Biofilms, Biomaterials, and Device-Related Infections

Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 565-583

  Stoodley, Paul ^a   Hall Stoodley, Luanne ^b,c   Costerton, Bill ^d,e   DeMeo, Patrick ^e   Shirtliff, Mark ^f   Gawalt, Ellen ^g   Kathju, Sandeep ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SOUTHAMPTON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d ALLEGHENY SINGER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e ALLEGHENY GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^g DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIALS; BIOTECHNOLOGY;

MATERIALS;

EID: 84970032461     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-087780-8.00050-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Anderl J.N., Franklin M.J., Stewart P.S. Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44(7):1818-1824.
2. Antoci V., King S.B., Jose B., Parvizi J., Zeiger A.R., et al. Vancomycin covalently bonded to titanium alloy prevents bacterial colonization. J. Orthop. Res. 2007, 25(7):858-866.
3. Antoci V., Adams C.S., Hickok N.J., Shapiro I.M., Parvizi J. Vancomycin bound to Ti rods reduces periprosthetic infection: Preliminary study. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2007, 461:88-95.
4. Arciola C.R., Campoccia D., Baldassarri L., Donati M.E., Pirini V., et al. Detection of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis from implant infections. Comparison of a PCR-method that recognizes the presence of ica genes with two classic phenotypic methods. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2006, 76(2):425-430.
5. Aviv M., Berdicevsky I., Zilberman M. Gentamicin-loaded bioresorbable films for prevention of bacterial infections associated with orthopedic implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2007, 83(1):10-19.
6. Aydinuraz K., Agalar C., Agalar F., Ceken S., Duruyurek N., et al. In vitro S. epidermidis and S. aureus adherence to composite and lightweight polypropylene grafts. J. Surg. Res. 2009, 157(1):e79-e86.
7. Bagge N., Schuster M., Hentzer M., Ciofu O., Givskov M., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to imipenem exhibit changes in global gene expression and beta-lactamase and alginate production. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004, 48(4):1175-1187.
8. Barken K.B., Pamp S.J., Yang L., Gjermansen M., Bertrand J.J., et al. Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 10(9):2331-2343.
9. Barraud N., Schleheck D., Klebensberger J., Webb J.S., Hassett D.J., et al. Nitric oxide signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms mediates phosphodiesterase activity, decreased cyclic di-GMP levels, and enhanced dispersal. J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191(23):7333-7342.
10. Bayston R., Penny S.R. Excessive production of mucoid substance in staphylococcus SIIA: A possible factor in colonisation of Holter shunts. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. Suppl. 1972, 27:25-28.
11. Bjarnsholt T.P.O., Jensen M., Burmolle M., Hentzer J.A., Haagensen H.P., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent. Microbiology 2005, 151(Pt 2):373-383.
12. Bjarnsholt T., Tolker-Nielsen T., Givskov M., Janssen M., Christensen L.H. Detection of bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization in culture-negative soft tissue filler lesions. Dermatol. Surg. 2009, 35(Suppl. 2):1620-1624.
13. Bjerkan G., Witso E., Bergh K. Sonication is superior to scraping for retrieval of bacteria in biofilm on titanium and steel surfaces in vitro. Acta. Orthop. 2009, 80(2):245-250.
14. Borlee B.R., Goldman A.D., Murakami K., Samudrala R., Wozniak D.J., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a cyclic-di-GMP-regulated adhesin to reinforce the biofilm extracellular matrix. Mol. Microbiol. 2010, 75(4):827-842.
15. Bos R., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J. Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesive interactions: Its mechanisms and methods for study. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1999, 23(2):179-230.
16. Brady R.A., Leid J.G., Kofonow J., Costerton J.W., Shirtliff M.E. Immunoglobulins to surface-associated biofilm immunogens provide a novel means of visualization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73(20):6612-6619.
17. Bryers J.D., Drummond F. Local macromolecule diffusion coefficients in structurally non-uniform bacterial biofilms using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1998, 60(4):462-473.
