Fabrication of electro-catalytic nano-particles and applications to proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Micro and Nano-Engineering of Fuel Cells

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 95-130

  Huerta, Maria Victoria Martínez ^a   García, Gonzalo ^b  

^a INSTITUTO DE CATÁLISIS Y PETROLEOQUÍMICA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EFFICIENCY; ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION; ETHANOLAMINES; HYDROGEN; NANOPARTICLES;

ELECTRICAL CONTACTS; ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTIONS; ELECTRODE REACTIONS; HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHES; INTRINSIC ACTIVITIES; MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES; THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS;

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC);

EID: 84969588236     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b18394     Document Type: Chapter

References (311)

1. Abe, H., Matsumoto, F., Alden, L.R., Warren, S.C., Abruña, H.D. & DiSalvo, F.J.: Electrocatalytic performance of fuel oxidation by Pt3Ti nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008), pp. 5452-5458.
2. Abida, B., Chirchi, L., Baranton, S.V, Napporn, T.W, Kochkar, H., Léger, J.M. & Ghorbel, A.: Preparation and characterization of Pt/TiO2 nanotubes catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 106 (2011), pp. 609-615.
3. Adzic, R.: Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts: Tunable activity, stability, and self-healing properties. Electrocatalysis 3 (2012), pp. 163-169.
4. Adzic, R. & Lima, F.H.: Platinum monolayer oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. In: Handbook of fuel-cells: fundamentals, technology and applications. Vol. 5: Advances in electrocatalysis, materials, diagnostics and durability. Wiley, NJ, 2009, pp. 5-15.
5. Alayoglu, S., Nilekar, A.U., Mavrikakis, M. & Eichhorn, B.: Ru-Pt core-shell nanoparticles for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen. Nat. Mater. 7 (2008), pp. 333-338.
6. 2/CO on carbon-supported PtRu-MoOx nanoparticles for polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011), pp. 14590-14598.
7. Antolini, E.: Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel-cells: A review. Mater. Chem. Phys. 78 (2003), pp. 563-573.
8. Antolini, E.: Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel-cells: Part I. Preparation methods and structural characteristics. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 74 (2007a), pp. 324-336.
9. Antolini, E.: Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel-cells: Part II. Electrochemical properties. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 74 (2007b), pp. 337-350.
10. Antolini, E.: Carbon supports for low temperature fuel-cell catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 88 (2009), pp. 1-24.
11. Antolini, E.: Composite materials: An emerging class of fuel-cell catalyst supports. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 100 (2010), pp. 413-426.
12. Antolini, E.: Graphene as a new carbon support for low-temperature fuel-cell catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 123-124 (2012), pp. 52-68.
13. Antolini, E. & Gonzalez, E.R.: The electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide, hydrogen/carbon monoxide and methanol in acid medium on Pt-Sn catalysts for low-temperature fuel-cells: A comparative review of the effect of Pt-Sn structural characteristics. Electrochim. Acta 56 (2010), pp. 1-14.
14. Antolini, E., Salgado, J.R.C. & Gonzalez, E.R.: The methanol oxidation reaction on platinum alloys with the first row transition metals: The case of Pt-Co and -Ni alloy electrocatalysts for DMFCs: A short review. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 63 (2006), pp. 137-149.
15. Anumol, E.A., Halder, A., Nethravathi, C., Viswanath, B. & Ravishankar, N.: Nanoporous alloy aggregates: synthesis and electrocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011), pp. 8721-8726.
16. Arico, A.S., Srinivasan, R. & Antonucci, V: DMFCs: From fundamental aspects to technology development. Fuel-cells 1 (2001), pp. 133-161.
17. Armstrong, K.J., Elbaz, L., Bauer, E., Burrell, A.K., McCleskey, T.M. & Brosha, E.L.: Nanoscale titania ceramic composite supports for PEM fuel-cells. J. Mater. Res. 27 (2012), pp. 2046-2054.
18. Avasarala, B. & Haldar, P.: Electrochemical oxidation behavior of titanium nitride based electrocatalysts under PEM fuel-cell conditions. Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010), pp. 9024-9034.
19. Avasarala, B., Murray, T., Li, W. &Haldar, P: Titanium nitride nanoparticles based electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009), pp. 1803-1805.
20. Bae, S.J., Nahm, K.S. & Kim, P: Electroreduction of oxygen on Pd catalysts supported on Ti-modified carbon. Curr.Appl. Phys. 12 (2012), pp. 1476-1480.
21. Baglio, V, Di Blasi, A., D’Urso, C., Antonucci, V, Aricò, A.S., Ornelas, R., Morales-Acosta, D., Ledesma-Garcia, J., Godinez, L.A., Arriaga, L.G. & Varez-Contreras, L.: Development of Pt and PtFe catalysts supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction in direct methanol fuel-cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155 (2008), pp. B829-B833.
22. Bartlett, P.N., Baumberg, J.J., Birkin, PR., Ghanem, M.A. & Netti, M.C.: Highly ordered macroporous gold and platinum films formed by electrochemical deposition through templates assembled from submicron diameter monodisperse polystyrene spheres. Chem. Mater. 14 (2002), pp. 2199-2208.
23. Basri, S., Kamarudin, S.K., Daud, W.R.W. & Yaakub, Z.: Nanocatalyst for direct methanol fuel-cell (DMFC). Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010), pp. 7957-7970.
24. Batista, E.A., Malpass, G.R.P, Motheo, A.J. & Iwasita, T.: New insight into the pathways of methanol oxidation. Electrochem. Commun. 5 (2003), pp. 843-846.
25. Bauer, A., Gyenge, E.L. & Oloman, C.W.: Direct methanol fuel-cell with extended reaction zone anode: PtRu and PtRuMo supported on graphite felt. J. Power Sources 167 (2007), pp. 281-287.
26. Bauer, A., Lee, K., Song, C., Xie, Y., Zhang, J. & Hui, R.: Pt nanoparticles deposited on TiO2 based nanofibers: Electrochemical stability and oxygen reduction activity. J. Power Sources 195 (2010), pp. 3105-3110.
27. Benker, N., Roth, C., Mazurek, M. & Fuess, H.: Synthesis and characterization of ternary Pt/Ru/Mo catalysts for the anode of the PEM fuel-cell. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 9 (2006), pp. 121-126.
28. Bing, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Ghosh, D. & Zhang, J.: Nanostructured Pt-alloy electrocatalysts for PEM fuel-cell oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010), pp. 2184-2202.
29. Bock, C., Paquet, C., Couillard, M., Botton, G.A. & MacDougall, B.R.: Size-selected synthesis of PtRu nano-catalysts: Reaction and size control mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004), pp. 8028-8037.
30. Boehm, H.P: Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon 32 (1994), pp. 759-769.
31. Borup, R., Meyers, J., Pivovar, B., Kim, Y.S., Mukundan, R., Garland, N., Myers, D., Wilson, M., Garzon, F., Wood, D., Zelenay, P, More, K., Stroh, K., Zawodzinski, T., Boncella, J., McGrath, J.E., Inaba, M., Miyatake, K., Hori, M., Ota, K., Ogumi, Z., Miyata, S., Nishikata, A., Siroma, Z., Uchimoto, Y., Yasuda, K., Kimijima, K. & Iwashita, N.: Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel-cell durability and degradation. Chem. Rev. 107 (2007), pp. 3904-3951.
32. Boutonnet, M., Kizling, J., Stenius, P. & Maire, G.: The preparation of monodisperse colloidal metal particles from microemulsions. Colloid. Surface. 5 (1982), pp. 209-225.
33. Brownson, D.A., Kampouris, D.K. & Banks, C.E.: An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications. J. Power Sources 196 (2011), pp. 4873-4885.
34. Burda, C., Chen, X., Narayanan, R. & El-Sayed, M.A.: Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Rev. 105 (2005), pp. 1025-1102.
35. Cao, L., Scheiba, F., Roth, C., Schweiger, F., Cremers, C., Stimming, U., Fuess, H., Chen, L.Q., Zhu, W.T. & Qiu, X.P: Novel nanocomposite Pt/RuO2 center dot xH(2)O/carbon nanotube catalysts for direct methanol fuel-cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006), pp. 5315-5319.
36. Chang, S.C., Leung, L.W. & Weaver, M.J.: Comparisons between coverage-dependent infrared frequencies for carbon monoxide adsorbed on ordered platinum (111), (100), and (110) in electrochemical and ultrahigh-vacuum environments. J Phys. Chem. 93 (1989), pp. 5341-5345.
