Vasopressors for hypotensive shock

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 2, 2016, Pages

  Gamper, Gunnar ^a   Havel, Christof ^b   Arrich, Jasmin ^b   Losert, Heidrun ^b   Pace, Nathan Leon ^c   Müllner, Marcus ^d   Herkner, Harald ^b  

^a University Clinic Sankt Pölten   (Austria)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d Internistisches Zentrum Brigittenau   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; DOBUTAMINE; DOPAMINE; DOPEXAMINE; HYPERTENSIVE AGENT; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INFUSION FLUID; NORADRENALIN; PHENYLEPHRINE; PLACEBO; TERLIPRESSIN; VASOACTIVE AGENT; VASOPRESSIN; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT;

ANXIETY DISORDER; BIOSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CINAHL; CIRCULATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COCHRANE LIBRARY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFECT; EMBASE; FOLLOW UP; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTENSIVE SHOCK; LENGTH OF STAY; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCINFO; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; SHOCK; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; SHOCK, SEPTIC;

DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; HYPOTENSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SHOCK; SHOCK, SEPTIC; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 84965001198     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003709.pub4     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Albanese J, Leone M, Delmas A, Martin C. Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Critical Care Medicine 2005;33(9):1897-902. [PUBMED: 16148457]
2. Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Martin C, et al. Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007;370(9588):676-84. [PUBMED: 17720019]
3. Boccara G, Ouattara A, Godet G, Dufresne E, Bertrand M, Riou B, et al. Terlipressin versus norepinephrine to correct refractory arterial hypotension after general anesthesia in patients chronically treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Anesthesiology 2003;98:1338-44. [PUBMED: 12766641]
4. Choong K, Bohn D, Fraser DD, Gaboury I, Hutchison JS, Joffe AR, et al. Vasopressin in pediatric vasodilatory shock: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009;180(7):632-9. [PUBMED: 19608718]
5. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. The New England Journal of Medicine 2010;362(9):779-89. [PUBMED: 20200382]
6. Dünser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H, Knotzer H, Sumann G, Pajk W, et al. Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation 2003;107:2313-9. [PUBMED: 12732600]
7. Han X-D, Sun H, Huang X-Y, Zhang S-Y, Wang Y-D, Ren K, et al. [A clinical study of pituitrin versus norepinephrine in the treatment of patients with septic shock]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue/Chinese Critical Care Medicine/Zhongguo Weizhongbing Jijiuyixue 2012;24(1):33-7.
8. Hua F, Wang X, Zhu L. Terlipressin decreases vascular endothelial growth factor expression and improves oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2013;44(2):434-9.
9. Jain G, Singh DK. Comparison of phenylephrine and norepinephrine in the management of dopamine-resistant septic shock. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2010;14(1):29-34. [MEDLINE: 20606906]
10. Lauzier F, Levy B, Lamarre P, Lesur O. Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Medicine 2006;32(11):1782-9. [PUBMED: 17019548]
11. Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Nace L, Audibert G, Bauer P, et al. Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Medicine 1997;23:282-7. [PUBMED: 9083230]
12. Levy B, Perez P, Perny J, Thivilier C, Gerard A. Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study. Critical Care Medicine 2011;39(3):450-5. [PUBMED: 21037469]
13. Luckner G, Dunser MW, Stadlbauer KH, Mayr VD, Jochberger S, Wenzel V, et al. Cutaneous vascular reactivity and flow motion response to vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock and severe postoperative multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Critical Care 2006;10(2):R40. [PUBMED: 16542484]
14. Malay MB, Ashton RC Jr, Landry DW, Townsend RN. Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. Journal of Trauma 1999;47:699-703. [PUBMED: 10528604]
15. Marik PE, Mohedin M. The contrasting effects of dopamine and norepinephrine on systemic and splanchnic oxygen utilization in hyperdynamic sepsis. JAMA 1994;272:1354-7. [PUBMED: 7933396]
16. Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F. Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock?. Chest 1993;103:1826-31. [PUBMED: 8404107]
17. Mathur S, Dhunna R, Chakraborty A. Comparison of norepinephrine and dopamine in the management of septic shock using impedance cardiography. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2007;11(4):186-91. [EMBASE: 2008016347]
