Racial bias in pain perception and response: Experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes

Journal of Pain

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 476-484

  Mathur, Vani A ^a   Richeson, Jennifer A ^a,b   Paice, Judith A ^c   Muzyka, Michael ^a   Chiao, Joan Y ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

empathy; explicit racial bias; implicit racial bias; pain; Racial disparities

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMPATHY; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTIVATION; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RACISM; RATING SCALE; SEX DIFFERENCE; VIGNETTE; YOUNG ADULT; ATTITUDE; CAUCASIAN; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPETITION PRIMING; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; UNITED STATES; VERBAL COMMUNICATION; VISION;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; ATTITUDE; EMPATHY; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FACE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTIVATION; NARRATION; PAIN PERCEPTION; QUESTIONNAIRES; RACISM; REPETITION PRIMING; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; UNITED STATES; VISUAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84899957490     PISSN: 15265900     EISSN: 15288447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.488     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. A.F. Alqudah, A.T. Hirsh, L.A. Stutts, C.D. Scipio, and M.E. Robinson Sex and race differences in rating others' pain, pain-related negative mood, pain coping, and recommending medical help J Cyber Ther Rehabil 3 2010 63
2. K.O. Anderson, C.R. Green, and R. Payne Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: Causes and consequences of unequal care J Pain 10 2009 1187 1204
3. K.O. Anderson, T.R. Mendoza, V. Valero, S.P. Richman, C. Russell, J. Hurley, C. DeLeon, P. Washington, G. Palos, R. Payne, and C.S. Cleeland Minority cancer patients and their providers Cancer 88 2000 1929 1938
4. A. Avenanti, A. Sirigu, and S.M. Aglioti Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain Curr Biol 20 2010 1018 1022
5. A.I. Balsa, and T.G. McGuire Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as sources of health disparities J Health Econ 22 2003 89 116
6. R.R. Banks, J.L. Eberhardt, and L. Ross Discrimination and implicit bias in a racially unequal society Cal Law Rev 94 2006 1169 1190
7. J.M. Bartfield, R.F. Salluzzo, N. Raccio-Robak, D.L. Funk, and V.P. Verdile Physician and patient factors influencing the treatment of low back pain Pain 73 1997 209 211
8. V.L. Bonham Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: Striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment J Law Med Ethics 28 2001 52 68
9. D.J. Burgess, M. van Ryn, M. Crowley-Matoka, and J. Malat Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in pain treatment: Insights from dual process models of stereotyping Pain Med 7 2006 119 134
10. D.J. Burgess, M. van Ryn, J.F. Dovidio, and S. Saha Reducing racial bias among health care providers: Lessons from social-cognitive psychology J Gen Intern Med 22 2007 882 887
11. C.M. Campbell, and R.R. Edwards Ethnic differences in pain and pain management Pain Manage 2 2012 219 230
12. T.S. Carey, and J. Mills Garrett The relation of race to outcomes and the use of health care services for acute low back pain Spine 28 2003 390 394
13. M. Chen, and J.A. Bargh Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation J Exp Soc Psychol 33 1997 541 560
14. A. Cintron, and R.S. Morrison Pain and ethnicity in the United States: A systematic review J Palliat Med 9 2006 1454 1473
15. L.A. Cooper, D.L. Roter, R.L. Johnson, D.E. Ford, D.M. Steinwachs, and N.R. Powe Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race Ann Intern Med 139 2003 907 915
16. P.G. Devine, P.S. Forscher, A.J. Austin, and W.T.L. Cox Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention J Exp Soc Psychol 48 2012 1267 1278
17. J.F. Dovidio, and S.T. Fiske Under the radar: How unexamined bias in decision-making processed in clinical interaction can contribute to health care disparities Am J Public Health 102 2012 945 952
18. J.F. Dovidio, K. Kawakami, and S.L. Gaertner Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction J Pers Soc Psychol 82 2002 62 68