18. Camilli A., Bassler B.L. Bacterial small-molecule signaling pathways. Science 2006, 311(5764):1113-1116.
19. Campoccia D., Montanaro L., Arciola C.R. The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance. Biomaterials 2006, 27(11):2331-2339.
20. Chang Y.M., Jeng W.Y., Ko T.P., Yeh Y.J., Chen C.K., et al. Structural study of TcaR and its complexes with multiple antibiotics from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107(19):8617-8622.
21. Cheng G., Zhang Z., Chen S., Bryers J.D., Jiang S. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces. Biomaterials 2007, 28(29):4192-4199.
22. Chung K.K., Schumacher J.F., Sampson E.M., Burne R.A., Antonelli P.J., et al. Impact of engineered surface microtopography on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Biointerphases 2007, 2(2):89-94.
23. Cook G., Costerton J.W., Darouiche R.O. Direct confocal microscopy studies of the bacterial colonization in vitro of a silver-coated heart valve sewing cuff. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2000, 13(3):169-173.
24. Costerton J.W., Post J.C., Ehrlich G.D., Hu F.Z., Kreft R., Nistico L., Kathju S., Stoodley P., Hall-Stoodley L., Maale G.E., James G.A., Shirtliff M.E., Sotereanos N.G., DeMeo P.J. New methods for the detection of orthopaedic and other biofilm infections. FEMS Immuno. Microbiol. 2011, 61(2):133-140.
25. Cucarella C., Tormo M.A., Knecht E., Amorena B., Lasa I., et al. Expression of the biofilm-associated protein interferes with host protein receptors of Staphylococcus aureus and alters the infective process. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70(6):3180-3186.
26. Cui Q., Mihalko W.M., Shields J.S., Ries M., Saleh K.J. Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infection associated with total hip or knee arthroplasty. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2007, 89(4):871-882.
27. Davies D.G., Geesey G.G. Regulation of the alginate biosynthesis gene algC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm development in continuous culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61(3):860-867.
28. Davies D.G., Marques C.N. A fatty acid messenger is responsible for inducing dispersion in microbial biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191(5):1393-1403.
29. Davies D.G., Parsek M.R., Pearson J.P., Iglewski B.H., Costerton J.W., et al. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 1998, 280(5361):295-298.
30. de Nys R., Givskov M., Kumar N., Kjelleberg S., Steinberg P.D. Furanones. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 2006, 42:55-86.
31. deBeer D., Stoodley P., Lewandowski Z. Measurement of local diffusion coefficients in biofilms by micro-injection and confocal microscopy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1997, 53(2):151-158.
32. Del Pozo J.L., Rouse M.S., Euba G., Kang C.I., Mandrekar J.N., et al. The electricidal effect is active in an experimental model of Staphylococcus epidermidis chronic foreign body osteomyelitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53(10):4064-4068.
33. Del Pozo J.L., Rouse M.S., Mandrekar J.N., Sampedro M.F., Steckelberg J.M., et al. Effect of electrical current on the activities of antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53(1):35-40.
34. Dempsey K.E., Riggio M.P., Lennon A., Hannah V.E., Ramage G., et al. Identification of bacteria on the surface of clinically infected and non-infected prosthetic hip joints removed during revision arthroplasties by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and by microbiological culture. Arthritis. Res. Ther. 2007, 9(3):R46.
35. Dibdin G.H., Assinder S.J., Nichols W.W., Lambert P.A. Mathematical model of beta-lactam penetration into a biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa while undergoing simultaneous inactivation by released beta-lactamases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996, 38(5):757-769.
36. Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2002, 15(2):167-193.
37. Dunne W.M., Burd E.M. The effects of magnesium, calcium, EDTA, and pH on the in vitro adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to plastic. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992, 36(10):1019-1027.
38. Ecker D.J., Sampath R., Massire C., Blyn L.B., Hall T.A., et al. Ibis T5000: A universal biosensor approach for microbiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2008, 6(7):553-558.