18. Morelli A, Ertmer C, Lange M, Duenser M, Rehberg S, Van Aken H, et al. Effects of short-term simultaneous infusion of dobutamine and terlipressin in patients with septic shock: the DOBUPRESS study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(4):494-503. [PUBMED: 18308741]
19. Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Lange M, Orecchioni A, Laderchi A, et al. Phenylephrine versus norepinephrine for initial hemodynamic support of patients with septic shock: a randomized, controlled trial. Critical Care 2008;12(6)(R143):1-11. [PUBMED: 19017409 ]
20. Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Lange M, Orecchioni A, Cecchini V, et al. Continuous terlipressin versus vasopressin infusion in septic shock (TERLIVAP): a randomized, controlled pilot study. Critical Care 2009;13(4):R130. [PUBMED: 19664253]
21. Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, Lipman J, Ramakrishnan N, Santamaria J, et al. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2008;34(12):2226-34. [PUBMED: 18654759]
22. Patel GP, Grahe JS, Sperry M, Singla S, Elpern E, Lateef O, et al. Efficacy and safety of dopamine versus norepinephrine in the management of septic shock. Shock 2010;33(4):375-80. [PUBMED: 19851126]
23. Ruokonen E, Takala J, Kari A, Saxen H, Mertsola J, Hansen EJ. Regional blood flow and oxygen transport in septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 1993;21:1296-303. [PUBMED: 8370292]
24. Gordon AC, Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Ayers D, Storms MM, et al. The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock. Intensive Care Medicine 2010;36(1):83-91.
25. Gordon AC, Wang N, Walley KR, Ashby D, Russell JA. The cardiopulmonary effects of vasopressin compared with norepinephrine in septic shock. Chest 2012;142(3):593-605.
26. Russell JA, Fjell C, Hsu JL, Lee T, Boyd J, Thair S, et al. Vasopressin compared with norepinephrine augments the decline of plasma cytokine levels in septic shock. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013;188:356-64.
27. Russell JA, Walley KR, Gordon AC, Cooper DJ, Hébert PC, Singer J, et al. Interaction of vasopressin infusion, corticosteroid treatment, and mortality of septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 2009;37(3):811-8. [PUBMED: 19237882]
28. Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Gordon AC, Hébert PC, Cooper DJ, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(9):877-87. [PUBMED: 18305265]
29. Seguin P, Bellissant E, Le-Tulzo Y, Laviolle B, Lessard Y, Thomas R, et al. Effects of epinephrine compared with the combination of dobutamine and norepinephrine on gastric perfusion in septic shock. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2002;71:381-8. [MEDLINE: 12011824]
30. Seguin P, Laviolle B, Guinet P, Morel I, Malledant Y, Bellissant E. Dopexamine and norepinephrine versus epinephrine on gastric perfusion in patients with septic shock: a randomized study [NCT00134212]. Critical Care 2006;10(1)(R32):1-8.
31. Svoboda P, Scheer P, Kantorova I, Doubek J, Dudra J, Radvan M, et al. Terlipressin in the treatment of late phase catecholamine-resistant septic shock. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2012;59(116):1043-7.
32. Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, Celik U, Sertdemir Y, Alhan E. Terlipressin as a rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. Intensive Care Medicine 2008;34(3):511-7. [PUBMED: 18092150]
33. Argenziano M, Choudhri AF, Oz MC, Rose EA, Smith CR, Landry DW. A prospective randomized trial of arginine vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory shock after left ventricular assist device placement. Circulation 1997;96 Suppl II:286-90. [PUBMED: 9386112]
34. Hentschel R, Hensel D, Brune T, Rabe H, Jorch G. Impact on blood pressure and intestinal perfusion of dobutamine or dopamine in hypotensive preterm infants. Biology of the Neonate 1995;68:318-24. [PUBMED: 8835086]
35. Kinstner C, Germann P, Ullrich R, Landry D, Sladen R. Infusion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) enhances blood pressure and renal function while preserving cerebral and splanchnic perfusion in patients in septic shock. Anesthesiology Abstracts of Scientific Papers, Annual Meeting. 2002:Abstract No A-439.
36. Levy B, Nace L, Bollaert PE, Dousset B, Mallie JP, Larcan A. Comparison of systemic and regional effects of dobutamine and dopexamine in norepinephrine-treated septic shock. Intensive Care Medicine 1999;25:942-8. [PUBMED: 10501749]
37. Majerus TC, Chodoff P, Borel CO. Dopamine and dobutamine in septic shock. A comparison. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 1984;92:S65-7. [PUBMED: 6085242]
38. Morelli A, Donati A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Kampmeier T, Orecchioni A. Effect of vasopressinergic receptor agonists on sublingual microcirculation in norepinephrine-dependent septic shock. Critical Care 2011;15:R217.
