Mass spectrometry of refractory black carbon particles from six sources: Carbon-cluster and oxygenated ions

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 2591-2603

  Corbin, J C ^a   Sierau, B ^a   Gysel, M ^b   Laborde, M ^b,g,h   Keller, A ^c   Kim, J ^d   Petzold, A ^d,i   Onasch, T B ^e,f   Lohmann, U ^a   Mensah, A A ^a  

^a ETH Zurich   (Switzerland)

^b PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND ARTS NORTHWESTERN SWITZERLAND   (Switzerland)

^d GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^e AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^f BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^g Aerosol Consulting ML GmbH ^*  (Switzerland)

^h ECOTECH PTY LTD   (Australia)

ⁱ FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; BLACK CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; COMBUSTION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SPECTRAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84896349199     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2591-2014     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Alfarra, M. R.: Insights Into Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Using An Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, 2004.
2. Bladt, H., Schmid, J., Kireeva, E. D., Popovicheva, O. B., Perseant-seva, N. M., Timofeev, M. A., Heister, K., Uihlein, J., Ivl-eva, N. P., and Niessner, R.: Impact of Fe content in laboratory-produced soot aerosol on its composition, structure, and thermo-chemical properties, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 1337-1348, 2012.
3. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkatara-man, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5380-5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
4. Burtscher, H.: Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 896-932, 2005. (Pubitemid 40800468)
5. Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Jimenez, J., Allan, J., Alfarra, M., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middle-brook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., DeCarlo, P., Kolb, C., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185-222, doi:10.1002/mas.20115, 2007. (Pubitemid 46491711)
6. Cape, J. N., Coyle, M., and Dumitrean, P.: The atmospheric lifetime of black carbon, Atmos. Environ., 59, 256-263, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.030, 2012.
7. Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S., Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hay-den, K. L., and Jobson, B. T.: Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon, Science, 337, 1078-1081, 2012.
8. Cappa, C. D., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Worsnop, D. R., Bates, T. S., Cross, E. S., Davidovits, P., Hakala, J., Hay-den, K. L., and Jobson, B. T.: Response to Comment on "Ra-diative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon", Science, 339, 393-393, 2013.
9. Corbin, J., Rehbein, P., Evans, G., and Abbatt, J.: Combustion particles as ice nuclei in an urban environment: evidence from single-particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Environ., 51, 286-292, 2012.
10. Crayford, A., Johnson, M., Marsh, R., Secvenco, Y., Walters, D., Williams, P., Petzold, A., Bowen, P., Wang, J., and Lister, D.: SAMPLE III: Contribution to aircraft engine PM certification requirement and standard, Second Specific Contract, Final Report, European Aviatian Safety Agency, Cologne, Germany, 2012.
11. DeMott, P. J., Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rogers, D. C., and Sherman, D. E.: Ice formation by black carbon particles, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 26, 2429-2432, doi:10.1029/1999gl900580, 1999. (Pubitemid 30028382)
12. n2+(n = 3-9), J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 10782-10789, 2002. (Pubitemid 35384814)
13. Engelhart, G. J., Hennigan, C. J., Miracolo, M. A., Robinson, A. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity of fresh primary and aged biomass burning aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7285-7293, doi:10.5194/acp-12- 7285-2012, 2012.
14. Figueiredo, J., Pereira, M., Freitas, M., and Orfao, J.: Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons, Carbon, 37, 1379-1389, 1999.
15. Figueiredo, J. L., Pereira, M. F., Freitas, M. M., and Órfão, J. J.: Characterization of active sites on carbon catalysts, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 4110-4115, 2007. (Pubitemid 46982420)
16. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007. (Pubitemid 47288010)
17. Frenklach, M.: Reaction mechanism of soot formation in flames, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 2028-2037, 2002.
18. Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Mensah, A. A., Corbin, J. C., Keller, A., Kim, J., Petzold, A., and Sierau, B.: Technical Note: The single particle soot photometer fails to reliably detect PALAS soot nanoparticles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 3099-3107, doi:10.5194/amt-5-3099-2012, 2012.
19. 2 with Soot, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 3174-3181, 2013.
20. Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Crippa, M., Wiedensohler, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Sarda-Estève, R., McGuire, M. L., Jeong, C.-H., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., Evans, G. J., and Wenger, J. C.: Quantitative determination of carbonaceous particle mixing state in Paris using single-particle mass spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9479-9496, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9479-2013, 2013.
21. Helsper, C., Mölter, W., Löffler, F., Wadenpohl, C., Kaufmann, S., and Wenninger, G.: Investigations of a new aerosol generator for the production of carbon aggregate particles, Atmos. Environ., 27, 1271-1275, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(93)90254-V, 1993.