39. Edmiston C.E., Seabrook G.R., Goheen M.P., Krepel C.J., Johnson C.P., et al. Bacterial adherence to surgical sutures: Can antibacterial-coated sutures reduce the risk of microbial contamination?. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006, 203(4):481-489.
40. Engelsman A.F., van der Mei H.C., Ploeg R.J., Busscher H.J. The phenomenon of infection with abdominal wall reconstruction. Biomaterials 2007, 28(14):2314-2327.
41. Engelsman A.F., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J., Ploeg R.J. Morphological aspects of surgical meshes as a risk factor for bacterial colonization. Br. J. Surg. 2008, 95(8):1051-1059.
42. Engelsman A.F., Krom B.P., Busscher H.J., van Dam G.M., Ploeg R.J., et al. Antimicrobial effects of an NO-releasing poly(ethylene vinylacetate) coating on soft-tissue implants in vitro and in a murine model. Acta. Biomater. 2009, 5(6):1905-1910.
43. Espeland E.M., Wetzel R.G. Complexation, stabilization, and UV photolysis of extracellular and surface-bound glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase: Implications for biofilm microbiota. Microb. Ecol. 2001, 42(4):572-585.
44. Feely T., Copley A., Bleyer A.J. Catheter lock solutions to prevent bloodstream infections in high-risk hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 2007, 27(1):24-29.
45. Fitzgerald R.H. Microbiologic environment of the conventional operating room. Arch. Surg. 1979, 114(7):772-775.
46. Fux C.A., Wilson S., Stoodley P. Detachment characteristics and oxacillin resistance of Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm emboli in an in vitro catheter infection model. J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186(14):4486-4491.
47. Fux C.A., Shirtliff M., Stoodley P., Costerton J.W. Can laboratory reference strains mirror "real-world" pathogenesis?. Trends Microbiol. 2005, 13(2):58-63.
48. Gotz F. Staphylococcus and biofilms. Mol. Microbiol. 2002, 43(6):1367-1378.
49. Gould C.V., Umscheid C.A., Agarwal R.K., Kuntz G., Pegues D.A. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2010, 31(4):319-326.
50. Gristina A.G., Costerton J.W. Bacterial adherence to biomaterials and tissue. The significance of its role in clinical sepsis. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1985, 67(2):264-273.
51. Gristina A.G., Naylor P., Myrvik Q. Infections from biomaterials and implants: A race for the surface. Med. Prog. Technol. 1988, 14(3-4):205-224.
52. Gross M., Cramton S.E., Gotz F., Peschel A. Key role of teichoic acid net charge in Staphylococcus aureus colonization of artificial surfaces. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69(5):3423-3426.
53. Guenther F., Stroh P., Wagner C., Obst U., Hansch G.M. Phagocytosis of staphylococci biofilms by polymorphonuclear neutrophils: S. aureus and S. epidermidis differ with regard to their susceptibility towards the host defense. Int. J. Artif. Organs 2009, 32(9):565-573.
54. Hall-Stoodley L., Stoodley P. Biofilm formation and dispersal and the transmission of human pathogens. Trends Microbiol. 2005, 13(1):7-10.
55. Hall-Stoodley L., Stoodley P. Evolving concepts in biofilm infections. Cell Microbiol. 2009, 11(7):1034-1043.
56. Hall-Stoodley L., Costerton J.W., Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: From the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004, 2(2):95-108.
57. Hall-Stoodley L., Hu F.Z., Gieseke A., Nistico L., Nguyen D., et al. Direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media. JAMA 2006, 296(2):202-211.
58. Hamady M., Walker J.J., Harris J.K., Gold N.J., Knight R. Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex. Nat. Methods 2008, 5(3):235-237.
59. Hanssen A.D., Patel R., Osmon D.R. Editorial comment. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2005, 437:2.
60. Harrison J.J., Ceri H., Turner R.J. Multimetal resistance and tolerance in microbial biofilms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5(12):928-938.
