An attempt to clarify the link between cognitive style and political ideology: A non-western replication and extension

Judgment and Decision Making

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 287-300

  Yilmaz, Onurcan ^a   Adil Saribay, S ^b  

^a DOGUS UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Analytic cognitive style; Conservatism; Dual process model; Liberalism; Political ideology; Turkey

Indexed keywords

EID: 84971422281     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19302975     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.
2. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133.
3. Baron, J. (2015). Supplement to Deppe et al. (2015). Judgment and Decision Making, 10(4), 1–2.
4. Baron, J., Scott, S., Fincher, K., & Metz, S. E. (2015). Why does the Cognitive Reflection Test (sometimes) predict utilitarian moral judgment (and other things)? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(3), 265–284.
5. Benet-Martinez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitraitmultimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 729–750.
6. Brandt, M. J., Evans, A. M., & Crawford, J. T. (2015). The unthinking or confident extremist? Political extremists are more likely than moderates to reject experimentergenerated anchors. Psychological Science, 26(2), 189–202.
7. Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29(6), 807–840.
8. De Neys, W., & Glumicic, T. (2008). Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking. Cognition, 106(3), 1248–1299.
9. Deppe, K.D., Gonzalez, F. J., Neiman, J. L., Jacobs, C., Pahlke, J., Smith, K. B., & Hibbing, J. R. (2015). Reflective liberals and intuitive conservatives: A look at the Cognitive Reflection Test and ideology. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(4), 314–331.
10. Eidelman, S., Crandall, C. S., Goodman, J. A., & Blanchar, J. C. (2012). Low-effort thought promotes political conservatism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 808–820.
11. Evans, J. St. B. T. (2003). In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(10), 454–459.
12. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241.
13. Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42.
14. Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Positive and negative affect scale: A study of validity and reliability]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19–26.
15. Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012). Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief. Science, 336(6080), 493–496.
16. Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366–385.
17. Henningham, J. P. (1996). A 12-item scale of social conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 517–519.
18. Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61–83.
19. Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(03), 297–307.
20. Iyer, R., Koleva, S., Graham, J., Ditto, P., & Haidt, J. (2012). Understanding libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42366.
21. Jarvis, B. G. (2012). MediaLab (Version 2012) [Computer Software]. New York, NY: Empirisoft Corporation.
22. Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological bulletin, 129(3), 339–375.
23. Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thórisdóttir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(7), 989–1007.
24. Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424.
25. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
26. Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on whites’ views. Social Forces, 61(3), 797–824.
27. Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). The psychology of closed mindedness. New York: Psychology Press.
28. Kruglanski, A.W., Webster, D.M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 861–876.
29. Küçüker, A. (2007). Gençlerin siyasal ve kültürel tutumları -Ankara örneği- [Political and Cultural Attitudes of Turkish Youth: The Case of Ankara. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Gazi University, Ankara.
30. Norenzayan, A. (2013). Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
31. Olcaysoy, I. & Saribay, S. A. (February, 2014). The relationship between resistance to change and opposition to equality at political and personal levels. Poster presented at the 15th annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), Austin, TX.
32. Onis, Z. (2007). Conservative globalists versus defensive nationalists: Political parties and paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online, 9(3), 247–261.
33. Onis, Z. (2009). Conservative globalism at the crossroads: The Justice and Development Party and the thorny path to democratic consolidation in Turkey. Mediterranean Politics, 14, 21–40.
34. Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680–693.
35. Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999). The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 972–987.
36. Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Seli, P., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2012). Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief. Cognition, 123(3), 335–346.
37. Piazza, J., & Landy, J. F. (2013). “Lean not on your own understanding”: Belief that morality is founded on divine authority and non-utilitarian moral judgments. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(6), 639–661.
38. Piazza, J., & Sousa, P. (2014). Religiosity, political orientation, and consequentialist moral thinking. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 334-342.
39. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763.
40. Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2007). Separating ability from need: Clarifying the dimensional structure of the need for closure scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 266–280.
41. Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Item selection and validation of a brief, 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 90–94.
42. Shenhav, A., Rand, D. G., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Divine intuition: Cognitive style influences belief in God. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(3), 423–428.
43. Shook, N. J., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Political ideology, exploration of novel stimuli, and attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 995–998.
44. Sidanius, J. (1985). Cognitive functioning and sociopolitical ideology revisited. Political Psychology, 637–661.
45. Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014). Pcurve: A key to the file- drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 534–547.
46. Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2005). Big Five personality traits as the distal predictors of road accident involvement. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application (pp. 215–227). New York, NY: Elsevier.
47. Talhelm, T., Haidt, J., Oishi, S., Zhang, X., Miao, F. F., & Chen, S. (2015). Liberals think more analytically (more “WEIRD”) than conservatives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(2), 250–267.
48. Tetlock, P. E. (1983). Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 74–83.
49. Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011). The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks. Memory & Cognition, 39(7), 1275–1289.
50. Van Berkel, L., Crandall, C. S., Eidelman, S., & Blanchar, J. C. (2015). Hierarchy, dominance, and deliberation: Egalitarian values require mental effort. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(9), 1207–1222.
51. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
52. Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049–1062.
53. Yilmaz, O. (2015). An Investigation of the reciprocal relationship between cognitive style and political ideology. Unpublished master’s thesis. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
54. Yilmaz, O., & Bahçekapili, H. G. (2015). Without God, everything is permitted? The reciprocal influence of religious and meta-ethical beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 95–100.
55. Yilmaz, O., Harma, M., & Bahçekapili, H. G., & Cesur, S. (2016). Validation of the moral foundations questionnaire in Turkey and its relation to cultural schemas of individualism and collectivism. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 149–154.
56. Yilmaz, O., Karadöller, D. Z., & Sofuoglu, G. (2016). Analytic thinking, religion and prejudice: An experimental test of the dual-process model of mind. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2016.1151117.
57. Yilmaz, O., Saribay, S. A., Bahçekapili, H. G., & Harma, M. (invited revision). Political orientations, ideological selfcategorizations, party preferences, and moral foundations of young Turkish voters.
58. Zitek, E. M., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2012). The fluency of social hierarchy: The ease with which hierarchical relations are seen, remembered, learned, and liked. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 98–115.