37. Che, G., Lakshmi, B.B., Fisher, E.R. & Martin, C.R.: Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production. Nature 393 (1998), pp. 346-349.
38. Chen, A. & Holt-Hindle, P: Platinum-based nanostructured materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem. Rev. 110 (2010), pp. 3767-3804.
39. Chen, D., Tang, L. & Li, J.: Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010), pp. 3157-3180.
40. Chen, J.G.: Carbide and nitride overlayers on early transition metal surfaces: Preparation, characterization, and reactivities. Chem. Rev. 96 (1996), pp. 1477-1498.
41. Chen, Y., Wang, J., Liu, H., Banis, M.N., Li, R., Sun, X., Sham, T.K., Ye, S. & Knights, S.: Nitrogen doping effects on carbon nanotubes and the origin of the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of supported Pt for proton-exchange membrane fuel-cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011), pp. 3769-3776.
42. Chen, Z.G., Qiu, X.P, Lu, B., Zhang, S.C., Zhu, W.T. & Chen, L.Q.: Synthesis of hydrous ruthenium oxide supported platinum catalysts for direct methanol fuel-cells. Electrochem. Commun. 7 (2005), pp. 593-596.
43. Chen, Z., Higgins, D., Yu, A., Zhang, L. & Zhang, J.: A review on non-precious metal electrocatalysts for PEM fuel-cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011), pp. 3167-3192.
44. Choi, J.H., Park, K.W., Park, I.S., Nam, W.H. & Sung, Y.E.: Methanol electro-oxidation and direct methanol fuel-cell using Pt/Rh and Pt/Ru/Rh alloy catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 50 (2004), pp. 787-790.
45. Chu, D. & Gilman, S.: Methanol electro-oxidation on unsupported Pt-Ru alloys at different temperatures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996), pp. 1685-1690.
46. Coutanceau, C., Rakotondrainibé, A.F, Lima, A., Garnier, E., Pronier, S., Léger, J.M. & Lamy, C.: Preparation of Pt-Ru bimetallic anodes by galvanostatic pulse electrodeposition: characterization and application to the direct methanol fuel-cell. J. Appl. Electrochem. 34 (2004), pp. 61-66.
47. Cuesta, A.: At least three contiguous atoms are necessary for CO formation during methanol electrooxidation on platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006), pp. 13,332-13,333.
48. Cui, G., Shen, PK., Meng, H., Zhao, J. & Wu, G.: Tungsten carbide as supports for Pt electrocatalysts with improved CO tolerance in methanol oxidation. J. Power Sources 196 (2011), pp. 6125-6130.
49. Cui, Z., Li, C.M. & Jiang, S.P: PtRu catalysts supported on heteropolyacid and chitosan functionalized carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation reaction of fuel-cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011), pp. 16,349-16,357.
50. De Volder, M.F, Tawfick, S.H., Baughman, R.H. & Hart, A.J.: Carbon nanotubes: Present and future commercial applications. Science 339 (2013), pp. 535-539.
51. Deivaraj, T.C. & Lee, J.Y.: Preparation of carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles for direct methanol fuel-cell applications - a comparative study. J. Power Sources 142 (2005), pp. 43-49.
52. Deivaraj, T.C., Chen, W.X. & Lee, J.Y.: Preparation of PtNi nanoparticles for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003), pp. 2555-2560.
53. Dickinson, A.J., Carrette, L.P.L., Collins, J.A., Friedrich, K.A. & Stimming, U.: Performance of methanol oxidation catalysts with varying Pt:Ru ratio as a function of temperature. J. Appl. Electrochem. 34 (2004), pp. 975-980.
54. Dinh, H.N., Ren, X., Garzon, FH., Zelenay, P & Gottesfeld, S.: Electrocatalysis in direct methanol fuel-cells: in-situ probing of PtRu anode catalyst surfaces. J. Electroanal. Chem. 491 (2000), pp. 223-233.
55. Duan, M.Y., Liang, R., Tian, N. & Li, Y.J.: Self-assembly of Au-Pt core-shell nanoparticles for effective enhancement of methanol electrooxidation. Electrochim. Acta 87 (2013), pp. 432-437.
56. Ebbesen, T.W.: Decoration of carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 8 (1996), pp. 155-157.
57. Esmaeilifar, A., Rowshanzamir, S., Eikani, M.H. & Ghazanfari, E.: Synthesis methods of low-Pt-loading electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel-cell systems. Energy 35 (2010), pp. 3941-3957.
58. Ferrando, R., Jellinek, J. & Johnston, R.L.: Nanoalloys: From theory to applications of alloy clusters and nanoparticles. Chem. Rev. 108 (2008), pp. 845-910.
59. Ferreira, P.J., la O’, G.J., Shao-Horn, Y., Morgan, D., Makharia, R., Kocha, S. & Gasteiger, H.A.: Instability of Pt/C electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel-cells: A mechanistic investigation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005), pp. A2256-A2271.
60. Finney, E.E. & Finke, R.G.: Nanocluster nucleation and growth kinetic and mechanistic studies: A review emphasizing transition-metal nanoclusters. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 317 (2008), pp. 351-374.
61. Franco, E.G., Neto, A.O., Linardi, M. & Arico, E.: Synthesis of electrocatalysts by the Bonnemann method for the oxidation of methanol and the mixture H2/CO in a proton exchange membrane fuel-cell. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 13 (2002), pp. 516-521.
62. Gan, L., Heggen, M., O’Malley, R., Theobald, B. & Strasser, P: Understanding and controlling nanoporosity formation for improving the stability of bimetallic fuel-cell catalysts. Nano Lett. 13 (2013), pp. 1131-1138.
63. y as active shell and nano-sized Ru as core for potential direct formic acid fuel-cell application. Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011), pp. 2024-2030.
64. García, G. & Koper, M.T.: Dual reactivity of step-bound carbon monoxide during oxidation on a stepped platinum electrode in alkaline media. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009), pp. 5384-5385.
65. García, G. & Koper, M.T.: Carbon monoxide oxidation on Pt single crystal electrodes: Understanding the catalysis for low temperature fuel-cells. Chemphyschem. 12 (2011), pp. 2064-2072.
66. García, G., Baglio, V, Stassi, A., Pastor, E., Antonucci, V & Aricó, A.S.: Investigation of Pt-Ru nanoparticle catalysts for low temperature methanol electro-oxidation. J. Solid State Electrochem. 11 (2007), pp. 1229-1238.
67. García, G., Florez-Montaño, J., Hernandez-Creus, A., Pastor, E. & Planes, G.A.: Methanol electrooxidation at mesoporous Pt and Pt-Ru electrodes: A comparative study with carbon supported materials. J. Power Sources 196 (2011), pp. 2979-2986.
68. Gasteiger, H.A. & Markovic, N.M.: Just a dream-or future reality? Science 324 (2009), pp. 48-49.
69. Gasteiger, H.A., Markovic, N., Ross, PN. & Cairns, E.J.: Methanol electrooxidation on well-characterized platinum-ruthenium bulk alloys. J. Phys. Chem. 97 (1993), pp. 12,020-12,029.
70. Gasteiger, H.A., Markovic, N., Ross, J. & Cairns, E.J.: Temperature-dependent methanol electro-oxidation on well-characterized Pt-Ru alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994), pp. 1795-1803.
71. 2 and CO electrooxidation on well-characterized Pt, Ru and PtRu. 2. Rotating disk electrode studies of CO/H2 mixtures at 62°C. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995a), pp. 16,757-16,767.
72. 2 and CO electroxidation on well-characterized Pt, Ru and PtRu. 1. Rotating disk electrode studies of the pure gases including temperature effects. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995b), pp. 8290-8301.
73. Gasteiger, H.A., Kocha, S.S., Sompalli, B. & Wagner, FT.: Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 56 (2005), pp. 9-35.
74. Geim, A.K. & Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6 (2007), pp. 183-191.
75. Geng, D., Matsuki, D., Wang, J., Kawaguchi, T., Sugimoto, W & Takasu, Y.: Activity and durability of ternary PtRuIr/C for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 156 (2009), pp. B397-B402.
76. Gilman, S.: The mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide and methanol on platinum. II. The reactant-pair mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide and methanol. J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964), pp. 70-80.
77. Girishkumar, G., Vinodgopal, K. & Kamat, PV: Carbon nanostructures in portable fuel-cells: Single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction. J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004), pp. 19,960-19,966.
78. Goetz, M. & Wendt, H.: Composite electrocatalysts for anodic methanol and methanol-reformate oxidation. J.Appl. Electrochem. 31 (2001), pp. 811-817.
