Smoking and anxiety in combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A review

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 103-110

  Beckham, Jean C ^a,b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Smoking; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; NICOTINE;

AFFECT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; SMOKING; SOLDIER; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 0032995722     PISSN: 02791072     EISSN: 21599777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.1999.10471731     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Aciemo, R.A.; Kilpatrick, D.G.; Resnick, H.S.; Saunders, B E.; & Best, C.L. 1996. Violent assault, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Risk factors for cigarette use among adult women. Behavior Modification 20: 363-84.
2. Barlow, D.H. 1988. Anxiety and its Disorder: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. New York: Guilford Press.
3. Beck, A T. & Steer, R.A. 1987. The Revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation.
4. Beckham, J.C; Feldman, M E.; Barefoot, J.C.; Fairbank, J.A.; Helms, M.J.; Haney, T.L., Hertzberg, M.A.; Moore, S D. & Davidson, J.R.T. In press Negative affect and ambulatory cardiovascular activity in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
5. Beckham, J.C.; Moore, S.M.; Feldman, M.E.; Kirby, A.C.; Hertzberg, M.A. & Fairbank, J.A. 1998. Self-report and physician-rated health in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 155:1565-69.
6. Beckham, J.C.; Kirby, A C.; Feldman, M E.; Hertzberg, M.A.; Davidson, J.R.T.; Moore, S.D. & Fairbank, J.A. 1997. Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 22:637-47.
7. Beckham, J.C.; Lytle, B.L.; Vrana, S R.; Hertzberg, M.A.; Feldman, M E. & Shipley, R.H. 1995a. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in response to trauma-related stimuli among Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 20:1-9.
8. Beckham, J.C.; Roodman, A.A.; Shipley, R.H.; Hertzberg, M.A.; Cunha, G.H.; Kudler, H.S.; Levin, E.D.; Rose, J.E. & Fairbank, J.A. 1995b. Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8:461-72.
9. Billings, A.G. & Moos, R.H. 1983. Social-environmental factors among light and heavy cigarette smokers: A controlled comparison with non-smokers. Addictive Behaviors 8:381-91.
10. Bremner, J.D; Southwick, S.M.; Darnell, A. & Charney, D.S. 1996. Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: Course of illness and substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:369-75.
11. Breslau, N.; Davis, G.C.; Peterson, E.L. & Schultz, L. 1997. Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women Archives of General Psychiatry 54: 81-7.
12. Breslau, N.; Kilbey, M.M. & Andreski, P. 1992. Nicotine dependence and major depression: New evidence from a prospective investigation Archives of General Psychiatry 50:31-5.
13. Brown, PJ. & Wolfe, J 1994, Substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 35:51-119.
14. Carmody, T.P. 1992. Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 24 (2): 111-22.
15. Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study Group. 1988. Health status of Vietnam veteran: II Physical health. Journal of the American Medical Association 259:2708-14.
16. Charney, D.S.; Deutch, A.Y.; Krystal, J.H.; Southwick, S.M. & Davis, J. 1993 Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 295-305.
17. COMMIT Research Group. 1994. Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT): I. Cohort results from a four-year community intervention. American Journal of Public Health 85:183-92.
18. Dansky, B S.; Saladin, M E; Brady, K.T.; Kilpatrick, D.G. & Resnick, H S. 1995. Prevalence of victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with substance use disorders: Comparison of telephone and in-person assessment samples. International Journal of the Addictions 30:1079-99.
19. Davidson, J.R.T. & Fairbank, J.A. 1992. The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: J R. Davidson & E.B. Foa (Eds.) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM-IV and Beyond. Washington, D C.: American Psychiatric Press.
20. Davidson, J.R.T.; Book, S.W.; Colket, J.T.; Tupler, L.A.; Roth, S.; David, D.; Hertzberg, M.; Mellman, T.; Beckham, J.C.; Smith, R.D.; Davison, R.M.; Katz, R. & Feldman, M E. 1997. Assessment of a new self-rating scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: The Davidson Trauma Scale. Psychological Medicine 27:53-160.