61. Hederos M., Konradsson P., Liedberg B. Synthesis and self-assembly of galactose-terminated alkanethiols and their ability to resist proteins. Langmuir 2005, 21(7):2971-2980.
62. Heilmann C., Hussain M., Peters G., Gotz F. Evidence for autolysin-mediated primary attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a polystyrene surface. Mol. Microbiol. 1997, 24(5):1013-1024.
63. Hendrickx A.P., van Luit-Asbroek M., Schapendonk C.M., van Wamel W.J., Braat J.C., et al. SgrA, a nidogen-binding LPXTG surface adhesin implicated in biofilm formation, and EcbA, a collagen binding MSCRAMM are two novel adhesins of hospital-acquired Enterococcus faecium. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77(11):5097-5106.
64. Hengge R. Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7(4):263-273.
65. Hetrick E.M., Schoenfisch M.H. Reducing implant-related infections: Active release strategies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35(9):780-789.
66. Hetrick E.M., Shin J.H., Paul H.S., Schoenfisch M.H. Anti-biofilm efficacy of nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2009, 30(14):2782-2789.
67. Hiller N.L., Janto B., Hogg J.S., Boissy R., Yu S., et al. Comparative genomic analyses of seventeen Streptococcus pneumoniae strains: Insights into the pneumococcal supragenome. J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189(22):8186-8195.
68. Hodgson N.C., Malthaner R.A., Ostbye T. The search for an ideal method of abdominal fascial closure: A meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. 2000, 231(3):436-442.
69. Hoffman L.R., D'Argenio D.A., MacCoss M.J., Zhang Z., Jones R.A., et al. Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation. Nature 2005, 436(7054):1171-1175.
70. Hsieh P.H., Lee M.S., Hsu K.Y., Chang Y.H., Shih H.N., et al. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: Risk factors and outcome of treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 49(7):1036-1043.
71. Jacobsen S.M., Stickler D.J., Mobley H.L., Shirtliff M.E. Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 21(1):26-59.
72. James G.A., Swogger E., Wolcott R., Pulcini E., Secor P., et al. Biofilms in chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regeno 2008, 16(1):37-44.
73. Jefferies J.M., Smith A., Clarke S.C., Dowson C., Mitchell T.J. Genetic analysis of diverse disease-causing pneumococci indicates high levels of diversity within serotypes and capsule switching. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42(12):5681-5688.
74. Jesaitis A.J., Franklin M.J., Berglund D., Sasaki M., Lord C.I., et al. Compromised host defense on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Characterization of neutrophil and biofilm interactions. J. Immunol. 2003, 171(8):4329-4339.
75. Jiang W., Zhitenev N., Bao Z., Meng H., Abusch-Magder D., et al. Structure and bonding issues at the interface between gold and self-assembled conjugated dithiol monolayers. Langmuir 2005, 21(19):8751-8757.
76. Justinger C., Moussavian M.R., Schlueter C., Kopp B., Kollmar O., et al. Antibacterial [corrected] coating of abdominal closure sutures and wound infection. Surgery 2009, 145(3):330-334.
77. Kang S.M., Rho J., Choi I.S., Messersmith P.B., Lee H. Norepinephrine: Material-independent, multifunctional surface modification reagent. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(37):13224-13225.
78. Kaplan J.B. Biofilm dispersal: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic uses. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 89(3):205-218.
79. Kathju S., Nistico L., Hall-Stoodley L., Post J.C., Ehrlich G.D., et al. Chronic surgical site infection due to suture-associated polymicrobial biofilm. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 2009, 10(5):457-461.
80. Kathju S., Lasko L.A., Nistico L., Colella J.J., Stoodley P. Cutaneous fistula from the gastric remnant resulting from a chronic suture-associated biofilm infection. Obes. Surg. 2010, 20(2):251-256.
81. Khoo X., Hamilton P., O'Toole G.A., Snyder B.D., Kenan D.J., et al. Directed assembly of PEGylated-peptide coatings for infection-resistant titanium metal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(31):10992-10997.
