Quantification of black carbon mixing state from traffic: Implications for aerosol optical properties

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 16, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 4693-4706

  Willis, Megan D ^a   Healy, Robert M ^b,c,e   Riemer, Nicole ^d   West, Matthew ^d   Wang, Jon M ^b   Jeong, Cheol Heon ^b   Wenger, John C ^c   Evans, Greg J ^b   Abbatt, Jonathan P D ^a   Lee, Alex K Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^e ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL PROPERTY; BLACK CARBON; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MIXING; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

EID: 84964727705     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4693-2016     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Ackerman, T. and Toon, O.: Absorption of visible radiation in atmospheres containing mixtures of absorbing and nonabsorbing particles, Appl. Opt., 20, 3661-3668, doi:10.1364/AO.20.003661, 1981.
2. Adachi, K. and Buseck, P. R.: Changes of ns-soot mixing states and shapes in an urban area during CalNex, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3723-3730, 2013.
3. Adachi, K., Freney, E. J., and Buseck, P. R.: Shapes of internally mixed hygroscopic aerosol particles after deliquescence, and their effect on light scattering, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13804, doi:10.1029/2011GL047540, l13804, 2011.
4. Adachi, K., Zaizen, Y., Kajino, M., and Igarashi, Y.: Mixing state of regionally transported soot particles and the coating effect on their size and shape at a mountain site in Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 5386-5396, doi:10.1002/2013JD020880, 2014.
5. Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., Rogers, C. F., Jin, T., and Bruch, R.: Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: Instrument description, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2845-2852, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00361-6, 1999.
6. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380-5552, 2013.
7. Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Ghertner, D. A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Silva, P. J., Williams, P., Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K. L., Kolb, C. E., andWorsnop, D. R.: Chase studies of particulate emissions from in-use New York City vehicles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 555-573, 2004.
8. Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S., Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hayden, K. L., Jobson, B. T., Kolesar, K. R., Lack, D. A., Lerner, B. M., Li, S. M., Mellon, D., Nuaaman, I., Olfert, J. S., Petaja, T., Quinn, P. K., Song, C., Subramanian, R., Williams, E. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon, Science, 337, 1078-1081, 2012.
9. Chan, T. W., Brook, J. R., Smallwood, G. J., and Lu, G.: Time-resolved measurements of black carbon light absorption enhancement in urban and near-urban locations of southern Ontario, Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10407-10432, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10407-2011, 2011.
10. Chin, M., Kahn, R., Rind, D., Feingold, G., Schwartz, S., and DeCola, P.: Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts, A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Tech. Rep. SAP 2.3, NASA, Washington, DC, 2009.
11. China, S., Salvadori, N., and Mazzoleni, C.: Effect of traffic and driving characteristics on morphology of atmospheric soot particles at freeway on-ramps, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3128-3135, 2014.
12. China, S., Scarnato, B., Owen, R., Zhang, B., Ampadu, M., Kumar, S., Dzepina, K., Dziobak, M., Fialho, P., Perlinger, J., Hueber, J., D. Helmig, Mazzoleni, L., and Mazzoleni, C.: Morphology and mixing state of aged soot particles at a remote marine free troposphere site: Implications for optical properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1243-1250, 2015.
13. Chirico, R., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Tritscher, T., Richter, R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Impact of aftertreatment devices on primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from in-use diesel vehicles: Results from smog chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11545-11563, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11545-2010, 2010.
14. Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D11102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005441, 2005.
15. Corbin, J. C., Sierau, B., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Keller, A., Kim, J., Petzold, A., Onasch, T. B., Lohmann, U., and Mensah, A. A.: Mass spectrometry of refractory black carbon particles from six sources: Carbon-cluster and oxygenated ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2591-2603, doi:10.5194/acp-14-2591-2014, 2014.
16. Cross, E. S., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J. T., Kimmel, J., Yu, X.-Y., Alexander, M. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Davidovits, P.: Single particle characterization using a light scattering module coupled to a time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7769-7793, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7769-2009, 2009.
17. Dallmann, T. R., Onasch, T. B., Kirchstetter, T. W., Worton, D. R., Fortner, E. C., Herndon, S. C., Wood, E. C., Franklin, J. P., Worsnop, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., and Harley, R. A.: Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7585-7599, doi:10.5194/acp-14-7585-2014, 2014.
