Passalacqua E., Tajima B., Chan M., Chun J., Bostrom A. Smoking prevalence in addiction treatment: A review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011, 13:401-411. 10.1093/ntr/ntr048.
43. Gwaltney C.J., Shiffman S., Balabanis M.H., Paty J.A. Dynamic self-efficacy and outcome expectancies: Prediction of smoking lapse and relapse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2005, 114:661-675.
44. Hayes A.F. Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs 2009, 76:408-420. 10.1080/03637750903310360.
45. Hien D.A., Nunes E., Levin F.R., Fraser D. Posttraumatic stress disorder and short term outcome in early methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2000, 19:31.37. 10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00088-4.
46. Hurt R.D., Offord K.P., Croghan I.T., Gomez-Dahl L., Kottke T.E., Morse R.M., et al. Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment: Role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996, 275:1097-1103. 10.1001/jama.275.14.1097.
47. Jeffries S.K., Catley D., Okuyemi K.S., Nazir N., McCarter K.S., Grobe J.E., Ahluwalia J.S. Use of a brief Smoking Consequences Questionnaire for Adults (SCQ-A) in African American smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004, 18:74-77. 10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.74.
48. Kalman D., Morisette S.B., George T.P. Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. The American Journal on Addictions 2005, 14:106-123. 10.1080/10550490590924728.
49. Kenny D.A. Mediation Retrieved from. http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.htm.
50. Kessler R.C., Nelson C.B., McGonagle K.A., Edlund M.J., Frank R.G., Leaf P.J. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1996, 66:17-31. 10.1037/h0080151.
51. Khantzian E.J. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1997, 4:231-244.
52. Knight R.G., Williams S., McGee R., Olaman S. Psychometric properties of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a sample of women in middle life. Behaviour research and therapy 1997, 35:373-380.
53. Lasser K., Boyd J.W., Woolhandler S., Himmelstein D.U., McCormick D., Bor D.H. Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000, 284:2606-2610. 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606.
54. Lawrence D., Considine J., Mitrou F., Zubrick S.R. Results from the Australian survey of mental health and wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 44:520-527. 10.3109/00048670903571580.
55. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:83-104. 10.1037//1082-989X.7.1.83.
56. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Williams J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2004, 39:99-128. 10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4.
57. Marshall R.D., Olfson M., Hellman F., Blanco C., Guardino M., Struening E.L. Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:1467-1473. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1467.
58. Marshall E.C., Zvolensky M.J., Vujanovic A.A., Gibson L.E., Gregor K., Bernstein A. Evaluation of smoking characteristics among community-recruited daily smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder and panic psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1214-1226. 10.1016/j/janxdis.2008.01.003.
59. McDermott M.J., Tull M.T., Gratz K.L., Daughters S.B., Lejuez C.W. The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:591-599. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.006.
60. Mertens J.R., Lu Y.W., Parthasarathy S., Moore C., Weisner C.M. Medical and psychiatric conditions of alcohol and drug treatment patients in an HMO: Comparison with matched controls. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003, 163:2511-2517. 10.1001/archinte.163.20.2511.
61. Morisette S.B., Brown T.A., Kamholz B.W., Gulliver S.B. Differences between smokers and nonsmokers with anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders 2006, 20:597-613. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.08.003.
62. Morisette S.B., Tull M.T., Gulliver S.B., Kamholz B.W., Zimering R.T. Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: A critical review of interrelationships. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:245-272. 10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.245.
63. Moylan S., Jacka F.N., Pasco J.A., Berk M. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: A systematic review of population-based epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine 2012, 10:123-137. 10.1186/1741-7015-10-123.
64. Najavits L.M., Runkel R., Neuner C., Frank A.F., Thase M.E., Crits-Christoph P., et al. Rates and symptoms of PTSD among cocaine-dependent patients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003, 64:601-606.
65. Neighbors B., Kempton T., Forehand R. Co-occurrence of substance abuse with conduct, anxiety, and depression disorders in juvenile delinquents. Addictive Behaviors 1992, 17:379-386.
66. Niaura R.S., Rohsenow D.J., Binkoff J.A., Monti P.M., Pedraza M., Abrams D.B. Relevance of cur reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1988, 97:133-152.
67. Op den Velde W., Aarts P.G.H., Falger P.R.J., Hovens J.E., van Duijn H., de Groen J.H.M., et al. Alcohol use, cigarette consumption, and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2002, 37:355-361.
68. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods 2008, 40:879-891. 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
69. Prochaska J.J., Delucchi K., Hall S.M. A meta-analysis of smoking cessation interventions with individuals in substance abuse treatment or recovery. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 2004, 72:1144-1156. 10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1144.
70. Radloff L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977, 1:385-401. 10.1177/014662167700100306.
71. Read J.P., Brown P.J., Kahler C.W. Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome. Addictive Behaviors 2004, 29:1665-1672. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.061.
72. Scollon C.N., Kim-Prieto C., Diener N. Experience sampling: Promises and pitfalls, strengths and weaknesses. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener 2009, 157-180. Springer Press, New York, NY. E. Diener (Ed.).
73. Shadel W.G., Mermelstein R.J. Cigarette smoking under stress: The role of coping expectancies among smokers in a clinic-based smoking cessation program. Health Psychology 1993, 12:443-450.
74. Shadel W.G., Shiffman S. Assessment of smoking behavior. Assessment of addictive behaviors 2005, 113-154. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. D.M. Donovan, G.A. Marlatt (Eds.).
75. Sheeran T., Zimmerman M. Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric outpatient setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:961-966. 10.1037//0022-006X.70.4.000.
76. Shiffman S. Assessing smoking patterns and motives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993, 61:732-742.
77. Shiffman S., Hufford M., Hickcox M., Paty J.A., Gnys M., Kassel J.D. Remember that? A comparison of real-time versus retrospective recall of smoking lapses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997, 65:292-300.
78. Shiffman S., Waters A.J. Negative affect and smoking lapses: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004, 72:192-201. 10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.192.
79. SPSS for Windows, Rel. 19.0.0 2010, SPSS, Inc., Chicago.
80. Stein M.B., Walker J.R., Hazen A.L., Forde D.R. Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154:1114-1119.
81. Ullman S.E., Townsend S.M., Starzynski L.L., Long L.M. Correlates of comorbid PTSD and substance use in sexual assault victims. Violence and Victims 2006, 21:725-743.
82. Wasserman D.A., Havassy B.E., Boles S.M. Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in cocaine users entering private treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1997, 46:1-8. 10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00048-3.
83. Weinberger A.H., McKee S.A., George T.P. Changes in smoking expectancies in abstinent, reducing, and non-abstinent participants during a pharmacological trial for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010, 12:937-943.
84. Zacny J.P., Stitzer M.L. Cigarette brand-switching: Effects on smoking exposure and smoking behavior. The Journal of Experimental Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1988, 246:619-627.
85. Zvolensky M.J., Feldner M.T., Leen-Feldner E.W., McLeish A.C. Smoking and panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review 2005, 25:761-789. 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.001.