82. Khoury A.E., Lam K., Ellis B., Costerton J.W. Prevention and control of bacterial infections associated with medical devices. ASAIO J. 1992, 38(3):M174-M178.
83. Kiran M.D., Giacometti A., Cirioni O., Balaban N. Suppression of biofilm related, device-associated infections by staphylococcal quorum sensing inhibitors. Int. J. Artif. Organs 2008, 31(9):761-770.
84. Klapper I., Gilbert P., Ayati B.P., Dockery J., Stewart P.S. Senescence can explain microbial persistence. Microbiology 2007, 153(Pt 11):3623-3630.
85. Kwok C.S., Mourad P.D., Crum L.A., Ratner B.D. Self-assembled molecular structures as ultrasonically-responsive barrier membranes for pulsatile drug delivery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 57(2):151-164.
86. Laibinis P.E., Hickman J.J., Wrighton M.S., Whitesides G.M. Orthogonal self-assembled monolayers: Alkanethiols on gold and alkane carboxylic acids on alumina. Science 1989, 245(4920):845-847.
87. Leid J.G., Shirtliff M.E., Costerton J.W., Stoodley P. Human leukocytes adhere to, penetrate, and respond to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Infect. Immun. 2002, 70(11):6339-6345.
88. Lewis K. Persister cells and the riddle of biofilm survival. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2005, 70(2):267-274.
89. Li Y., Ku C.Y., Xu J., Saxena D., Caufield P.W. Survey of oral microbial diversity using PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J. Dent. Res. 2005, 84(6):559-564.
90. Loose C., Jensen K., Rigoutsos I., Stephanopoulos G. A linguistic model for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides. Nature 2006, 443(7113):867-869.
91. Machado J.D., Suen V.M., Figueiredo J.F., Marchini J.S. Biofilms, infection, and parenteral nutrition therapy. J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 2009, 33(4):397-403.
92. Mack D., Fischer W., Krokotsch A., Leopold K., Hartmann R., et al. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: Purification and structural analysis. J. Bacteriol. 1996, 178(1):175-183.
93. Maki D.G., Tambyah P.A. Engineering out the risk for infection with urinary catheters. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001, 7(2):342-347.
94. Marrie T.J., Nelligan J., Costerton J.W. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of an infected endocardial pacemaker lead. Circulation 1982, 66(6):1339-1341.
95. Marshall K.C., Stout R., Mitchell R. Selective sorption of bacteria from seawater. Can. J. Microbiol. 1971, 17(11):1413-1416.
96. McKenna P., Hoffmann C., Minkah N., Aye P.P., Lackner A., et al. The macaque gut microbiome in health, lentiviral infection, and chronic enterocolitis. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4(2):e20.
97. Ming X., Nichols M., Rothenburger S. In vivo antibacterial efficacy of MONOCRYL plus antibacterial suture (Poliglecaprone 25 with triclosan). Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 2007, 8(2):209-214.
98. Ming X., Rothenburger S., Nichols M.M. In vivo and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of PDS plus (polidioxanone with triclosan) suture. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 2008, 9(4):451-457.
99. Nablo B.J., Rothrock A.R., Schoenfisch M.H. Nitric oxide-releasing sol-gels as antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants. Biomaterials 2005, 26(8):917-924.
100. Neut D., van Horn J.R., van Kooten T.G., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J. Detection of biomaterial-associated infections in orthopaedic joint implants. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2003, 413:261-268.
101. NIH Consensus statement on total knee replacement NIH. NIH Consens State. Sci. Statements 2003, 20(1):1-34. NIH.
102. Norris P., Noble M., Francolini I., Vinogradov A.M., Stewart P.S., et al. Ultrasonically controlled release of ciprofloxacin from self-assembled coatings on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm prevention. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49(10):4272-4279.