79. Gómez de la Fuente, J.L., Martínez-Huerta, M.V, Rojas, S., Terreros, P, Fierro, J.L.G. & Peña, M.A.: Enhanced methanol electrooxidation activity of PtRu nanoparticles supported on H202-functionalized carbon black. Carbon 43 (2005), pp. 3002-3005.
80. Gómez de la Fuente, J.L., Martínez-Huerta, M.V, Rojas, S., Hernández-Fernández, P, Terreros, P, Fierro, J.L.G. & Peña, M.A.: Tailoring and structure of PtRu nanoparticles supported on functionalized carbon for DMFC applications: New evidence of the hydrous ruthenium oxide phase. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 88 (2009), pp. 505-514.
81. Gottesfeld, S.: Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction in polymer electrolyte fuel-cells: A brief history and a critical examination of present theory and diagnostics. Chapter 1 in M. Koper (ed): Fuel-cell catalysis, a surface science approach. Wiley, NJ, 2009, pp. 1-30.
82. Götz, M. & Wendt, H.: Bynary and ternary anode catalyst formulations including the elements W, Sn and Mo for PEMFCs operated on methanol or reformate gas. Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998), pp. 3637-3644.
83. Greeley, J., Stephens, I.E.L., Bondarenko, A.S., Johansson, T.P., Hansen, H.A., Jaramillo, T.F., Rossmeisl, J., Chorkendorff, I. & Norskov, J.K.: Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nature Chem. 1 (2009), pp. 552-556.
84. Grgur, B.N., Zhuang, G., Markovic, N.M. & Ross, J.P.N.: Electrooxidation of H2/CO mixtures on a well-characterized Pt75Mo25 alloy surface. J. Phys. Chem. B 101 (1997), pp. 3910-3913.
85. 2, CO and H2/CO mixtures on a well-characterized Pt70Mo30 bulk alloy electrode. J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998), pp. 2494-2501.
86. 2 and H2/CO mixtures on carbon supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146 (1999), pp. 1613-1619.
87. 2 reactions by N-doping of graphene and SWCNTs. Technical Proceedings of the 2009 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, NSTI-Nanotech 3, 2009a, pp. 465-468.
88. Groves, M.N., Chan, A.S.W, Malardier-Jugroot, C. & Jugroot, M.: Improving platinum catalyst binding energy to graphene through nitrogen doping. Chem. Phys. Lett. 481 (2009b), pp. 214-219.
89. Guillén-Villafuerte, O., García, G., Orive, A.G., Anula, B., Creus, A.H. & Pastor, E.: Electrochemical characterization of 2D Pt nanoislands. Electrocatal. 2 (2011), pp. 231-241.
90. 0) electrodes at different temperatures. J. Power Sources 231 (2013), pp. 163-172.
91. Guo, Y.-G., Hu, J.-S. & Wan, L.-J.: Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv. Mater. 20 (2008), pp. 2878-2887.
92. Gurau, B., Viswanathan, R., Liu, R., Lafrenz, T., Ley, K., Smotkin, E., Reddington, E., Sapienza, A., Chan, B., Mallouk, T. & Sarangapani, S.: Structural and electrochemical characterization of binary, ternary, and quaternary platinum alloy catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998), pp. 9997-10,003.
93. Ham, D.J. & Lee, J.S.: Transition metal carbides and nitrides as electrode materials for low temperature fuel-cells. Energies 2 (2009), pp. 873-899.
94. Hammer, B. & Norskov, J.K.: Theoretical surface science and catalysis-calculations and concepts. In: H.K. Bruce & C. Gates (eds): Advances in catalysis. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2000, pp. 71-129.
95. Hamnett, A.: Mechanism and electrocatalysis in the direct methanol fuel-cell. Catal. Today 38 (1997), pp. 445-457.
96. Hamnett, A.: Direct methanol fuel-cells (DMFC). In: Handbook offuel-cells-Fundamental, technology and applications, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and survey of systems. Wiley, NJ, 2003, pp. 305-322.
97. Hara, M., Lee, M., Liu, C.H., Chen, B.H., Yamashita, Y., Uchida, M., Uchida, H. & Watanabe, M.: Electrochemical and Raman spectroscopic evaluation of Pt/graphitized carbon black catalyst durability for the start/stop operating condition of polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Electrochim. Acta 70 (2012), pp. 171-181.
98. Hasché, F., Oezaslan, M. & Strasser, P.: Activity, stability, and degradation mechanisms of dealloyed PtCu3 and PtCo3 nanoparticle fuel-cell catalysts. ChemCatChem 3 (2011), pp. 1805-1813.
99. Hasché, F., Oezaslan, M. & Strasser, P.: Activity, structure and degradation of dealloyed PtNi3 nanoparticle electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC. J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2012), pp. B25-B34.
100. He, C., Kunz, H.R. & Fenton, J.M.: Electro-oxidation of hydrogen with carbon monoxide on Pt/Ru-based ternary catalysts. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 (2003), pp. A1017-A1024.
101. He, W, Liu, J., Qiao, Y., Zou, Z., Zhang, X., Akins, D.L. & Yang, H.: Simple preparation of PdPt nanoalloy catalysts for methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction. J. Power Sources 195 (2010), pp. 1046-1050.
102. Hernandez, J., Solla-Gullon, J., Herrero, E., Aldaz, A. & Feliu, J.M.: Electrochemistry of shape-controlled catalysts: Oxygen reduction reaction on cubic gold nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007), pp. 14,078-14,083.
103. xSn electrodes. Effect of crystal structure. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012), pp. 7109-7118.
104. Ho, VT.T., Pan, C.J., Rick, J., Su, W.N. & Hwang, B.J.: NanostructuredTio.7Moo.3O2 support enhances electron transfer to Pt: High-performance catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011), pp. 11,716-11,724.
105. 3/C (Me=W, Mo) made by composite support method. J. Power Sources 123 (2003), pp. 116-125.
106. Huang, K., Sasaki, K., Adzic, R.R. & Xing, Y.: Increasing Pt oxygen reduction reaction activity and durability with a carbon-doped TiO2 nanocoating catalyst support. J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012a) pp. 16,824-16,832.
107. Huang, R., Wen, Y.H., Zhu, Z.Z. & Sun, S.G.: Two-stage melting in core-shell nanoparticles: Anatomic-scale perspective. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012b), pp. 11,837-11,841.
108. Huang, S.Y., Chang, S.M. & Yeh, C.: Characterization of surface composition of platinum and ruthenium nanoalloys dispersed on active carbon. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006a), pp. 234-239.
109. Huang, S.Y., Chang, C.M. & Yeh, C.T.: Promotion of platinum-ruthenium catalyst for electro-oxidation of methanol by ceria. J. Catal. 241 (2006b), pp. 400-406.
110. Huang, S.Y., Ganesan, P. & Popov, B.N.: Electrocatalytic activity and stability of titania-supportedplatinum-palladium electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel-cell. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), pp. 825-831.
111. Huang, X., Qi, X., Boey, F. & Zhang, H.: Graphene-based composites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2012), pp. 525-944.
112. Hwang, B.J., Chen, C.H., Sarma, L.S., Chen, J.M., Wang, G.R., Tang, M.T., Liu, D.G. & Lee, J.F.: Probing the formation mechanism and chemical states of carbon-supported Pt-Ru nanoparticles by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006), pp. 6475-6482.
113. Hwu, H.H. & Chen, J.G.: Potential application of tungsten carbides as electrocatalysts: 4. Reactions of methanol, water, and carbon monoxide over carbide-modified W(110). J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003a), pp. 2029-2039.
114. Hwu, H.H. & Chen, J.G.G.: Potential application of tungsten carbides as electrocatalysts. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21 (2003b), pp. 1488-1493.
115. Ioroi, T., Yasuda, K., Siroma, Z., Fujiwara, N. & Miyazaki, Y.: Enhanced CO-tolerance of carbon-supported platinum and molybdenum oxide anode catalyst. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 (2003), pp. A1225-A1230.
116. Ioroi, T., Akita, T., Yamazaki, S.I., Siroma, Z., Fujiwara, N. & Yasuda, K.: Comparative study of carbon-supported Pt/Mo-oxide and PtRu for use as CO-tolerant anode catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 52 (2006), pp. 491-498.
117. 2(i) reaction on a series of Pt-M mixed metal clusters: a relativistic density-functional study. Surface Sci. 513 (2002), pp. 98-110.
118. Iwasita, T.: Electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 47 (2002), pp. 3663-3674.
119. Iwasita, T.: Methanol and CO electrooxidation. In: Handbook of fuel-cells-Fundamentals, technology and applications, Vol. 2: Fuel cell electrocatalysis. Wiley, NJ, 2003, pp. 603-624.