39. Morelli A. Short term effects of terlipressin bolus infusion on sublingual microcirculatory blood flow during septic shock. Intensive Care Medicine 2011;37:963-9.
40. Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, Walley KR. Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 2002;96:576-82. [PUBMED: 11873030]
41. Roze JC, Tohier C, Maingueneau C, Lefevre M, Mouzard A. Response to dobutamine and dopamine in the hypotensive very preterm infant. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993;69:59-63. [PUBMED: 8346957]
42. Schmoelz M, Schelling G, Dunker M, Irlbeck M. Comparison of systemic and renal effects of dopexamine and dopamine in norepinephrine-treated septic shock. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2006;20(2):173-8. [PUBMED: 16616656]
43. Sperry JL, Minei JP, Frankel HL, West MA, Harbrecht B G, Moore EE, et al. Early use of vasopressors after injury: caution before constriction. Journal of Trauma 2008;64(1):9-14. [PUBMED: 18188092]
44. Totaro RJ, Raper RF. Epinephrine-induced lactic acidosis following cardiopulmonary bypass. Critical Care Medicine 1997;25:1693-9. [PUBMED: 9377884]
45. Zhou SX, Qiu HB, Huang YZ, Yang Y, Zheng RQ. Effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine-dobutamine on systemic and gastric mucosal oxygenation in septic shock. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2002;23:654-8. [PUBMED: 12100762 ]
46. Agrawal A, Gupta A, Consul S, Shastri P. Comparative study of dopamine and norepinephrine in the management of septic shock. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;5:162-6. [PUBMED: 21804796]
47. Chawla L. Busse L, Brasha-Mitchell E, Davison D, Honiq J, Alotaibi Z, et al. Intravenous angiotensin II for the treatment of high output shock (ATHOS trial): a pilot study. Critical Care 2014;18(5):534-43.
48. Chen H, Zeng Z. Comparison of the effect and complications between dopamine and norepinephrine on treatment of septic shock. Jiangxi Medical Journal 2012;47:565-7.
49. Cohn SM, McCarthy J, Stewart RM, Jonas RB, Dent DL, Michalek JE. Impact of low-dose vasopressin on trauma outcome: prospective randomized study. World Journal of Surgery 2011;35(2):430-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0875-8]
50. Hai Bo Q, Yi Y, Shao Xia Z, Ying Zi H, Rui Qiang Z. Renal effect of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine-dobutamine in septic shock. Critical Care and Shock 2002;5:9-14.
51. Hajjar L, Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Annane D, Galas F, Almeida J, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine for the management of shock. Critical Care 2013;17(Suppl 2):S83-P222.
52. High K. Impact of dopamine and norepinephrine on renal perfusion in patients with septic shock. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2008;30:1188.
53. Hussain T, Zahir J, Akbar A, Qureshi QA, Rehman HR. Efficacy of phenylephrine versus noradrenaline in management of patients presenting with septic shock in the intensive care unit. Rawal Medical Journal 2014;2:136-40.
54. Liu P, Chen T, Zhang Y. Comparison evaluation of resuscitation effect of norepinephrine and dopamine on the treatment of septic shock. Clinical Education of General Practice 2010;8:265-7.
55. Oliveira S, Dessa F, Rocha C, Oliveira F. Early vasopressin application in shock study. Critical Care 2014;Suppl:S56.
56. Plotkin LL. Use of vasopressin to correct hemodynamic disorders in patients with abdominal sepsis. Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia 2007;2:47-9.
57. Singh S, Malhotra RP. Comparative study of angiotensin and nor-adrenaline in hypotensive states (shock). The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1966;14:639-45. [PUBMED: 4292372]
58. Ventura AMc, Goes PF, Fernandes I de COF, Hsin SH, Souza de C, Gaiga L, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of dopamine or epinephrine as first-line vasoactive drugs in fluid refractory pediatric septic shock. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2014;4(1):5.
59. Wu J, Chen J, Ou Y, Yang C, Chen M, Hwuang SW, et al. Effect of dopamine and norepinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism of tissue in patients with septic shock. Chinese Archives of General Surgery 2010;4:117-21.