103. Nucci C., Artini M., Pasmore M., Missiroli F., Costerton J.W., et al. A microbiological and confocal microscopy study documenting a slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from a nylon corneal suture of a patient with antibiotic-resistant endophthalmitis. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2005, 243(9):951-954.
104. O'Grady N.P., Alexander M., Dellinger E.P., Gerberding J.L., Heard S.O., et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2002, 51(RR-10):1-29.
105. Osterberg B. Influence of capillary multifilament sutures on the antibacterial action of inflammatory cells in infected wounds. Acta. Chir. Scand. 1983, 149(8):751-757.
106. Osterberg B., Blomstedt B. Effect of suture materials on bacterial survival in infected wounds. An experimental study. Acta. Chir. Scand. 1979, 145(7):431-434.
107. Ostuni E., Chapman R.G., Liang M.N., Meluleni G., Pier G., et al. Self-assembled monolayers that resist the adsorption of proteins and the adhesion of bacterial and mammalian cells. Langmuir 2001, 17(20):6336-6343.
108. Otten J.E., Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M., Jahnke H., Pelz K. Bacterial colonization on different suture materials: A potential risk for intraoral dentoalveolar surgery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater. 2005, 74(1):627-635.
109. Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis: The "accidental" pathogen. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7(8):555-567.
110. Parsek M.R., Singh P.K. Bacterial biofilms: An emerging link to disease pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2003, 57:677-701.
111. Perez-Osorio A.C., Williamson K.S., Franklin M.J. Heterogeneous rpoS and rhlR mRNA levels and 16S rRNA/rDNA ratios within Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, sampled by laser capture microdissection. J. Bacteriol. 2010, 192(12):2991-3000.
112. Purevdorj-Gage B., Costerton W.J., Stoodley P. Phenotypic differentiation and seeding dispersal in non-mucoid and mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Microbiology 2005, 151(Pt 5):1569-1576.
113. Rickard A.H., Palmer R.J., Blehert D.S., Campagna S.R., Semmelhack M.F., et al. Autoinducer 2: A concentration-dependent signal for mutualistic bacterial biofilm growth. Mol. Microbiol. 2006, 60(6):1446-1456.
114. Rolighed T., Moser C., Hall-Stoodley L., Stoodley P. The Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Infections of Catheters and Shunts. Biofilm Infections 2010, Springer, New York, NY. T. Bjarnsholt, P.O. Jensen, C. Moser, N. Hoeby (Eds.).
115. Salta M., Wharton J.A., Stoodley P., Dennington S.P., Goodes L.R., et al. Designing biomimetic antifouling surfaces. Phil. Trans. A., Royal. Society 2010, 368(1929):4729-4754.
116. Sampedro M.F., Patel R. Infections associated with long-term prosthetic devices. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2007, 21(3):785-819.
117. Sauer K., Camper A.K. Characterization of phenotypic changes in Pseudomonas putida in response to surface-associated growth. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183(22):6579-6589.
118. Schaudinn C., Stoodley P., Kainović A., O'Keeffe T., Costerton J.W., et al. Bacterial biofilms, other structures seen as mainstream concepts. Microbe. 2007, 2(5):231-237.
119. Schlafer S., Nordhoff M., Wyss C., Strub S., Hubner J., et al. Involvement of Guggenheimella bovis in digital dermatitis lesions of dairy cows. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 128(1-2):118-125.
120. Schumacher J.F., Carman M.L., Estes T.G., Feinberg A.W., Wilson L.H., et al. Engineered antifouling microtopographies: Effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva. Biofouling 2007, 23(1-2):55-62.
121. Senaratne W., Andruzzi L., Ober C.K. Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: Current applications and future perspectives. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6(5):2427-2448.
122. Sottile F.D., Marrie T.J., Prough D.S., Hobgood C.D., Gower D.J., et al. Nosocomial pulmonary infection: Possible etiologic significance of bacterial adhesion to endotracheal tubes. Crit. Care Med. 1986, 14(4):265-270.