18. DeVille, R., Riemer, N., and West, M.: Weighted Flow Algorithms (WFA) for stochastic particle coagulation, J. Comput. Phys., 230, 8427-8451, 2011.
19. Fast, J. D., Gustafson, W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J. C., Chapman, E. G., Grell, G. A., and Peckham, S. E.: Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006.
20. Flowers, B. A., Dubey, M. K., Mazzoleni, C., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Kim, S.-W., and Yoon, S. C.: Optical-chemicalmicrophysical relationships and closure studies for mixed carbonaceous aerosols observed at Jeju Island; 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer, particle sizing, and filter analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10387-10398, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10387-2010, 2010.
21. Freutel, F., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., and Borrmann, S.: Quantitative single-particle analysis with the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: Development of a new classification algorithm and its application to field data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3131-3145, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3131-2013, 2013.
22. Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Olfert, J. S., Subramanian, R., and Gröhn, A. J.: Effective density of Aquadag and fullerene soot black carbon reference materials used for SP2 calibration, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2851-2858, doi:10.5194/amt-4-2851-2011, 2011.
23. Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Kamili, K., Merkel, M., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Sarda-Estève, R., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1681-1700, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012, 2012.
24. Healy, R. M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Jaroudi, E., Zimmerman, N., Hilker, N., Murphy, M., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Abbatt, J. P. D., Wenger, J. C., and Evans, G. J.: Light-absorbing properties of ambient black carbon and brown carbon from fossil fuel and biomass burning sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6619-6633, doi:10.1002/2015JD023382, 2015.
25. Jacobson, M. Z.: A physically-based treatment of elemental carbon optics: Implications for global direct forcing of aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 217-220, doi:10.1029/1999GL010968, 2000.
26. Jacobson, M. Z.: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695-697, 2001.
27. Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R., Zhang, X., Smith, K., Morris, J., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
28. Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Iedema, M. J., Cowin, J. P., Gaspar, D. J.,Wang, C., and Laskin, A.: Processing of soot in an urban environment: Case study from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3033-3043, doi:10.5194/acp-5-3033-2005, 2005.
29. Knox, A., Evans, G. J., Brook, J. R., Yao, X., Jeong, C. H., Godri, K. J., Sabaliauskas, K., and Slowik, J. G.: Mass absorption cross-section of ambient black carbon aerosol in relation to chemical age, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 522-532, 2009.
30. Kuwata, M., Kondo, Y., and Takegawa, N.: Critical condensed mass for activation of black carbon as cloud condensation nuclei in Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D20202, doi:10.1029/2009JD012086, 2009.
31. Laborde, M., Crippa, M., Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Decarlo, P. F., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., and Gysel, M.: Black carbon physical properties and mixing state in the European megacity Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5831-5856, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5831-2013, 2013.
32. Lack, D. A., Langridge, J. M., Bahreini, R., Cappa, C. D., Middlebrook, A. M., and Schwarz, J. P.: Brown carbon and internal mixing in biomass burning particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 14802-14807, 2012.
33. Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Onasch, T. B., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Mixing state of carbonaceous aerosol in an urban environment: Single particle characterization using the soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1823-1841, doi:10.5194/acp-15-1823-2015, 2015a.
34. Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Wenger, J. C., Evans, G. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Single particle characterization of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA): Evidence for non-uniform mixing of high molecular weight organics and potassium, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 32157-32183, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-32157-2015, 2015b.
35. Liu, D., Allan, J., Whitehead, J., Young, D., Flynn, M., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Fleming, Z. L., and Bandy, B.: Ambient black carbon particle hygroscopic properties controlled by mixing state and composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2015-2029, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2015-2013, 2013.
36. Liu, D., Allan, J. D., Young, D. E., Coe, H., Beddows, D., Fleming, Z. L., Flynn, M. J., Gallagher, M. W., Harrison, R. M., Lee, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Taylor, J. W., Yin, J., Williams, P. I., and Zotter, P.: Size distribution, mixing state and source apportionment of black carbon aerosol in London during wintertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10061-10084, doi:10.5194/acp-14-10061-2014, 2014.
37. Liu, P. F., Zhao, C. S., Göbel, T., Hallbauer, E., Nowak, A., Ran, L., Xu, W. Y., Deng, Z. Z., Ma, N., Mildenberger, K., Henning, S., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles at high relative humidity and their diurnal variations in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3479-3494, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3479-2011, 2011.