120. Izzo, A.E.: Highly dispersed alloy cathode catalyst for durability 2008. Progress Reportfor the DOE hydrogen program focuses on fuel-cells, Washington, DC, 2008.
121. Jaksic, J.M., Vracar, L.J., Neophytides, S.G., Zafeiratos, S., Papakonstantinou, G., Krstajic, N.V & Jaksic, M.M.: Structural effects on kinetic properties for hydrogen electrode reactions and CO tolerance along Mo-Pt phase diagram. Surface Sci. 598 (2005), pp. 156-173.
122. Jeon, M.K. & McGinn, P.J.: Composition dependence of ternary PtNiCr catalyst activity for the methanol electro-oxidation reaction. J. Power Sources 194 (2009), pp. 737-745.
123. Jeon, M.K., Won, J.Y. & Woo, S.I.: Improved performance of direct methanol fuel-cells by anodic treatment. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 10 (2007), pp. B23-B25.
124. 2 nanorods and their catalytic activities in methanol and ethanol oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009), pp. 1601-1607.
125. x (Me=W, Mo or V) catalysts towards methanol oxidation and their characterization. J. Power Sources 105 (2002), pp. 297-304.
126. Kadirgan, F., Beyhan, S. & Atilan, T.: Preparation and characterization of nano-sized PtPd/C catalysts and comparison of their electro-activity toward methanol and ethanol oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), pp. 4312-4320.
127. Kakade, B.A., Tamaki, T., Ohashi, H. & Yamaguchi, T.: Highly active bimetallic PdPt and CoPt nanocrystals for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012), pp. 7464-7470.
128. Kakinuma, K., Wakasugi, Y., Uchida, M., Kamino, T., Uchida, H. & Watanabe, M.: Electrochemical activity and durability of platinum catalysts supported on nanometer-size titanium nitride particles for polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Electrochem. 79 (2011), pp. 399-403.
129. Kakinuma, K., Wakasugi, Y., Uchida, M., Kamino, T., Uchida, H., Deki, S. & Watanabe, M.: Preparation of titanium nitride-supported platinum catalysts with well controlled morphology and their properties relevant to polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Electrochim. Acta 77 (2012), pp. 279-284.
130. Kamarudin, S.K., Achmad, F. & Daud, W.R.: Overview on the application of direct methanol fuel-cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), pp. 6902-6916.
131. Karan, H.I, Sasaki, K. Kuttiyiel, K., Farberow, C.A., Mavrikakis, M. & Adzic, R.: Catalytic activity of platinum mono layer on iridium and rhenium alloy nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), pp. 817-824.
132. Kawaguchi, T., Rachi, Y., Sugimoto, W., Murakami, Y. & Takasu, Y.: Performance of ternary PtRuRh/C electrocatalyst with varying Pt:Ru:Rh ratio for methanol electro-oxidation. J Appl. Electrochem. 36 (2006), pp. 1117-1125.
133. Kim, J.H., Ishihara, A., Mitsushima, S., Kamiya, N. & Ota, K.I.: Catalytic activity of titanium oxide for oxygen reduction reaction as a non-platinum catalyst for PEFC. Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007), pp. 2492-2497.
134. Kim, J.H., Choi, S.M., Nam, S.H., Seo, M.H., Choi, S.H. & Kim, W.B.: Influence of Sn content on PtSn/C catalysts for electrooxidation of C1-C3 alcohols: Synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 82 (2008), pp. 89-102.
135. Kim, Y.T., Lee, H., Kim, H.J. & Lim, T.H.: PtRu nano-dandelions on thiolated carbon nanotubes: a new synthetic strategy for supported bimetallic core-shell clusters on the atomic scale. Chem. Commun. 46 (2010), pp. 2085-2087.
136. Kinge, S., Urgeghe, C., Battisti, A. & Bonnemann, H.: Dependence of CO oxidation on Pt nanoparticle shape: A shape-selective approach to the synthesis of PEMFC catalysts. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 22 (2008), pp. 49-54.
137. Kitchin, J.R., Norskov, J.K., Barteau, M.A. & Chen, J.G.: Modification of the surface electronic and chemical properties of Pt(111) by subsurface 3d transition metals. J. Chem. Phys. 120 (2004), pp. 10,240-10,246.
138. Kloke, A., von Stetten, F, Zengerle, R. & Kerzenmacher, S.: Strategies for the fabrication of porous platinum electrodes. Adv. Mater. 23 (2011), pp. 4976-5008.
139. Koczkur, K., Yi, Q. & Chen, A.: Nanoporous Pt-Ru networks and their electrocatalytical properties. Adv. Mater. 19 (2007), pp. 2648-2652.
140. Koenigsmann, C., Zhou, W.P., Adzic, R.R., Sutter, E. & Wong, S.S.: Size-dependent enhancement of electrocatalytic performance in relatively defect-free, processed ultrathin platinum nanowires. Nano Lett. 10 (2010), pp. 2806-2811.
141. Koh, S. & Strasser, P.: Electrocatalysis on bimetallic surfaces: Modifying catalytic reactivity for oxygen reduction by voltammetric surface dealloying. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007a), pp. 12,624-12,625.
142. Koper, M.T.: Combining experiment and theory for understanding electrocatalysis. J. Electroanal. Chem. 574 (2005), pp. 375-386.
143. Koper, M.T.: Structure sensitivity and nanoscale effects in electrocatalysis. Nanoscale 3 (2011), pp. 2054-2073.
144. Koper, M.T., Lai, S.C. & Herrero, E.: Mechanism of the oxidation of carbon monoxide and small organic molecules at metal electrodes. In M. Koper (ed): Fuel-cell catalysis, a surface science approach. Wiley, NJ, 2009, pp. 159-207.
145. 2n-1 as corrosion-resistant PEM fuel-cell catalyst support. J. Solid State Electrochem. 16 (2012), pp. 2515-2521.
146. Kuai, L., Yu, X., Wang, S., Sang, Y. & Geng, B.: Au-Pd alloy and core-shell nanostructures: One-pot coreduction preparation, formation mechanism, and electrochemical properties. Langmuir 28 (2012), pp. 7168-7173.
147. Kundu, S., Wang, K. & Liang, H.: Photochemical generation of catalytically active shape selective rhodium nanocubes. J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009), pp. 18,570-18,577.
148. Kunze, J. & Stimming, U.: Electrochemical versus heat-engine energy technology: A tribute to Wilhelm Ostwalds visionary statements. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009), pp. 9230-9237.
149. Lai, M. & Riley, D.J.: Templated electrosynthesis of nanomaterials and porous structures. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 323 (2008), pp. 203-212.
150. Lamy, C., Leger, J.M., Clavilier, J. & Parsons, R.: Structural effects in electrocatalysis: A comparative study of the oxidation of CO, HCOOH and CH3OH on single crystal Pt electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 150 (1983), pp. 71-77.
151. Lebedeva, N.P. & Janssen, G.J.: On the preparation and stability of bimetallic PtMo/C anodes for protonexchange membrane fuel-cells. Electrochim. Acta 51 (2005), pp. 29-40.
152. Lebedeva, N.P., Koper, M.T., Herrero, E., Feliu, J.M. & van Santen, R.A.: Cooxidation on stepped Pt(n(111)I(111)) electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 487 (2000), pp. 37-44.
153. Lee, K., Ishihara, A., Mitsushima, S., Kamiya, N. & Ota, K.I.: Stability and electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in WC + Ta catalyst. Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004), pp. 3479-3485.
154. Lee, K., Zhang, J., Wang, H. & Wilkinson, D.P.: Progress in the synthesis of carbon nanotube- and nanofiber-supported Pt electrocatalysts for PEM fuel-cell catalysis. J. Appl. Electrochem. 36 (2006), pp. 507-522.
155. Lee, K.R., Jeon, M.K. & Woo, S.I.: Composition optimization of PtRuM/C (M=Fe and Mo) catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation via combinatorial method. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 91 (2009), pp. 428-433.
156. Lee, K.S., Park, H.Y., Cho, Y.H., Park, I.S., Yoo, S.J. & Sung, Y.E.: Modified polyol synthesis of PtRu/C for high metal loading and effect of post-treatment. J. Power Sources 195 (2010), pp. 1031-1037.
157. Lee, Y.H., Lee, G., Shim, J.H., Hwang, S., Kwak, J., Lee, K., Song, H. & Park, J.T.: Monodisperse PtRu nanoalloy on carbon as a high-performance DMFC catalyst. Chem. Mater. 18 (2006), pp. 4209-4211.