123. Starkey M., Hickman J.H., Ma L., Zhang N., De Long S., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa rugose small-colony variants have adaptations that likely promote persistence in the cystic fibrosis lung. J. Bacteriol. 2009, 191(11):3492-3503.
124. Statz A.R., Meagher R.J., Barron A.E., Messersmith P.B. New peptidomimetic polymers for antifouling surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127(22):7972-7973.
125. Stewart P.S., Franklin M.J. Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2008, 6(3):199-210.
126. Stoodley P., Sauer K., Davies D.G., Costerton J.W. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2002, 56:187-209.
127. Stoodley P., Nistico L., Johnson S., Lasko L.A., Baratz M., et al. Direct demonstration of viable Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in an infected total joint arthroplasty. A case report. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2008, 90(8):1751-1758.
128. Stoodley P., Braxton E.E., Nistico L., Hall-Stoodley L., Johnson S., et al. Direct demonstration of a Staphylococcus biofilm in an external ventricular drain in a patient with a history of recurrent ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure. Pediatric. Neurosurgery 2010, 46(2):127-132.
129. Stoodley P., Conti S., DeMeo P.J., Nistico L., Melton-Kreft R., Johnson S., Darabi, Ehrlich G.D., Costerton J.W., Kathju S. Characterization of a mixed MRSA / MRSE biofilm in an explanted total ankle arthroplasty. FEMS IMM 2011, 62(1):66-74.
130. Storch M.L., Rothenburger S.J., Jacinto G. Experimental efficacy study of coated VICRYL plus antibacterial suture in guinea pigs challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect. (Larchmt) 2004, 5(3):281-288.
131. Subbiahdoss G., Kuijer R., Grijpma D.W., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J. Microbial biofilm growth vs. tissue integration: "The race for the surface" experimentally studied. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5(5):1399-1404.
132. Trampuz A., Widmer A.F. Infections associated with orthopedic implants. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 19(4):349-356.
133. Tunney M.M., Patrick S., Gorman S.P., Nixon J.R., Anderson N., et al. Improved detection of infection in hip replacements. A currently underestimated problem. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 1998, 80(4):568-572.
134. van Loosdrecht M.C., Norde W., Zehnder A.J. Physical chemical description of bacterial adhesion. J. Biomater. Appl. 1990, 5(2):91-106.
135. van't Riet M., Steyerberg E.W., Nellensteyn J., Bonjer H.J., Jeekel J. Meta-analysis of techniques for closure of midline abdominal incisions. Br. J. Surg. 2002, 89(11):1350-1356.
136. Vaudaux P.E., Lew D.P., Waldvogel F.A. Host factors predisposing to and influencing therapy of foreign body infections. Infections Associated With Indwelling Medical Devices 1994, 1-29. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. A.L. Bisno, F.A. Waldvogel (Eds.).
137. Vergara-Irigaray M., Valle J., Merino N., Latasa C., Garcia B., et al. Relevant role of fibronectin-binding proteins in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated foreign-body infections. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77(9):3978-3991.
138. von Eiff C., Heilmann C., Herrmann M., Peters G. Basic aspects of the pathogenesis of staphylococcal polymer-associated infections. Infection 1999, 27(Suppl. 1):S7-S10.
139. Vuong C., Kocianova S., Voyich J.M., Yao Y., Fischer E.R., et al. A crucial role for exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation, immune evasion, and virulence. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279(52):54881-54886.
140. Webb J.S., Lau M., Kjelleberg S. Bacteriophage and phenotypic variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186(23):8066-8073.
141. Wissing J., van Vroonhoven T.J., Schattenkerk M.E., Veen H.F., Ponsen R.J., et al. Fascia closure after midline laparotomy: Results of a randomized trial. Br. J. Surg. 1987, 74(8):738-741.
142. Wong E.S. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Am. J. Infect. Control 1983, 11(1):28-36.
143. Zhao L., Chu P.K., Zhang Y., Wu Z. Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. Appl. Biomater. 2009, 91(1):470-480.