38. Liu, S., Russell, L. M., Sueper, D. T., and Onasch, T. B.: Organic particle types by single-particle measurements using a time-offlight aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with a light scattering module, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 187-197, doi:10.5194/amt-6-187-2013, 2013.
39. Liu, S., Aiken, A. C., Gorkowski, K., Dubey, M., Cappa, C. D., Williams, L. R., Herndon, S. C., Massoli, P., Fortner, E. C., Chhabra, P., Brooks,W., Onasch, T. B., Jayne, J. T.,Worsnop, D., China, S., Sharma, N., Mazzoleni, C., Xu, L., Ng, N., Liu, D., Allan, J. D. Lee, J., Fleming, Z. L. Mohr, C., Zotter, P., Szidat, P., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Enhanced light absorption by mixed source black and brown carbon particles in UK winter, Nature Communications, 6, 8435, doi:10.1038/ncomms9435, 2015.
40. Maricq, M. M. and Ning, X.: The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust, Journal of Aerosol Science, 35, 1251-1274, 2004.
41. Massoli, P., Fortner, E. C., Canagaratna, M. R., Williams, L. R., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Schwab, J. J., Trimborn, A., Onasch, T. B., Demerjian, K. L., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., and Jayne, J. T.: Pollution gradients and chemical characterization of particulate matter from vehicular traffic near major roadways: Results from the 2009 Queens College Air Quality Study in NYC, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 1201-1218, 2012.
42. Matsui, H., Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Fast, J. D., and Zaveri, R. A.: Development and validation of a black carbon mixing state resolved three-dimensional model: Aging processes and radiative impact, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2304-2326, doi:10.1029/2012JD018446, 2013.
43. McComiskey, A., Schwartz, S., Schmid, B., Guan, H., Lewis, E., Ricchiazzi, P., and Ogren, J.: Direct aerosol forcing: Calculation from observables and sensitivities to inputs, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09202, doi:10.1029/2007JD009170, 2008.
44. McMeeking, G. R., Good, N., Petters, M. D., McFiggans, G., and Coe, H.: Influences on the fraction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic black carbon in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5099-5112, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5099-2011, 2011a.
45. McMeeking, G. R., Morgan, W. T., Flynn, M., Highwood, E. J., Turnbull, K., Haywood, J., and Coe, H.: Black carbon aerosol mixing state, organic aerosols and aerosol optical properties over the United Kingdom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9037-9052, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9037-2011, 2011b.
46. Michelotti, M., Heath, M., and West, M.: Binning for efficient stochastic multiscale particle simulations, Multiscale Model Sim., 11, 1071-1096, 2013.
47. Moffet, R. C. and Prather, K. A.: In-situ measurements of the mixing state and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing estimates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11872-11877, 2009.
48. Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Kimmel, J. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of primary organic aerosol emissions from meat cooking, trash burning, and motor vehicles with high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry and comparison with ambient and chamber observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2443-2449, 2009.
49. Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R., and Arnott, W.: Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review, J Quant. Spectrosc. RA, 110, 844-878, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.035, 2009.
50. Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Kurata, G., Shirai, T., Blake, D. R., Miyakawa, T., and Koike, M.: Evolution of mixing state of black carbon particles: Aircraft measurements over the western Pacific in March 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11803, doi:10.1029/2006GL028943, 2007.
51. Onasch, T. B., Trimborn, A., Fortner, E. C., Jayne, J. T., Kok, G. L., Williams, L. R., Davidovits, P., andWorsnop, D. R.: Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: Development, validation, and initial application, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 804-817, 2012.
52. Oshima, N., Koike, M., Zhang, Y., and Kondo, Y.: Aging of black carbon in outflow from anthropogenic sources using a mixing state resolved model: 2. Aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei activities, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D18202, doi:10.1029/2008JD011681, 2009.
53. Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A nonnegative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimate of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111-126, 1994.
54. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227, 2008.
55. Riemer, N., West, M., Zaveri, R. A., and Easter, R. C.: Simulating the evolution of soot mixing state with a particleresolved aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D09202, doi:10.1029/2008JD011073, 2009.