158. Lefevre, M., Proietti, E., Jaouen, F. & Dodelet, J.P.: Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Science 324 (2009), pp. 71-74.
159. Lewera, A., Zhou, W.P., Hunger, R., Jaegermann, W., Wieckowski, A., Yockel, S. & Bagus, P.S.: Core-level binding energy shifts in Pt-Ru nanoparticles: A puzzle resolved. Chem. Phys. Lett. 447 (2007), pp. 39-43.
160. Ley, K.L., Liu, R., Pu, C., Fan, Q., Leyarovska, N., Segre, C. & Smotkin, E.S.: Methanol oxidation on single-phase Pt-Ru-Os ternary alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997), pp. 1543-1548.
161. Li, W., Liang, C., Zhou, W., Qiu, J., Zhou, Z., Sun, G. & Xin, Q.: Preparation and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported platinum for cathode catalysts of direct methanol fuel-cells. J Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003), pp. 6292-6299.
162. Li, W.Z., Zhou, W.J., Li, H.Q., Zhou, Z.H., Zhou, B., Sun, G.Q. & Xin, Q.: Nano-structured Pt-Fe/C as cathode catalyst in direct methanol fuel-cell. Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004), pp. 1045-1055.
163. Li, Y., Gao, W., Ci, L., Wang, C. & Ajayan, P.M.: Catalytic performance of Pt nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for methanol electro-oxidation. Carbon 48 (2010), pp. 1124-1130.
164. Lima, A., Coutanceau, C., Leger, J.M. & Lamy, C.: Investigation of ternary catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. J. Appl. Electrochem. 31 (2001), pp. 379-386.
165. Liu, D.-G., Lee, J.-F. & Tsang, M.-T.: Characterization of Pt-Ru/C catalysts by X-ray absorption spectroscopyand temperature-programmed surface reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 240 (2005), pp. 97-206.
166. Liu, H., Song, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, H. & Wilkinson, D.P.: A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel-cell. J. Power Sources 155 (2006a), pp. 95-110.
167. Liu, H., He, P, Li, Z. & Li, J.: High surface area nanoporous platinum: facile fabrication and electrocatalytic activity. Nanotechnology 17 (2006b), pp. 2167-2173.
168. Liu, Y., Ishihara, A., Mitsushima, S. & Ota, K.I.: Influence of sputtering power on oxygen reduction reaction activity of zirconium oxides prepared by radio frequency reactive sputtering. Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010), pp. 1239-1244.
169. Liu, Z., Hu, J.E., Wang, Q., Gaskell, K., Frenkel, A.I., Jackson, G.S. & Eichhorn, B.: PtMo alloy and MoOx@Pt core-shell nanoparticles as highly CO-tolerant electrocatalysts. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009), pp. 6924-6925.
170. Liu, Z.L., Lin, X.H., Lee, J.Y., Zhang, W., Han, M. & Gan, L.M.: Preparation and characterization of platinum-based electrocatalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. Langmuir 18 (2002), pp. 4054-4060.
171. Lo Nigro, R., Malandrino, G., Fiorenza, P & Fragala, I.L.: Template-free and seedless growth of Pt nanocolumns: Imaging and probing their nanoelectrical properties. ACS Nano 1 (2007), pp. 83-190.
172. Long, J.W., Stroud, R.M., Swider-Lyons, K.E. & Rolison, R.: How to make electrocatalysts more active for direct methanol oxidation-avoid PtRu bimetallic alloys. J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000), pp. 9772-9776.
173. Lopez-Cudero, A., Solla-Gullon, J., Herrero, E., Aldaz, A. & Feliu, J.M.: CO electrooxidation on carbon supported platinum nanoparticles: Effect of aggregation. J. Electroanal. Chem. 644 (2010), pp. 117-126.
174. Luo, J., Wang, L., Mott, D., Njoki, P, Lin, Y., He, T., Xu, Z., Wanjana, B.N., Lim, I.-I.S. & Zhong, C.J.: Core/shell nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for fuel-cell reactions. Adv. Mater. 20 (2008), pp. 4342-4347.
175. Ma, J.H., Feng, Y.Y., Yu, J., Zhao, D., Wang, A.J. & Xu, B.Q.: Promotion by hydrous ruthenium oxide of platinum for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Catal. 275 (2010), pp. 34-44.
176. Ma, L., Liu, C., Liao, J., Lu, T., Xing, W & Zhang, J.: High activity PtRu/C catalysts synthesized by amodified impregnation method for methanol electro-oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 54 (2009), pp. 7274-7279.
177. Maillard, F., Pronkin, S.N. & Savinova, E.: Size effects in electrocatalysis of fuel-cell reactions on supported metal nanoparticles. In: Fuel-cell catalysis: A surface science approach. Wiley, NJ, 2009, pp. 567-592.
178. 3M (M=Cu, Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: Performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel-cells. J Power Sources 196 (2011), pp. 666-673.
179. Mard, A.J. & Faulkner, L.R.: Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, NJ, 2000.
180. Markovic, N.: The hydrogen electrode reaction and the electrooxidation of CO and H2/CO mixtures on well-characterized Pt and Pt-bimetallic surfaces. In: Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals technology and applications. Vol. 2: Electrocatalysis. Wiley, NJ, 2003, pp. 368-393.
181. Markovic, N.M. & Ross, PN.: Surface science studies of model fuel-cell electrocatalysts. Surf. Sci. Rep. 45 (2002), pp. 117-229.
182. Markovic, N.M., Gasteiger, H.A. & Ross, J.P.N.: Oxygen reduction on platinum lo-index single-crystal surfaces in sulfuric acid solution: rotating ring-Pt(hkl) disk studies. J Phys. Chem. 99 (1995), pp. 3411-3415.
183. Martínez-Huerta, M.V, Rojas, S., Gómez de la Fuente, J.L., Terreros, P, Pena, M.A. & Fierro, J.L.G.: Effect of Ni addition over PtRu/C based electrocatalysts for fuel-cell applications. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 69 (2006), pp. 75-84.
184. x nanoparticles: structural characteristics and performance for methanol electrooxidation. Chem. Mater. 20 (2008), pp. 4249-4259.
185. Martínez-Huerta, M.V, Tsiouvaras, N., Peña, M.A., Fierro, J.L.G., Rodriguez, J.L. & Pastor, E.: Electrochemical activation of nanostructured carbon-supported PtRuMo electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010), pp. 7634-7642.
186. 2 for polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12 (2009), pp. B119-B122.
187. Massong, H., Wang, H., Samjeske, G. & Baltruschat, H.: The co-catalytic effect of Sn, RuandMo decorating steps of Pt(111) vicinal electrode surfaces on the oxidation of CO. Electrochim. Acta 46 (2001), pp. 701-707.
188. Masud, J., Alam, M.T., Awaludin, Z., El-Deab, M.S., Okajima, T. & Ohsaka, T.: Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol at tantalum oxide-modified Pt electrodes. J. Power Sources 220 (2012), pp. 399-404.
189. Matsui, T., Fujiwara, K., Okanishi, T., Kikuchi, R., Takeguchi, T. & Eguchi, K.: Electrochemical oxidation of CO over tin oxide supported platinum catalysts. J. Power Sources 155 (2006), pp. 152-156.
190. Meier, J.C., Galeano, C., Katsounaros, I., Topalov, A.A., Kostka, A., Schüth, F. & Mayrhofer, K.J.J.: Degradation mechanisms of Pt/C fuel-cell catalysts under simulated start-stop conditions. ACS Catal. 2 (2012a), pp. 832-843.
191. Meier, J.C., Katsounaros, I., Galeano, C., Bongard, H.J., Topalov, A.A., Kostka, A., Karschin, A., Schuth, F. & Mayrhofer, K.J.J.: Stability investigations of electrocatalysts on the nanoscale. Energy Environ. Sci. 5 (2012b), pp. 9319-9330.
192. Millet P, Ngameni, R., Grigoriev, S.A. & Fateev, VN.: Scientific and engineering issues related to PEM technology: Water electrolysers, fuel-cells and unitized regenerative systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011), pp. 4156-4163.
193. Morante-Catacora, T.Y., Ishikawa, Y. & Cabrera, C.R.: Sequential electrodeposition of Mo at Pt and PtRu methanol oxidation catalyst particles on HOPG surfaces. J. Electroanal. Chem. 621 (2008), pp. 103-112.
194. Mukerjee, S. & McBreen, J.: An in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the effect of Sn additions to carbon-supported Pt electrocatalysts: Part I. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146 (1999), pp. 600-606.