19. J.F. Dovidio, K. Kawakami, C. Johnson, B. Johnson, and A. Howard On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes J Exp Soc Psychol 33 1997 510 540
20. B.B. Drwecki, C.F. Moore, S.E. Ward, and K.M. Prkachin Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: The role of empathy and perspective-taking Pain 152 2011 1001 1006
21. B.C. Dunton, and R.H. Fazio An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions Pers Soc Psychol Bull 23 1997 316
22. J.L. Eberhardt, P.A. Goff, V.J. Purdie, and P.G. Davies Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing J Pers Soc Psychol 87 2004 876 893
23. R.H. Fazio, and M.A. Olson Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use Ann Rev Psychol 54 2003 297 327
24. H.P. Freeman, and R. Payne Racial injustice in health care N Engl J Med 342 2000 1045 1047
25. G.C. Gamst, C.T.H. Liang, and A. Der-Karabetian Racism- and prejudice-related measures Handbook of Multicultural Measures 2010 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA 251 334
26. P.A. Goff, J.L. Eberhardt, M.J. Williams, and M.C. Jackson Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences J Pers Soc Psychol 94 2008 292
27. A.J. Golby, J.D. Gabrieli, J.Y. Chiao, and J.L. Eberhardt Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces Nat Neurosci 4 2001 845
28. B. Goldman Chronic-pain patients must cope with chronic lack of physician understanding Can Med Assoc J 144 1991 1492
29. C.R. Green, K.O. Anderson, T.A. Baker, L.C. Campbell, S. Decker, R.B. Fillingim, D.A. Kaloukalani, K.E. Lasch, C. Myers, R.C. Tait, K.H. Todd, and A.H. Vallerand The unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain Pain Med 4 2003 277 294
30. A.R. Green, D.R. Carney, D.J. Oallin, L.H. Ngo, K.L. Raymond, L.I. Iezzoni, and M.R. Banaji Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients J Gen Intern Med 22 2007 1231 1238
31. A.G. Greenwald, B.A. Nosek, and M.R. Banaji Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm J Pers Soc Psychol 85 2003 197 216
32. T. Hadjistavropoulos, D. LaChapelle, C. Hale, and F.K. MacLeod Age- and appearance-related stereotypes about patients undergoing a painful medical procedure Pain Clin 12 2000 25 33
33. A.H. Haider, J. Sexton, N.N. Sriram, L.A. Cooper, D.T. Efron, S. Swoboda, C.V. Villegas, E.R. Haut, M. Bonds, P.J. Pronovost, P.A. Lipsett, J.A. Freischlag, and E.E. Cornwell Association of unconscious race and social class bias with vignette-based clinical assessments by medical students J Am Med Assoc 306 2011 942 951
34. G. Hein, G. Silani, K. Preuschoff, C.D. Batson, and T. Singer Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members' suffering predict individual differences in costly helping Neuron 68 2010 149 160
35. A.T. Hirsh, A.F. Alqudah, L.A. Stutts, and M.E. Robinson Virtual human technology: Capturing sex, race, and age influences in individual pain decision policies Pain 140 2008 231 238
36. M. Hodgkins, D. Albert, and L. Daltroy Comparing patients' and their physicians' assessment of pain Pain 23 1987 273 277
37. W. Hofmann, B. Gawronski, T. Gschwendner, H. Le, and M. Schmitt A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures Pers Soc Psychol Bull 31 2005 1369 1385
38. W. Ickes, P.R. Gesn, and T. Graham Gender differences in empathic accuracy: Differential ability or differential motivation? Pers Relationship 7 2000 95 109
39. K. Kawakami, and J.F. Dovidio The reliability of implicit stereotyping Pers Soc Psychol Bull 27 2001 212 225
40. K.J.K. Klein, and S.D. Hodges Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy: When it pays to understand Pers Soc Psychol Bull 27 2001 720 730
41. R.W. Livingston The role of perceived negativity in the moderation of African Americans' implicit and explicit racial attitudes J Exp Soc Psychol 38 2002 405 413
42. L. Marquié, E. Raufaste, D. Lauque, C. Mariné, M. Ecoiffier, and P. Sorum Pain rating by patients and physicians: Evidence of systematic pain miscalibration Pain 102 2003 289 296
43. V. Mathur, J. Paice, and J. Chiao The effects of implicit racial priming on the relationship between trust and empathy for pain J Pain 11 2010 S62
44. V. Mathur, J. Paice, and J. Chiao Independent effects of perceiver race on pain perception and empathy J Pain 13 2012 S105