22. Heringa, M. F., DeCarlo, P. F., Chirico, R., Tritscher, T., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Richter, R., Wehrle, G., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5945-5957, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5945-2011, 2011.
23. Hitzenberger, R., Giebl, H., Petzold, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Wein-gartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Wilson, C.: Properties of jet engine combustion particles during the PartEmis experiment. Hygroscopic growth at supersaturated conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1779, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017294, 2003
24. IPCC: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
25. Jacobson, M. Z.: Comment on "Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon", Science, 339, 393-393, 2013.
26. Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 49-70, doi:10.1080/027868200410840, 2000. (Pubitemid 32001928)
27. Jeong, C.-H., Herod, D., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., Ding, L., McGuire, M., and Evans, G.: Identification of the Sources and Geographic Origins of Black Carbon using Factor Analysis at Paired Rural and Urban sites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8462-8470, doi:10.1021/es304695t, 2013.
28. Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8425, doi:10.1029/2001jd001213, 2003.
29. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaatto-vaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Hern-don, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, 2009.
30. Koehler, K. A., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Popovicheva, O. B., Petters, M. D., Carrico, C. M., Kireeva, E. D., Khokhlova, T. D., and Shonija, N. K.: Cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleation activity of hydrophobic and hydrophilic soot particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7906-7920, 2009.
31. 60 molecule, Chem. Phys. Lett., 170, 167-170, 1990.
32. Kuwata, M., Kondo, Y., and Takegawa, N.: Critical condensed mass for activation of black carbon as cloud condensation nuclei in Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D20202, doi:10.1029/2009JD012086, 2009.
33. Laborde, M., Mertes, P., Zieger, P., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., and Gysel, M.: Sensitivity of the Single Particle Soot Photometer to different black carbon types, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1031-1043, doi:10.5194/amt-5-1031-2012, 2012.
34. Liu, D., Allan, J., Whitehead, J., Young, D., Flynn, M., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Fleming, Z. L., and Bandy, B.: Ambient black carbon particle hygroscopic properties controlled by mixing state and composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2015-2029, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2015-2013, 2013.
35. Martin, M., Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Heringa, M. F., Sierau, B., Weingartner, E., Chirico, R., Gysel, M., Prévôt, A. S., and Bal-tensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of fresh and aged wood burning particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 56, 15-29, 2012.
36. 70, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 1880-1896, 1996. (Pubitemid 126612897)
37. McCabe, J. and Abbatt, J.: Heterogeneous loss of gas-phase ozone on n-hexane soot surfaces: similar kinetics to loss on other chemically unsaturated solid surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 2120-2127, 2008.
38. Monge, M. E., D'Anna, B., Mazri, L., Giroir-Fendler, A., Am-mann, M., Donaldson, D., and George, C.: Light changes the atmospheric reactivity of soot, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6605-6609, 2010.
39. Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Dependence of laser-induced incandescence on physical properties of black carbon aerosols: measurements and theoretical interpretation, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 44, 663-675, doi:10.1080/02786826.2010. 484450, 2010.
40. Onasch, T. B., Trimborn, A., Fortner, E. C., Jayne, J. T., Kok, G. L., Williams, L. R., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.: Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: development, validation, and initial application, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 804-817, doi:10.1080/02786826.2012.663948, 2012.
41. Otake, Y. and Jenkins, R. G.: Characterization of oxygen-containing surface complexes created on a microporous carbon by air and nitric acid treatment, Carbon, 31, 109-121, 1993. (Pubitemid 23616124)
42. Park, K., Kittelson, D. B., Zachariah, M. R., and McMurry, P. H.: Measurement of inherent material density of nanoparticle agglomerates, J. Nanopart. Res., 6, 267-272, 2004.
43. Petzold, A. and Schönlinner, M.: Multi-angle absorption photometry-a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 421-441, 2004. (Pubitemid 38410918)
44. Pratt, K. A. and Prather, K. A.: Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols-recent developments and applications, Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 31, 17-48, 2012.
45. Raghavachari, K. and Binkley, J.: Structure, stability, and fragmentation of small carbon clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 87, 2191-2197, 1987.
46. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227, 2008.
47. Reilly, P. T. A., Lazar, A. C., Gieray, R. A., Whitten, W. B., and Ramsey, J. M.: The elucidation of Charge-Transfer-Induced Matrix effects in environmental aerosols via real-time aerosol mass spectral analysis of individual airborne particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 135-152, 2000. (Pubitemid 32001933)
48. Reinard, M. S. and Johnston, M. V.: Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual nanoparticles, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr., 19, 389-399, 2008.
49. Robertson, J.: Diamond-like amorphous carbon, Mat. Sci. Eng., 37, 129-281, 2002.
50. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, 2007. (Pubitemid 46364260)
51. 2 on soot aerosol: a chamber and modeling study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1957-1960, 2001.
52. Saathoff, H., Moehler, O., Schurath, U., Kamm, S., Dippel, B., and Mihelcic, D.: The AIDA soot aerosol characterisation campaign 1999, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1277-1296, doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00363-X, 2003. (Pubitemid 37163749)
53. Sandradewi, J., Prévôt, A. S., Szidat, S., Perron, N., Alfarra, M. R., Lanz, V. A., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3316-3323, 2008.
54. 60 and its fragment ions produced by electron impact ionization, Int. J. Mass Spectrom, 138, 77-93, 1994.
55. Schmid, J., Grob, B., Niessner, R., and Ivleva, N.: Multi-wavelength Raman microspectroscopy for rapid prediction of soot oxidation reactivity, Anal. Chem., 83, 1173-1179, doi:10.1021/ac102939w, 2011.
56. Schneider, J., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Helas, G., Gwaze, P., Schmid, O., Andreae, M., and Kirchner, U.: Mass spectrometric analysis and aerodynamic properties of various types of combustion-related aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spec-trom., 258, 37-49, 2006.
57. Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Thomson, D. S., Watts, L. A., Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Darbeheshti, M., Baumgardner, D. G., Kok, G. L., Chung, S. H., Schulz, M., Hen-dricks, J., Lauer, A., Kärcher, B., Slowik, J. G., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Langford, A. O., Loewenstein, M., and Aikin, K. C.: Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16207, doi:10.1029/2006JD007076, 2006. (Pubitemid 46290736)
58. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, 2012.
59. Sellitti, C., Koenig, J., and Ishida, H.: Surface characterization of graphitized carbon fibers by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Carbon, 28, 221-228, 1990.
60. 2 capture, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 1765-1771, 2011.
61. Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S., Muller, N., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Raes, F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K., Oanh, N., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.: Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security, Science, 335, 183-189, doi:10.1126/science.1210026, 2012.
62. Slowik, J. G., Cross, E. S., Han, J.-H., Davidovits, P., Onasch, T. B., Jayne, J. T., Williams, L. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Chakrabarty, T. K., Moosmüller, J., Arnott, E. P., Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R.-S., Fahey, F. W., Kok, G. L., and Petzold, A.: An inter-comparison of instruments measuring black carbon content of soot particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 295-314, doi:10.1080/02786820701197078, 2007.
63. Toner, S. M., Shields, L. G., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Using mass spectral source signatures to apportion exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles in a freeway study using UF-ATOFMS, Atmos. Environ., 42, 568-581, 2008.
64. Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Martin, M., Chirico, R., Gysel, M., Heringa, M. F., DeCarlo, P. F., Sierau, B., Prévôt, A. S., and Weingartner, E.: Changes of hygroscopicity and morphology during ageing of diesel soot, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 034026, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034026, 2011.
65. Vinke, P., Van der Eijk, M., Verbree, M., Voskamp, A., and Van Bekkum, H.: Modification of the surfaces of a gasactivated carbon and a chemically activated carbon with nitric acid, hypochlo-rite, and ammonia, Carbon, 32, 675-686, 1994.
66. von Helden, G., Hsu, M. T., Gotts, N., and Bowers, M. T.: Carbon cluster cations with up to 84 atoms: structures, formation mechanism, and reactivity, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 8182-8192, 1993.
67. Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Burtscher, H.: Growth and structural change of combustion aerosols at high relative humidity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2982-2986, 1995.
68. Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjäraa, A. M., Asmi, E., Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Vil-lani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren, J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Hüglin, C., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Grüning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R., Monahan, C., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H.-G., Keck, L., Jiang, J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Löschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657-685, doi:10.5194/amt-5-657-2012, 2012.
69. Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G. P., Lindner, A. O., and Berner, A.: A new electromobility spectrometer for the measurement of aerosol size distributions in the size range from 1 to 1000 nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289-296, 1991.
70. Zencak, Z., Elmquist, M., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Quantification and radiocarbon source apportionment of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols using the CTO-375 method, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7895-7906, 2007. (Pubitemid 350016986)
71. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spec-trometry: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3045-3067, 2011.
72. Zielke, U., Hüttinger, K., and Hoffman, W.: Surface-oxidized carbon fibers: I. Surface structure and chemistry, Carbon, 34, 983-998, 1996. (Pubitemid 126341064)
73. Zimmerman, J. A., Eyler, J. R., Bach, S. B., and McElvany, S. W.: "Magic number" carbon clusters: ionization potentials and selective reactivity, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 3556-3562, 1991.