195. 2 reduction and structure-related parameters for supported catalysts. In: Handbook of fuel cells. Wiley, NJ, 2003, pp. 502-519.
196. Mukerjee, S. & Urian, R.C.: Bifunctionality in Pt alloy nanocluster electrocatalysts for enhanced methanol oxidation and CO tolerance in PEM fuel-cells: electrochemical and in situ synchrotron spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 47 (2002), pp. 3219-3231.
197. Mukerjee, S., Lee, S.J., Ticianelli, E.A., McBreen, J., Grgur, B.N., Markovic, N.M., Ross, P.N., Giallombardo, J.R. & De Castro, E.S.: Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel-cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2 (1999), pp. 12-15.
198. Mukerjee, S., Urian, R.C., Lee, S.J., Ticianelli, E.A. & McBreen, J.: Electrocatalysis of CO tolerance by carbon-supported PtMo electrocatalysts in PEMFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004), pp. A1094-A1103.
199. Noked, M., Soffer, A. & Aurbach, D.: The electrochemistry of activated carbonaceous materials: Past, present, and future. J. Solid State Electrochem. 15(2011), pp. 1563-1578.
200. Oetjen, H.F., Schmidt, V.M., Stimming, U. & Trila, F.: Performance data of a proton exchange membrane fuel-cell using H2/CO as fuel gas. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996), pp. 3838-3842.
201. Oh, S.M., Li, J.G. & Ishigakia, T.: Nanocrystalline TiO2 powders synthesized by in-flight oxidation of TiN in thermal plasma: Mechanisms of phase selection and particle morphology evolution. J. Mater. Res. 20 (2005), pp. 529-537.
202. Oliveira, N.A., Franco, E.G., Arico, E., Linardi, M. & Gonzalez, E.R.: Electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol on Pt-Ru/C and Pt-Ru-Mo/C electrocatalysts prepared by Bonnemann’s method. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 23 (2003), pp. 2987-2992.
203. Ordoñez, L.C., Roquero, P, Sebastian, PJ. & Ramirez, J.: CO oxidation on carbon-supported PtMo electrocatalysts: Effect of the platinum particle size. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32 (2007), pp. 3147-3153.
204. Orilall, M.C., Matsumoto, F., Zhou, Q., Sai, H., Abruña, H.D., DiSalvo, FJ. & Wiesner, U.: One-pot synthesis of platinum-based nanoparticles incorporated into mesoporous niobium oxide-carbon composites for fuel-cell electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009), pp. 9389-9395.
205. Over, H.: Surface chemistry of ruthenium dioxide in heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis: From fundamental to applied research. Chem. Rev. 112 (2012), pp. 3356-3426.
206. Oyama, S.T.: Chemistry of transition metal carbides and nitrides. Chapman & Hall, UK, 1996.
207. Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Keijzer, M. & de Bruijn, F.A.: The inclusion of Mo, Nb and Ta in Pt and PtRu carbon supported 3 electrocatalysts in the quest for improved CO tolerant PEMFC anodes. Electrochim. Acta 48 (2002), pp. 197-204.
208. Papakonstantinou, G., Paloukis, F., Siokou, A. & Neophytides, S.G.: The electrokinetics of CO oxidation on Pt4Mo(20 wt%)/C interfaced with Nafion membrane. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154 (2007), pp. B989-B997.
209. Park, I.S., Park, K.W., Choi, J.H., Park, C.R. & Sung, Y.E.: Electrocatalytic enhancement of methanol oxidation by graphite nanofibers with a high loading of PtRu alloy nanoparticles. Carbon 45 (2007), pp. 28-33.
210. 2 supported Pt cathode catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel-cells. Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007), pp. 2256-2260.
211. Park, S., Wieckowski, A. & Weaver, M.J.: Electrochemical infrared characterization of CO domains on ruthenium-decorated platinum nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003), pp. 2282-2290.
212. Pasupathi, S. & Tricoli, V: Effect of third metal on the electrocatalytic activity of PtRu/Vulcan for methanol electro-oxidation. J. Solid State Electrochem. 12 (2008), pp. 1093-1100.
213. Paulus, U.A., Wokaun, A., Scherer, G.G., Schmidt, T.J., Stamenkovic, V, Radmilovic, V, Markovic, N.M. & Ross, P.N.: Oxygen reduction on carbon-supported Pt-Ni and Pt-Co alloy catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002), pp. 4181-4191.
214. Peng, Z. & Yang, H.: Designer platinum nanoparticles: Control of shape, composition in alloy, nanostructure and electrocatalytic property. Nano Today 4 (2009), pp. 143-164.
215. Petrii, O.: PtRu electrocatalysts for fuel-cells: a representative review. J. Solid State Electrochem. 12 (2008), pp. 609-642.
216. Pinheiro, A.L.N., Oliveira Neto, A., de Souza, E.C., Perez, J., Paganin, VA., Ticianelli, E. & Gonzalez, E.R.: Electrocatalysis on noble metal and noble metal alloys dispersed on high surface area carbon. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 6 (2003), pp. 1-8.
217. Planes, G.A., García, G. & Pastor, E.: High performance mesoporous Pt electrode for methanol electrooxidation. A DEMS study. Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007), pp. 839-844.
218. Qiao, Y. & Li, C.M.: Nanostructured catalysts in fuel-cells. J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011), pp. 4027-4036.
219. Qiu, J.D., Wang, G.C., Liang, R.P, Xia, X.H. & Yu, H.W: Controllable deposition of platinum nanoparticles on graphene as an electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel-cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011), pp. 15,639-15,645.
220. Rabis, A., Rodriguez, P & Schmidt, T.J.: Electrocatalysis for polymer electrolyte fuel-cells: Recent achievements and future challenges. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), pp. 864-890.
221. Ralph, T.R. & Hogarth, M.: Catalysis for low temperature fuel-cells. Part II: the anode challenges. Platinum Metals Rev. 46 (2002), pp. 117-135.
222. Rojas, S., Martínez-Huerta, M.V & Peña, M.A.: Supported metals for application in fuel-cells. In: J.A. Anderson and M. Fernandez Garcia (eds): Supported metals in catalysis. Imperial College Press, London, UK, 2012, pp. 407-491.
223. Rolison, D.R., Hagans, PL., Swider, K.E. & Long, J.W.: Role of hydrous ruthenium oxide in Pt-Ru direct methanol fuel-cell anode electrocatalysts: The importance of mixed electro/proton conductivity. Langmuir 15 (1999), pp. 774-779.
224. Rossmeisl, J., Karlberg, G.S., Jaramillo, T. & Norskov, J.K.: Steady state oxygen reduction and cyclic voltammetry. Faraday Discuss. 140 (2009), pp. 337-346.
225. x catalysts by spectroscopic and diffraction methods. J.Appl. Electrochem. 31 (2001), pp. 793-798.
226. Santiago, E.I., Batista, M.S., Assaf, E.M. & Ticianelli, E.A.: Mechanism of CO tolerance on molybdenum-based electrocatalysts for PEMFC. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004), pp. A944-A949.
227. Sasaki, K., Zhang, L. & Adzic, R.R.: Niobium oxide-supported platinum ultra-low amount electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Phys. 10 (2008), pp. 159-167.
228. Sasaki, K., Takasaki, F., Noda, Z., Hayashi, S., Shiratori, Y. & Ito, K.: Alternative electrocatalyst support materials for polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. ECS Trans. 33 (2010), pp. 473-482.
229. Sau, T.K., Lopez, M. & Goia, D.V: Method for preparing carbon supported Pt-Ru nanoparticles with controlled internal structure. Chem. Mater. 21 (2009), pp. 3649-3654.
230. Shao, M., Sasaki, K., Marinkovic, N.S., Zhang, L. & Adzic, R.R.: Synthesis and characterization of platinum monolayer oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts with Co-Pd core-shell nanoparticle supports. Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007), pp. 2848-2853.
231. Shao, Y., Sui, J., Yin, G. & Gao, Y.: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures and their composites as catalytic materials for proton exchange membrane fuel-cell. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 79 (2008), pp. 89-99.
232. Sharma, S. & Pollet, B.G.: Support materials for PEMFC and DMFC electrocatalysts: A review. J. Power Sources 208 (2012), pp. 96-119.
233. Sharma, S., Ganguly, A., Papakonstantinou, P, Miao, X., Li, M., Hutchison, J.L., Delichatsios, M. & Ukleja, S.: Rapid microwave synthesis of CO tolerant reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum electrocatalysts for oxidation of methanol. J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010), pp. 19,459-19,466.