56. Sabaliauskas, K., Jeong, C.-H., Yao, X., and Evans, G. J.: The application of wavelet decomposition to quantify the local and regional sources of ultrafine particles in cities, Atmos. Environ., 95, 249-257, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.035, 2014.
57. Sage, A. M., Weitkamp, E. A., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M.: Evolving mass spectra of the oxidized component of organic aerosol: Results from aerosol mass spectrometer analyses of aged diesel emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1139-1152, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1139-2008, 2008.
58. Scarnato, B. V., Vahidinia, S., Richard, D. T., and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Effects of internal mixing and aggregate morphology on optical properties of black carbon using a discrete dipole approximation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5089-5101, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5089-2013, 2013.
59. Schneider, J., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Helas, G., Gwaze, P., Schmid, O., Andreae, M. O., and Kirchner, U.: Mass spectrometric analysis and aerodynamic properties of various types of combustion-related aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 258, 37-49, 2006.
60. Seuper, D.: ToF-AMS analysis software, available at: Http://cires.colorado.edu/jimenez-group/ToFAMSResources/ToFSoftware/index.html (last access: 24 September 2015), 2010.
61. Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., Van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S. C., Muller, N., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Raes, F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K., Oanh, N. T. K., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.: Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security, Science, 335, 183-189, 2012.
62. Shiraiwa, M., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Sahu, L. K., Takami, A., Hatakeyama, S., Yonemura, S., and Blake, D. R.: Radiative impact of mixing state of black carbon aerosol in Asian outflow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D24210, doi:10.1029/2008JD010546, 2008.
63. Toner, S. M., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Single particle characterization of ultrafine and accumulation mode particles from heavy duty diesel vehicles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3912-3921, 2006.
64. Tritscher, T., Juranyi, Z., Martin, M., Chirico, R., Gysel, M., Heringa, M. F., DeCarlo, P. F., Sierau, B., Prevot, A. S. H.,Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Changes of hygroscopicity and morphology during ageing of diesel soot, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 034026, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034026, 2011.
65. Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q.,Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891-2918, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
66. Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Zimmerman, N., Healy, R. M., Wang, D. K., Ke, F., and Evans, G. J.: Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions and the contribuwww tion from high emitters, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3263-3275, doi:10.5194/amt-8-3263-2015, 2015.
67. Willis, M. D., Lee, A. K. Y., Onasch, T. B., Fortner, E. C., Williams, L. R., Lambe, A. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Collection efficiency of the soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) for internally mixed particulate black carbon, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4507-4516, doi:10.5194/amt-7-4507-2014, 2014.
68. Zaveri, R. A. and Peters, L. K.: A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30387-30415, doi:10.1029/1999JD900876, 1999.
69. Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., and Peters, L. K.: A computationally efficient multicomponent equilibrium solver for aerosols (MESA), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D24203, doi:10.1029/2004JD005618, 2005a.
70. Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., and Wexler, A. S.: A new method for multicomponent activity coefficients of electrolytes in aqueous atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D02201, doi:10.1029/2004JD004681, 2005b.
71. Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and L. K., P.: Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res., 113, 13204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008782, 2008.
72. Zaveri, R., Barnard, J., Easter, R., Riemer, N., and West, M.: Particle-resolved simulation of aerosol size, composition, mixing state, and the associated optical and cloud condensation nuclei activation properties in an evolving urban plume, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17210, doi:10.1029/2009JD013616, 2010.
73. Zhang, G., Bi, X., Li, L., Chan, L. Y., Li, M., Wang, X., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Zhou, Z.: Mixing state of individual submicron carbon-containing particles during spring and fall seasons in urban Guangzhou, China: A case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4723-4735, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4723-2013, 2013.
74. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N., Worsnop, D., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: A review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3045-3067, doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y, 2011.
75. Zhang, R. Y., Khalizov, A. F., Pagels, J., Zhang, D., Xue, H. X., and McMurry, P. H.: Variability in morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of soot aerosols during atmospheric processing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 10291-10296, 2008.
76. Zhao, C., Liu, X., Qian, Y., Yoon, J., Hou, Z., Lin, G., McFarlane, S., Wang, H., Yang, B., Ma, P.-L., Yan, H., and Bao, J.: A SENSitivity study of radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere to cloudmicrophysics and aerosol parameters in the community atmosphere model CAM5, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10969-10987, doi:10.5194/acp-13-10969-2013, 2013.