60. Zambolim C, Nagaoka D, Fukushima J, Park C, Carneiro J, Osawa E, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine for the management of septic shock in cancer patients. Critical Care 2014;Suppl:S57.
61. Zhuangyu Y. Effect of norepinephrine and dopamine on infectious tissue oxygen metabolismand hemodynamics in patients with shock. Shandong Medicine Journal 2011;51:93-4.
62. Choudhary A. Efficacy and safety of monotherapy with noradrenaline and terlipressin in patients of cirrhosis with septic shock admitted to intensive care unit. NCT01836224.
63. Terlipressin in Septic Shock in Cirrhosis; Effects on Survival of Terlipressin Administration in Cirrhotic Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock. A Randomized, Open Labelled Controlled Trial. Ongoing study October 2006.
64. Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Perkins GD, Ashby D, Brett SJ. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of VAsopressin versus Noradrenaline as Initial therapy in Septic sHock (VANISH). BMJ open 2014;4(7):e005866.
65. Lienhart H G, Wenzel V, Braun J, Dorges V, Dunser M, Gries A, et al. Vasopressin for therapy of persistent traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The VITRIS.at study. [German]. Anaesthetist 2007;56(2):145-50.
66. NOrepinephrine and VasoprEssin Versus Norepinephrine aLone in Critically Ill Patients With Septic Shock (NOVEL). clinicaltrials.gov. [NCT02454348]
67. Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit. clinicaltrials.gov. [NCT02118467]
68. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 1992;20:864-74. [PUBMED: 1597042]
69. Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Chevret S, Antonelli M, Goodman SV, Martin C, et al. Systemic inflammatory response and progression to severe sepsis in critically ill infected patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005;171(5):461-8. [PUBMED: 15531752]
70. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Critical Care Medicine 2001;29(7):1303-10. [PUBMED: 11445675]
71. Annane D, Sébille V, Duboc D, Le Heuzey JY, Sadoul N, Bouvier E, et al. Incidence and prognosis of sustained arrhythmias in critically ill patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2008;178:20-5. [PUBMED: 18388358]
72. The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;371:1496-506.
73. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, Grelon F, Megarbane B, Anguel N, et al. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;370(17):1583-93.
74. Avni T, Lador A, Lev S, Leibovici L, Paul M, Grossman A. Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10(8):1-17.
75. Babaev A, Frederick PD, Pasta DJ, Every N, Sichrovsky T, Hochman JS. Trends in management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. JAMA 2005;294(4):448-54. [PUBMED: 16046651]
76. Beale RJ, Hollenberg SM, Vincent JL, Parrillo JE. Vasopressor and inotropic support in septic shock: an evidence-based review. Critical Care Medicine 2004;32 Suppl(11):455-65. [PUBMED: 15542956]
77. Blanco J, Muriel-Bombin A, Sagredo V, Taboada F, Gandia F, Tamayo L, et al. Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: a Spanish multicentre study. Critical Care (London, England) 2008;12(6):R158. [PUBMED: 19091069]
78. Cannon CM, Braxton CC, Kling-Smith M, Mahnken JD, Carlton E, Moncure M. Utility of the shock index in predicting mortality in traumatically injured patients. The Journal of Trauma 2009;67(6):1426-30. [PUBMED: 20009697]
79. DeBacker D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine 2012;40(3):725-30.
80. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Critical Care Medicine 2008;36(1):296-327. [PUBMED: 18158437]
81. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Critical Care Medicine 2013;41(2):580-637.
82. Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Penuelas O, Lorente JA, Gordo F, et al. Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward. Critical Care Medicine 2007;35(5):1284-9. [PUBMED: 17414725]
83. Geiling EMK, Campbell DJ. Variations in blood pressure induced by repeated injections of extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics 1926;29:449-60.
84. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians?. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2008;336(7651):995-8. [PUBMED: 18456631]
85. Hayden WR. Sepsis terminology in pediatrics. The Journal of Pediatrics 1994; Vol. 124, issue 4:657-8. [PUBMED: 8151490]
86. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
87. Hinshaw LB, Cox BG. The Fundamental Mechanisms of Shock. New York: Plenum Press, 1972.
88. Hoffman B, Lefkowitz RJ. Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs. In: A Goodman Gilman editor(s). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1992:187-220.