234. Shubina, T.E. & Koper, M.T.M.: Quantum-chemical calculations of CO and OH interacting with bimetallic surfaces. Electrochim. Acta 47 (2002), pp. 3621-3628.
235. 2 and methanol adsorption products formed on Pt-Rh alloys of various surface compositions. J. Power Sources 181 (2008), pp. 24-30.
236. Solla-Gullon, J., Vidal-Iglesias, F.J., Herrero, E., Feliu, J.M. & Aldaz, A.: CO monolayer oxidation on semispherical and preferentially oriented (100) and (111) platinum nanoparticles. Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006), pp. 189-194.
237. Stamenkovic, V, Schmidt, T.J., Ross, PN. & Markovi, N.M.: Surface composition effects in electrocatalysis: Kineticsof oxygen reduction on well-defined Pt3Ni and Pt3Co alloy surfaces. J.Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002), pp. 11,970-11,979.
238. Stamenkovic, V, Mun, B.S., Mayrhofer, K.J., Ross, P.N., Markovic, N.M., Rossmeisl, J., Greeley, J. & Noskov, J.K.: Changing the activity of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction by tuning the surface electronic structure. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006), pp. 2897-2901.
239. Stamenkovic, V, Fowler, B., Mun, B.S., Wang, G., Ross, P.N., Lucas, C.A. & Markovic, N.M.: Improved oxygen reduction activity on Pt3Ni(111) via increased surface site availability. Science 315 (2007), pp. 493-497.
240. Stamenkovic, V, Mun, B.S., Arenz, M., Mayrhofer, K.J.J., Lucas, C.A., Wang, G., Ross, PN. & Markovic, N.M.: Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nat. Mater. 6 (2009), pp. 241-247.
241. Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Dommett, G.H.B., Kohlhaas, K.M., Zimney, E.J., Stach, E.A., Piner, R.D., Nguyen, S.T. & Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442 (2006), pp. 282-286.
242. Steinhart, M., Wehrspohn, R.B., Gosele, U. & Wendorff, J.H.: Nanotubes by template wetting: A modular assembly system. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004), pp. 1334-1344.
243. X (M=Ru, Mo, Co, Ta, Au, Sn) anode electrocatalyst composition spreads. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154 (2007), pp. B566-B576.
244. Stottlemyer, A.L., Kelly, T.G., Meng, Q. & Chen, J.G.: Reactions of oxygen-containing molecules on transition metal carbides: Surface science insight into potential applications in catalysis and electrocatalysis. Surf Sci. Rep. 67 (2012), pp. 201-232.
245. Strasser, P, Koh, S. & Greeley, J.: Voltammetric surface dealloying of Pt bimetallic nanoparticles: An experimental and DFT computational analysis. Phys. 10 (2008), pp. 3670-3683.
246. Strasser, P, Koh, S., Anniyev, T., Greeley, J., More, K., Yu, C.F., Liu, Z.C., Kaya, S., Nordlund, D., Ogasawara, H., Toney, M.F. & Nilsson, A.: Lattice-strain control of the activity in dealloyed core-shell fuel-cell catalysts. Nature Chem. 2 (2010), pp. 454-460.
247. Sun, Y., Mayers, B.T. & Xia, Y.: Template-engaged replacement reaction: A one-step approach to the large-scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. Nano Lett. 2 (2002), pp. 481-485.
248. Sun, Y., Zhuang, L., Lu, J., Hong, X. & Liu, P: Collapse in crystalline structure and decline in catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles on reducing particle size to 1 nm. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007), pp. 15,465-15,467.
249. Tans, S.J., Verschueren, A.R.M. & Dekker, C.: Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube. Nature 393 (1998), pp. 49-52.
250. Templeton, A.C., Wuelfing, W.P. & Murray, R.W.: Monolayer-protected cluster molecules. Acc. Chem. Res. 33 (1999), pp. 27-36.
251. Teng, X., Maksimuk, S., Frommer, S. & Yang, H.: Three-dimensional PtRu nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 19 (2007), pp. 36-41.
252. Thompsett, D.: Catalysts for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In: G. Hoogers (ed): Fuel cell technology handbook. CRC Press LCC, 2003, Chapter 6.
253. Tian, N., Zhou, Z.Y., Sun, S.G., Ding, Y. & Wang, Z.L.: Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity. Science 316 (2007), pp. 732-735.
254. Tian, N., Zhou, Z.Y. & Sun, S.G.: Platinum metal catalysts of high-index surfaces: From single-crystal planes to electrochemically shape-controlled nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008), pp. 19,801-19,817.
255. Toshima, N. & Yonezawa, T.: Bimetallic nanoparticles—novel materials for chemical and physical applications. New J. Chem. 22 (1998), pp. 1179-1201.
256. Tripković, V, Abild-Pedersen, F., Studt, F., Cerri, I., Nagami, T., Bligaard, T. & Rossmeisl, J.: Metal oxide-supported platinum overlayers as proton-exchange membrane fuel-cell cathodes. ChemCatChem 4 (2012), pp. 228-235.
257. x nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers for direct methanol fuel-cells. J. Power Sources 186 (2009), pp. 299-304.
258. Tsiouvaras, N., Martínez-Huerta, M.V, Paschos, O., Stimming, U., Fierro, J.L.G. & Peña, M.A.: PtRuMo/C catalysts for direct methanol fuel-cells: Effect of the pretreatment on the structural characteristics and methanol electrooxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010a), pp. 11,478-11,488.
259. Tsiouvaras, N., Peña, M.A., Fierro, J.L.G., Pastor, E. & Martínez-Huerta, M.V: The effect of the Mo precursor on the nanostructure and activity of PtRuMo electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. Catal. Today 158 (2010b), pp. 12-21.
260. Urian, R.C., Gullá, A.F. & Mukerjee, S.: Electrocatalysis of reformate tolerance in proton exchange membranes fuel-cells: Part I. J. Electroanal. Chem. 554-555 (2003), pp. 307-324.
261. Venkataraman, R., Kunz, H.R. & Fenton, J.M.: Development of new CO tolerant ternary anode catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 (2003), pp. A278-A284.
262. Vidakovic, T., Christov, M., Sundmacher, K., Nagabhushana, K.S., Fei, W., Kinge, S. & Bonnemann, H.: PtRu colloidal catalysts: Characterisation and determination of kinetics for methanol oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007), pp. 2277-2284.
263. Vidal-Iglesias, F.J., Arán-Ais, R.M., Solla-Gullón, J., Herrero, E. & Feliu, J.M.: Electrochemical characterization of shape-controlled Pt nanoparticles in different supporting electrolytes. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), pp. 901-910.
264. Vielstich, W, Lamm, A. & Gasteiger, H.A.: Handbook of fuel-cells-Fundamentals, technology and applications. Wiley, NJ, 2003.
265. Viswanathan, V, Hansen, H.A., Rossmeisl, J. & Norskov, J.K.: Universality in oxygen reduction electrocatalysis on metal surfaces. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), pp. 1654-1660.
266. Wang, B., Tian, C., Wang, L., Wang, R. & Fu, H.: Chitosan: a green carbon source for the synthesis of graphitic nanocarbon, tungsten carbide and graphitic nanocarbon/tungsten carbide composites. Nanotechnol. 21 (2010), pp. 025606 (9 pp).
267. Wang, C., Daimon, H., Onodera, T., Koda, T. & Sun, S.: A general approach to the size- and shape-controlled synthesis of platinum nanoparticles and their catalytic reduction of oxygen. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (2008), pp. 3588-3591.
268. Wang, C., Li, D., Chi, M., Pearson, J., Rankin, R.B., Greeley, J., Duan, Z., Wang, G., van der Vliet, D., More, K.L., Markovic, N.M. & Stamenkovic, VR.: Rational development of ternary alloy electrocatalysts. J Phys. Chem. Lett. 3 (2012a), pp. 1668-1673.
269. Wang, C., Markovic, N.M. & Stamenkovic, VR.: Advanced platinum alloy electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2 (2012b), pp. 891-898.
270. Wang, C.H., Du, H.Y., Tsai, Y.T., Chen, C.P., Huang, C.J., Chen, L.C., Chen, K.H. & Shih, H.C.: High performance of low electrocatalysts loading on CNT directly grown on carbon cloth for DMFC. J. Power Sources 171 (2007), pp. 55-62.
271. Wang, H., Alden, L.R., DiSalvo, FJ. & Abruna, H.D.: Methanol electrooxidation on PtRu bulk alloys and carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticle catalysts: A quantitative DEMS study. Langmuir 25 (2009), pp. 7725-7735.