45. J.B. McConahay Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale J.F. Dovidio, S.L. Gaertner, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 1986 Academic Press San Diego, CA 91 125
46. S.H. Meghani, J.M. Brooks, T. Gipson-Jones, R. Waite, L. Whitfield-Harris, and J.A. Deatrick Patient-provider race-concordance: Does it matter in improving minority patients' health outcomes? Ethnic Health 14 2009 107 130
47. S.H. Meghani, E. Byun, and R.M. Gallagher Time to take stock: A meta-analysis and systematic review of analgesic treatment disparities for pain in the United States Pain Med 13 2012 150 174
48. M.J. Monteith, and C.V. Spicer Contents and correlates of whites' and blacks' racial attitudes J Exp Soc Psychol 36 2000 125 154
49. M. Nunez-Smith, N. Pilgrim, M. Wynia, M.M. Desai, C. Bright, H.M. Krumholz, and E.H. Bradley Health care workplace discrimination and physician turnover J Natl Med Assoc 101 2009 1274 1282
50. B.K. Payne Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon J Pers Soc Psychol 81 2001 181 192
51. M.A. Preis, and B. Kroener-Herwig Empathy for pain: The effects of prior experience and sex Eur J Pain 16 2012 1311 1319
52. J.A. Richeson, S. Trawalter, and J.N. Shelton African Americans' implicit racial attitudes and the depletion of executive function after interracial interactions Soc Cogn 23 2005 336 352
53. L.A. Rudman Sources of implicit attitudes Curr Dir Psychol Sci 13 2004 79 82
54. J.A. Sabin, B.A. Nosek, A.G. Greenwald, and F.P. Rivara Physicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender J Health Care Poor Underserved 20 2009 896 913
55. L.J. Stanton, M. Panda, I. Chen, I. Genao, J. Kurz, M. Pasanen, A.J. Mechaber, M. Menon, J. O'Rorke, J. Wood, E. Rosenberg, C. Faeslis, T. Carey, D. Calleson, and S. Cykert When race matters: Disagreement in pain perception between patients and their physicians in primary care J Natl Med Assoc 99 2007 532 538
56. I. Stepanikova Racial-ethnic biases, time pressure, and medical decisions J Health Soc Behav 53 2012 329 343
57. I. Stepanikova, Q. Zhang, D. Wieland, G.P. Eleazer, and T. Stewart Non-verbal communication between primary care physicians and older patients: How does race matter? J Gen Int Med 27 2012 576 581
58. L.A. Stutts, A.T. Hirsh, S.Z. George, and M.E. Robinson Investigating patient characteristics on pain assessment using virtual human technology Eur J Pain 14 2010 1040 1045
59. J.H. Tamayo-Sarver, N.V. Dawson, S.W. Hinze, R.K. Cydulka, R.S. Wigton, J.M. Albert, S.A. Ibrahim, and D.W. Baker The effects of race/ethnicity and desirable social characteristics on physicians' decisions to prescribe opioid analgesics Acad Emerg Med 10 2003 1239 1248
60. S.H. Thomas, P. Borczuk, J. Shackelford, J. Ostrander, D. Silver, M. Evans, and J. Stein Patient and physician agreement on abdominal pain severity and need for opioid analgesia Am J Emerg Med 17 1999 586 590
61. A.R. Todd, G.V. Bodenhausen, J.A. Richeson, and A.D. Galinsky Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias J Pers Soc Psychol 100 2011 1027 1042
62. K.H. Todd, C. Deaton, A.P. D'Adamo, and L. Goe Ethnicity and analgesic practice Ann Emerg Med 35 2000 11 16
63. K.H. Todd, N. Samaroo, and J.R. Hoffman Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia J Am Med Assoc 269 1993 1537 1539
64. S. Trawalter, K.M. Hoffman, and A. Waytz Racial bias in perceptions of others' pain PLoS One 7 2012 e48546
65. M. van Ryn Research on the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in medical care Med Care 40 2002 140 151
66. M. van Ryn, and J. Burke The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians' perceptions of patients Soc Sci Med 50 2000 813 828
67. L.D. Wandner, C.D. Scipio, A.T. Hirsh, C.A. Torres, and M.E. Robinson The perception of pain in others: How gender, race, and age influence pain expectations J Pain 13 2012 220 227
68. C.S. Weisse, P.C. Sorum, and R.E. Dominguez The influence of gender and race on physicians' pain management decisions J Pain 4 2003 505 510
69. B. Wittenbrink, C.M. Judd, and B. Park Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures J Pers Soc Psychol 72 1997 262 274
70. X. Xu, X. Zuo, X. Wang, and S. Han Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses J Neurosci 29 2009 8525 8529