21. Deering, C.G.; Glover, S G.; Ready, D.; Eddlesman, H.C. & Alarcon, R D. 1996. Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma. Comprehensive Psychiatry 37:336-46.
22. Deutch, A.Y.; & Young, C D 1995. A model of the stress-induced activation of prefrontal cortical dopamine systems: Coping and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
23. Elash, C.A.; Tiffany, S T. & Vrana, S.R. 1995. Manipulation of smoking urges and affect through a brief imagery procedure: Self-report, psychophysiological and startle probe responses. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 3:151-56.
24. Friedman, M.J. & Schnurr, P.P. 1995. The relationship between trauma, PTSD and physical health. In: M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
25. Friedman, M.J.; Charney, D.S. & Deutch, A.Y. 1995. Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
26. Gilbert, D.G. 1995. Smoking: Individual Differences, Psychopathology, and Emotion. Carbondale, Illinois: Taylor & Francis.
27. Gilbert, D.G.; Robinson, J.H.; Chamberlin, C.L & Spielberger, C D. 1989. Effects of smoking/nicotine on anxiety, heart rate, and lateralization of EEG during a stressful movie. Psychophysiology 26:311-20.
28. Giovino, G.A.; Henningfield, J E; Tomar, S.L; Escobedo, L.G. & Slade, J. 1995. Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiologic Reviews 17:48-65.
29. Green, B.L.; Lindy, J.D.; Grace, M.C. & Leonard, A C. 1992. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180:76066.
30. Grillon, C.; Southwick, S.M. & Charney, D.S. 1996. The psychobiological basis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 1:27897.
31. Gritz, E.R.; Stapleton, J.M.; Hill, M.A. & Jarvik, M E. 1985. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in VA medical and psychiatric hospitals. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 4:151-65.
32. Hall, S.M.; Munoz, R.F.; Reus, V.I. & Sees, K.L. 1993. Nicotine, negative affect, and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:761-7.
33. Hall, S.M.; Tunstall, C.S.; Ginsberg, D.; Benowitz, N.L. & Jones, R.T 1987. Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment: A placebo controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55:603-5.
34. Hughes, J R.; Hatsukami, D.K.; Mitchell, J.E. & Dahlgren, L A 1986. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 143:993-7.
35. Keane, T.M.; Gerardi, J R.; Lyons, J.A. & Wolfe, J 1988. The interrelationship of substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiological and clinical considerations. In: M Galanter (Ed.) Recent Developments in Alcoholism. New York: Plenum Press.
36. Kessler, R.B.; Bromet, E.; Hughes, M. & Nelson, C.B. 1995. Postraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 5:1048-60.
37. Kulka, R.A.; Schlenger, W.E.; Fairbank, J.A.; Hough, R L; Jordan, B.K; Marmar, C.R. & Weiss, D.S. 1990. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
38. Levin, E.D.; Rose, J.E.; Behm, F. & Caskey, N.H. 1991. The effects of smoking-related sensory cues on psychological stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 39:265-8.
39. Litz, T B; Keane, T.M.; Fisher, L.; Marx, B. & Monaco, V. 1992. Physical health complaints in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report. Journal of Traumatic Stress 5: 131-41.
40. McFall, M E.; MacKay, P.W. & Donovan, D M. 1992. Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of substance abuse in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53:357-63.
41. Monti, P.M.; Rohsenow, D.J.; Rubonis, A.V.; Niaura, R.S.; Sirota, A.D.; Colby, S.M.; Goddard, P. & Abrams, D.B. 1993. Cue exposure with coping skills treatment for male alcoholics: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:1011-19.
42. Monti, P.M.; Abrams, D.B.; Kadden, R.M. & Cooney, N.L. 1989. Treating Alcohol Dependence. New York: Guilford Press.
43. Nesbitt, P. D. 1973. Smoking, physiological arousal and emotional responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25:13744.
44. Pitman, R.K.; Orr, S.P.; Forgue, D.F.; de Jong, J.B. & Claibom, J.M. 1987. Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry 44:970-5.