272. Wang, H., Yuan, X., Li, D. & Gu, X.: Dendritic PtCo alloy nanoparticles as high performance oxygen reduction catalysts. J. ColloidInterf. Sci. 384 (2012), pp. 105-109.
273. Wang, J.X., Inada, H., Wu, L.J., Zhu, Y.M., Choi, Y.M., Liu, P., Zhou, W.P & Adzic, R.R.: Oxygen reduction on well-defined core-shell nanocatalysts: Particle size, facet, and Pt shell thickness effects. J Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009), pp. 17,298-17,302.
274. Wang, S., Jiang, S.P. & Wang, X.: Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles on graphene and their electrochemical applications. Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011), pp. 3338-3344.
275. Wang, X., Li, W., Chen, Z., Waje, M. & Yan, Y.: Durability investigation of carbon nanotube as catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel-cell. J. Power Sources 158 (2006), pp. 154-159.
276. Wang, Y.J., Wilkinson, D.P. & Zhang, J.: Noncarbon support materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel-cell electrocatalysts. Chem. Rev. 111 (2011), pp. 7625-7651.
277. Wang, Z.B., Zuo, P.J. & Yin, G.P.: Investigations of compositions and performance of PtRuMo/C ternary catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. Fuel-Cells 2 (2009), pp. 106-113.
278. Waszczuk, P., Solla-Gullon, J., Kim, H.S., Tong, Y.Y., Montiel, V, Aldaz, A. & Wieckowski, A.: Methanol electrooxidation on platinum/ruthenium nanoparticle catalysts. J. Catal. 203 (2001), pp. 1-6.
279. Watanabe, M. & Motoo, S.: Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part I. Enhancement of the oxidation of methanol on platinum and palladium by gold ad-atoms. J. Electroanal. Chem. 60 (1975a), pp. 259-266.
280. Watanabe, M. & Motoo, S.: Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part II. Enhancement of the oxidation of methanol on platinum by ruthenium ad-atoms. J. Electroanal. Chem. 60 (1975b), pp. 267-273.
281. Watanabe, M. & Uchida, H.: Catalysts for the electro-oxidation of small molecules. In: Handbook of fuel-cells-Fundamentals, technology and applications. Vol. 5: Advances in electrocatalysis, materials, diagnostics and durability. Wiley, NJ, 2009, pp. 81-90.
282. Watanabe, M., Uchida, M. & Motoo, S.: Preparation of highly dispersed Pt + Ru clusters and the activity for the electrooxidation of methanol. J. Electroanal. Chem. 229 (1987), pp. 395-406.
283. Watanabe, M., Igarashi, H. & Fujino, T.: Design of CO tolerant anode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel-cell. Electrochem. 67 (1999), pp. 1194-1196.
284. Wesselmark, M., Wickman, B., Lagergren, C. & Lindbergh, G.: Electrochemical performance and stability of thin film electrodes with metal oxides in polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010), pp. 7590-7596.
285. Wickman, B., Wesselmark, M., Lagergren, C. & Lindbergh, G.: Tungsten oxide in polymer electrolyte fuel-cell electrodes: A thin-film model electrode study. Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011), pp. 9496-9503.
286. Wilson, M.S., Garzon, F.H., Sickafus, K.E. & Gottesfeld, S.: Surface area loss of supported platinum in polymer electrolyte fuel-cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993), pp. 2872-2877.
287. Wu, G., Li, L. & Xu, B.Q.: Effect of electrochemical polarization of PtRu/C catalysts on methanol electrooxidation. Electrochim. Acta 50 (2004), pp. 1-10.
288. Wu, G., Nelson, M.A., Mack, N.H., Ma, S., Sekhar, P., Garzon, F.H. & Zelenay, P.: Titanium dioxide-supported non-precious metal oxygen reduction electrocatalyst. Chem. Commun. 46 (2010), pp. 7489-7491.
289. Wu, H., Wexler, D. & Liu, H.: Durability investigation of graphene-supported Pt nanocatalysts for PEM fuel-cells. J. Solid State Electrochem. 15(2011), pp. 1057-1062.
290. Xia, B.Y., Wu, H.B., Wang, X. & Lou, X.W.: One-pot synthesis of cubic PtCu3 nanocages with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012), pp. 13,934-13,937.
291. Xia, D., Chen, G., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Hui, S., Ghosh, D. & Wang, H.: Synthesis of ordered intermetallic PtBi2 nanoparticles for methanol-tolerant catalyst in oxygen electroreduction. Chem. Mater. 18 (2006), pp. 5746-5749.
292. Xia, Y., Xiong, Y., Lim, B. & Skrabalak, S.: Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: Simple chemistry meets complex physics? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009), pp. 60-103.
293. Xing, Y., Cai, Y., Vukmirovic, M.B., Zhou, W.P., Karan, H., Wang, J.X. & Adzic, R.R.: Enhancing oxygen reduction reaction activity via PdAu alloy sublayer mediation of Pt monolayer electrocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010), pp. 3238-3242.
294. Xiong, L. & Manthiram, A.: Nanostructured Pt-M/C (M=Fe and Co) catalysts prepared by a microemulsion method for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel-cells. Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005), pp. 2323-2329.
295. Xu, H., Zeiger, B.W. & Suslick, K.S.: Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (2013), pp. 2555-2567.
296. Xu, Y., Bai, H., Lu, G., Li, C. & Shi, G.: Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008), pp. 5856-5857.
297. Yang, H., Alonso-Vante, N., Leger, J.M. & Lamy, C.: Tailoring, structure, and activity of carbon-supported nanosized Pt-Cr alloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in pure and methanol-containing electrolytes. J Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004), pp. 1938-1947.
298. Ye, S.: CO-tolerant catalysts. Chapter 16 in: PEMfuel-cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers. Fundamentals and applications. Springer, 2009, pp. 759-834.
299. Yin, M., Huang, Y., Liang, L., Liao, J., Liu, C. & Xing, W.: Inhibiting CO formation by adjusting surface composition in PtAu alloys for methanol electrooxidation. Chem. Commun. 47 (2011), pp. 8172-8174.
300. Zellner, M.B. & Chen, J.G.: Surface science and electrochemical studies of WC and W2C PVD films as potential electrocatalysts. Catal. 99 (2005), pp. 299-307.
301. Zhang, G., Shao, Z.G., Lua, W, Xie, F., Xiao, H., Qin, X. & Yi, B.: Core-shell Pt modified Pd/C as an active and durable electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 132-133 (2013), pp. 183-194.
302. Zhang, J., Sasaki, K., Sutter, E. & Adzic, R.R.: Stabilization of platinum oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts using gold clusters. Science 315 (2007), pp. 220-222.
303. Zhang, W., Ravi, S. & Silva, P: Application of carbon nanotubes in polymer electrolyte based fuel-cells. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 29 (2011), pp. 1-14.
304. Zhang, X. & Chan, K.Y.: Water-in-oil microemulsion synthesis of platinum-ruthenium nanoparticles, their characterization and electrocatalytic properties. Chem. Mater. 15 (2003), pp. 451-459.
305. Zhang, X., Zhang, F. & Chan, K.Y.: Synthesis of Pt-Ru-Mo ternary metal nanoparticles by microemulsions, their characterization and electrocatalytic properties. J. Mater. Sci. 39 (2004), pp. 5845-5848.
306. Zhao, X., Yin, M., Ma, L., Liang, L., Liu, C., Liao, J., Lu, T. & Xing, W: Recent advances in catalysts for direct methanol fuel-cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011), pp. 2736-2753.
307. Zhong, C.J., Luo, J., Njoki, P.N., Mott, D., Wanjala, B., Loukrakpam, R., Lim, S., Wang, L., Fang, B. & Xu, Z.: Fuel-cell technology: nano-engineered multimetallic catalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 1 (2008), pp. 454-466.
308. Zhong, C.J., Luo, J., Fang, B., Wanjala, B.N., Njoki, P.N., Loukrakpam, R. & Yin, G.: Nanostructured catalysts in fuel-cells. Nanotechnol. 21 (2010), 062001 (20 pp).
309. Zhou, W.P., Lewera, A., Bagus, P S. & Wieckowski, A.: Electrochemical and electronic properties of platinum deposits on Ru(0001): Combined XPS and cyclic voltammetric study. J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007), pp. 13,490-13,496.
310. Zhou, Y.G., Chen, J.J., Wang, F.B., Sheng, Z.H. & Xia, X.H.: A facile approach to the synthesis of highly electroactive Pt nanoparticles on graphene as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel-cells. Chem. Commun. 46 (2010), pp. 5951-5953.
311. x/C (x = 0−0.5). J Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008), pp. 6337-6345.