Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 113, Issue 16, 2016, Pages 4296-4301

  Hoffman, Kelly M ^a   Trawalter, Sophie ^a   Axt, Jordan R ^a   Oliver, M Norman ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Health care disparities; Pain perception; Pain treatment; Racial bias

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT;

ACCURACY; ADULT; ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; BLACK PERSON; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH BELIEF; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL STUDENT; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RACISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESIDENT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; CULTURE; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PAIN; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; RACISM;

EID: 84964355785     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516047113     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Anderson KO, Green CR, Payne R (2009) Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: Causes and consequences of unequal care. J Pain 10(12):1187-1204.
2. Bonham VL (2001) Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: Striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment. J Law Med Ethics 29(1):52-68.
3. Cintron A, Morrison RS (2006) Pain and ethnicity in the United States: A systematic review. J Palliat Med 9(6):1454-1473.
4. Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Baez L, Loehrer P, Pandya KJ (1997) Pain and treatment of pain in minority patients with cancer. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Minority Outpatient Pain Study. Ann Intern Med 127(9):813-816.
5. Freeman HP, Payne R (2000) Racial injustice in health care. N Engl J Med 342(14):1045-1047.
6. Goyal MK, Kuppermann N, Cleary SD, Teach SJ, Chamberlain JM (2015) Racial disparities in pain management of children with appendicitis in emergency departments. JAMA Pediatr 169(11):996-1002.
7. Green CR, et al. (2003) The unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med 4(3):277-294.
8. Shavers VL, Bakos A, Sheppard VB (2010) Race, ethnicity, and pain among the U. S.adult population. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21(1):177-220.
9. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (2013) Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (National Academies Press, Washington, DC).
10. Todd KH, Deaton C, D'Adamo AP, Goe L (2000) Ethnicity and analgesic practice. Ann Emerg Med 35(1):11-16.
11. Dore RA, Hoffman KM, Lillard AS, Trawalter S (2014) Children's racial bias in perceptions of others' pain. Br J Dev Psychol 32(2):218-231.
12. Hoffman KH, Trawalter S (2016) Assumptions about life hardship and pain perception. Group Process Intergroup Relat, 10.1177/1368430215625781.
13. Mathur VA, Richeson JA, Paice JA, Muzyka M, Chiao JY (2014) Racial bias in pain perception and response: Experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes. J Pain 15(5):476-484.
14. Staton LJ, et al. (2007) When race matters: Disagreement in pain perception between patients and their physicians in primary care. J Natl Med Assoc 99(5):532-538.
15. Trawalter S, Hoffman KM, Waytz A (2012) Racial bias in perceptions of others' pain. PLoS One 7(11):e48546.
16. Wandner LD, Scipio CD, Hirsh AT, Torres CA, Robinson ME (2012) The perception of pain in others: How gender, race, and age influence pain expectations. J Pain 13(3):220-227.
17. Waytz A, Hoffman KM, Trawalter S (2014) A superhumanization bias in Whites' perceptions of Blacks. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 6(3):352-359.
18. Haider AH, et al. (2011) Association of unconscious race and social class bias with vignette-based clinical assessments by medical students. JAMA 306(9):942-951.
19. Green AR, et al. (2007) Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med 22(9):1231-1238.
20. Cartwright SA (1851) Report on the diseases and physical peculiarities of the Negro race. New Orleans Med Surg J 7:691-715.
21. Guillory JD (1968) The pro-slavery arguments of Dr. Samuel A. Cartwright. La Hist 9:209-227.
22. Pernick MS (1985) A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America (Columbia Univ Press, New York).
23. Tidyman P (1826) A sketch of the most remarkable disease of the negroes of the southern states. Phila J Med Phys Sci 12:306-338.
24. Trawalter S, Hoffman KM (2015) Got pain? Racial bias in perceptions of pain. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 9(3):146-157.
25. Washington HA (2006) Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (Doubleday, New York).
26. Prentice DA, Miller DT (2007) Psychological essentialism of human categories. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 16(4):202-206.
27. Williams MJ, Eberhardt JL (2008) Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries. J Pers Soc Psychol 94(6):1033-1047.
28. Morning A (2011) The Nature of Race: How Scientists Think and Teach About Human Difference (Univ of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
29. Hoberman JM (1997) Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (Houghton Mifflin Company, New York).
30. Hughey M, Goss DR (2015) A level playing field? Media constructions of athletics, genetics, and race. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci 661(1):182-211.
31. Sailes GA (1998) The African American Athlete: Social Myths and Stereotypes. African Americans in Sports: Contemporary Themes, ed Sailes GA (Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ), pp 183-198.
32. Hall RE (2001) The ball curve: Calculated racism and the stereotype of African American men. J Black Stud 32(1):104-119.
33. Price S (1997) Whatever happened to the White athlete? Sports Illustrated 87(23):30-55.
34. Jayaratne TE, et al. (2006) White Americans' genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: Their relationship with prejudice toward Blacks, and gay men and lesbians. Group Process Intergroup Relat 9(1):77-94.
35. Angrist JD, Pischke J-S (2009) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ).
36. Allison PD (1999) Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups. Sociol Methods Res 28(2):186-208.
37. Baetschmann G, Staub KE, Winkelmann R (2015) Consistent estimation of the fixed effects ordered logit model. J R Stat Soc [Ser A] 178(3):685-703.
38. Greene WH (2002) The bias of the fixed effects estimator in nonlinear models. Working paper EC-02-05 (New York University, New York) Available at people. stern. nyu.edu/wgreene/nonlinearfixedeffects.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2015.
39. Hellevik O (2009) Linear versus logistic regression when the dependent variable is a dichotomy. Qual Quant 43(1):59-74.
40. Mood C (2010) Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. Eur Sociol Rev 26(1):67-82.
41. Neumann M, et al. (2011) Empathy decline and its reasons: A systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med 86(8):996-1009.
42. Klonoff EA (2009) Disparities in the provision of medical care: An outcome in search of an explanation. J Behav Med 32(1):48-63.
43. Greenwald AG, Pettigrew TF (2014) With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination. Am Psychol 69(7):669-684.
44. Zengin A, Prentice A, Ward KA (2015) Ethnic differences in bone health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 6(24):24.
45. Medecins Sans Frontieres (2013) Clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries: Guidance for prescribing. Available at apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17078e/s17078e.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2016.