45. Pomerleau, O.F. & Pomerleau, C.S. 1991. Research on stress and smoking: Progress and problems. British Journal of Addiction 86:599-603.
46. Pomerleau, O F. & Pomerleau, C.S. 1988. Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation. New York: Alan R. Liss.
47. Pomerleau, O.F. & Pomerleau, C.S. 1984. Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: Toward a biobehavioral explanation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8:503-13.
48. Pontieri, F.E.; Anda, G; Orzi, F. & Di Chiara, G. 1996. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382:255-7.
49. Prins, A.; Kaloupek, D.G. & Keane, T.M. 1995. Psychophysiological evidence for autonomic arousal and startle in traumatized adult populations. In: M.J. Friedmap, D.S. Charney & A.Y. Deutch (Eds)Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to PTSD. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
50. Rohsenow, D.J.; Monti, P.M.; Rubonis, A.V.; Sirota, A.D.; Niaura, R.S.; Colby, S.M.; Wunschel, S.M. & Abrams, D.B. 1994. Cue reactivity as a predictor of drinking among male alcoholics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62:620-6.
51. Rose, J.E.; Ananda, S. & Jarvik, M.E. 1983. Cigarette smoking during anxiety-provoking and monotonous task. Addictive Behaviors 8:353-9.
52. Rose, J.E.; Behm, F.M.; Westman, E C.; Levin, E.D.; Stein, R.M.; Lane, J.D. & Ripka, G.V. 1994. Combined effects of nicotine and mecamylamine in attenuating smoking satisfaction. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2:1-17.
53. Schacter, S. 1978. Pharmacological and psychological determinants of smoking. Annals of Internal Medicine 88:104-14.
54. Schacter, S. 1973. Nesbitt’s paradox. In: W.L. Dunn, Jr. (Ed.) Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington D C.: Winston & Sons.
55. Shiffman, S. M. 1993a. Assessing smoking patterns and motives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5:732-42.
56. Shiffman, S.M. 1993b. Smoking cessation treatment: Any progress? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:718-22.
57. Shiffman, S.M.; Fischer, L.A.; Paty, J.A.; Gnys, M.; Hickcox, M. & Kassel, J.D. 1994. Drinking and smoking: A field study of their association. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 16:203-9.
58. Spielberger, C.D. 1983. Manual of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
59. Southwick, S.M.; Bremner, D.; Krystal, J.H. & Charney, D.S. 1994. Psychobiologic research in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 17:251-64.
60. Stone, A.A.; Schwartz, J.E.; Neale, J.M.; Shiffman, S.; Marco, C.A.; Hickcox, M.; Paty, J.; Porter, L.S. & Cruise, L.J. 1998. A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1670-80.
61. Tiffany, S.T. & Drobes, D.J. 1991. The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. British Journal of Addiction 86:1467-76.
62. Triffleman, E.G.; Marmar, C.R.; Delucchi, K.L. & Ronfeldt, H. 1995. Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183:1726.
63. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). 1984. The Health Consequences of Smoking: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC.: U.S. GPO.
64. van der Kolk, B.A. & Fisler, R. E. 1994. Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 58:14568.
65. Vrana, S.R.; Roodman, A.A. & Beckham, J.C 1995. Selective processing of trauma-relevant words in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 9:515-30.
66. Witvliet, C.V. 1997. Traumatic intrusive imagery as an emotional memory phenomenon: A review of research and explanatory information processing theories. Clinical Psychology Review 17:509-6.
67. Zelman, D.C.; Brandon, T.H.; Jorenby, D.E. & Baker, T.B. 1992. Measures of affect and nicotine dependence predict differential response to smoking cessation treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60:943-52.
68. Zinser, M.C.; Baker, T.B. & Sherman, J.E. 1992. Relation between selfreported affect and drug urges and cravings in continuing and withdrawing smokers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101:61729.
69. Zweben, J.E.; Clark, H.W. & Smith, D.E. 1994. Traumatic experiences and substance abuse: Mapping the territory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26:327-44.