89. Holmes CL, Walley KR. Vasoactive drugs for vasodilatory shock in ICU. Current Opinion in Critical Care 2009;15(5):398-402. [PUBMED: 19542884]
90. Krahn U, Binder H, König J. A graphical tool for locating inconsistency in network meta-analyses. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013;13(35):1-18.
91. König J, Krahn U, Binder H. Visualizing the flow of evidence in network meta-analysis and characterizing mixed treatment comparisons. Statistics in Medicine 2012;32:5414-29.
92. Leone M, Vallet B, Teboul JL, Mateo J, Bastien O, Martin C. Survey of the use of catecholamines by French physicians. Intensive Care Medicine 2004;30(5):984-8. [PUBMED: 14997293]
93. Leone M, Martin C. Vasopressor use in septic shock: an update. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2008;21(2):141-7. [PUBMED: 18443479]
94. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Critical Care Medicine 2003;31(4):1250-6. [PUBMED: 12682500]
95. Levy B, Collin S, Sennoun N, Ducrocq N, Kimmoun A, Asfar P, et al. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasopressors in septic shock: from bench to bedside. Intensive Care Medicine 2010;36(12):2019-29. [PUBMED: 20862451]
96. Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, Thirion X. Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(8):2758-65. [PUBMED: 10966247]
97. Povoa PR, Carneiro AH, Ribeiro OS, Pereira AC. Influence of vasopressor agent in septic shock mortality. Results from the Portuguese Community-Acquired Sepsis Study (SACiUCI study). Critical Care Medicine 2009;37(2):410-6. [PUBMED: 19114885]
98. The ProCESS Investigators. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;370:1683-93.
99. Quenot J-P, Binquet C, Kara F, Martinet O, Ganster F, Navellou J-C, et al. The epidemiology of septic shock in French intensive care units: the prospective multicenter cohort EPISS study. Critical Care 2013;17(R65):1-10. [DOI: doi:10.1186/cc12598]
100. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.
101. Reinelt P Karth DG, Geppert A, Heinz G. Incidence and type of cardiac arrhythmias in critically ill patients: a single center experience in a medical-cardiological ICU. Intensive Care Medicine 2001;27:1466-73. [PUBMED: 11685339]
102. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
103. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:1368-77. [PUBMED: 11794169]
104. Russell JA, Walley KR, Gordon AC, Cooper DJ, Hébert PC, Singer J, et al. Interaction of vasopressin infusion, corticosteroid treatment, and the mortality of septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 2009;37(3):811-8.
105. Rucker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter J. Arcsine test for publication bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 2008;27(5):746-63. [PUBMED: 17592831]
106. Rücker G. Network meta-analysis, electrical networks and graph theory. Research Synthesis Methods 2012;3:312-24.
107. Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Vincent JL, Sprung CL, Moreno R, Ranieri VM, et al. Does dopamine administration in shock influence outcome? Results of the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP) Study. Critical Care Medicine 2006;34(3):589-97. [PUBMED: 16505643]
108. Salanti G, Del Giovane C, Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Higgins JPT. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2014;9(7):1-14.
109. Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001242; CD001242]
110. Sundararajan V, Macisaac CM, Presneill JJ, Cade JF, Visvanathan K. Epidemiology of sepsis in Victoria, Australia. Critical Care Medicine 2005;33(1):71-80. [PUBMED: 15644651]
111. Takala J. Should we target blood pressures in Sepsis?. Critical Care Medicine 2010;38:S609-13.
112. Young WF. SHOCK. In: Stone CK, Humphries R editor(s). CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Emergency Medicine. 6th Edition. New York: LANGE CURRENT Series/McGraw-Hill, 2008:160.
113. Zaritsky AL. Catecholamines, inotropic medications, and vasopressor agents. In: Chernow B editor(s). Essentials of Critical Care Pharmacology. 2nd Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1994:255-72.
114. Zhou F, Mao Z, Zeng X, Kang H, Liu H, Pan L, et al. Vasopressors in septic shock: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2015;11:1047-59.
115. Havel C, Arrich J, Losert H, Gamper G, Müllner M, Herkner H. Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003709.pub3]
116. Müllner M, Urbanek B, Havel C, Losert H, Gamper G. Vasopressors for shock. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003709]
117. Müllner M, Urbanek B, Havel C, Losert H, Gamper G, Herkner H. Vasopressors for shock. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003709]