Retrieval-based learning: Positive effects of retrieval practice in elementary school children

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 7, Issue MAR, 2016, Pages

  Karpicke, Jeffrey D ^a   Blunt, Janell R ^a   Smith, Megan A ^a,b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Individual differences; Learning; Memory; Retrieval practice

Indexed keywords

EID: 84962631005     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00350     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Cortese, M. J., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., et al. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 445-459. doi: 10.3758/BF03193014
2. Bouwmeester, S., and Verkoeijen, P. P. (2011). Why do some children benefit more from testing than others? Gist trace processing to explain the testing effect. J. Mem. Lang. 65, 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.02.005
3. Carpenter, S. K. (2011). Semantic information activated during retrieval contributes to later retention: support for the mediator effectiveness hypothesis of the testing effect. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 37, 1547-1552. doi: 10.1037/a0024140
4. Carpenter, S. K., and DeLosh, E. L. (2005). Application of the testing and spacing effects to name-learning. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 19, 619-636. doi: 10.1002/acp.1101
5. Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., and Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 14, 4-58. doi: 10.1177/1529100612453266
6. Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., Nolan, D., and Singleton, J. (2007). Expanding retrieval practice: an effective aid to preschool children's learning. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 60, 991-1004. doi: 10.1080/17470210600823595
7. Fuchs, L. S., and Fuchs, D. (1992). Identifying a measure for monitoring student reading progress. Sch. Psychol. Rev. 58, 45-58. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1072498
8. Fuchs, L. S., and Fuchs, D. (2011). Using CBM for Progress Monitoring in Reading. Washington, DC: National Center on Student Progress Monitoring.
9. Gates, A. I. (1917). Recitation as a factor in memorizing. Arch. Psychol. 6:104.
10. Gernsbacher, M. A., Varner, K. R., and Faust, M. E. (1990). Investigating differences in general comprehension skill. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 16, 430-445.
11. Goossens, N. A. M. C., Camp, G., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., and Tabbers, H. K. (2014a). The effect of retrieval practice in primary school vocabulary learning. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28, 135-142. doi: 10.1002/acp.2956
12. Goossens, N. A. M. C., Camp, G., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Tabbers, H. K., and Zwaan, R. A. (2014b). The benefit of retrieval practice over elaborative restudy in primary school vocabulary learning. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 3, 177-182. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.05.003
13. Grimaldi, P. J., and Karpicke, J. D. (2012). When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding? Mem. Cogn. 40, 505-513. doi: 10.3758/s13421-011-0174-0
14. Guillery-Girard, B., Martins, S., Deshayes, S., Hertz-Pannier, L., Chiron, C., Jambaque, I., et al. (2013). Developmental trajectories of associative memory from childhood to adulthood: a behavioral and neuroimaging study. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 7:126. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00126
15. Jenkins, J. R., and Jewell, M. (1993). Examining the validity of two measures for formative teaching: reading aloud and maze. Except. Children 59, 421-432.
16. Kail, R., and Hall, L. K. (1994). Processing speed, naming speed, and reading. Dev. Psychol. 30, 949-954. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.949
17. Karpicke, J. D., and Bauernschmidt, A. (2011). Spaced retrieval: absolute spacing enhances learning regardless of relative spacing. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 37, 1250-1257. doi: 10.1037/a0023436
18. Karpicke, J. D., and Blunt, J. B. (2011). Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Science 331, 772-775. doi: 10.1126/science.1199327
19. Karpicke, J. D., Blunt, J. B., Smith, M. S., and Karpicke, S. S. (2014a). Retrieval-based learning: the need for guided retrieval in elementary school children. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 3, 198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.07.008
20. Karpicke, J. D., Lehman, M., and Aue, W. R. (2014b). "Retrieval-based learning: an episodic context account, " in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 61, ed. B. H. Ross (San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press), 237-284.
21. Karpicke, J. D., and Roediger, H. L. (2007). Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention. J. Mem. Lang. 57, 151-162. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12093
22. Karpicke, J. D., and Roediger, H. L. (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science 319, 966-968. doi: 10.1126/science.1152408
23. Karpicke, J. D., and Roediger, H. L. (2010). Is expanding retrieval a superior method for learning text materials? Mem. Cogn. 38, 116-124. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.1.116
24. Karpicke, J. D., and Zaromb, F. M. (2010). Retrieval mode distinguishes the testing effect from the generation effect. J. Mem. Lang. 62, 227-239. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2009.11.010
25. Kornell, N., Hays, M. J., and Bjork, R. A. (2009). Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 35, 989-998. doi: 10.1037/a0015729
26. Kucera, H., and Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational Analysis of Present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
27. Kuperman, V., Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., and Brysbaert, M. (2012). Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30, 000 English words. Behav. Res. Methods 44, 978-990. doi: 10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4
28. Lehman, M., Smith, M. A., and Karpicke, J. D. (2014). Toward an episodic context account of retrieval-based learning: dissociating retrieval practice and elaboration. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 40, 1787-1794. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000012
29. Marsh, E. J., Fazio, L. K., and Goswick, A. E. (2012). Memorial consequences of testing school-aged children. Memory 20, 899-906. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.708757
30. McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., and Einstein, G. O. (2009). The read-recite-review study strategy: effective and portable. Psychol. Sci. 20, 516-522. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02325.x
31. McNamara, D. S., and Magliano, J. (2009). Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 51, 297-384. doi: 10.1016/S0079-7421(09)51009-2
32. Poole, B. J., and Kane, M. J. (2009). Working-memory capacity predicts the executive control of visual search among distractors: the influences of sustained and selective attention. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 62, 1430-1454. doi: 10.1080/17470210802479329
33. Posnansky, C. J. (1978). Category norms for verbal items in 25 categories for children in Grades 2-6. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. 10, 819-832. doi: 10.3758/BF03205407
34. Pressley, M., and Harris, K. R. (2006). "Cognitive strategies instruction: from basic research to classroom instruction, " in Handbook of Educational Psychology, 2nd Edn, eds P. A. Alexander and P. H. Winne (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 265-286.
35. Pressley, M., and Hilden, K. (2006). "Cognitive strategies, " in Handbook of Child Psychology, Cognition, Perception, and Language, 6th Edn, Vol. 2, eds D. Kuhn, R. S. Siegler, W. Damon, and R. M. Lerner (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley), 511-556.
36. Pyc, M. A., and Rawson, K. A. (2009). Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory? J. Mem. Lang. 60, 437-447. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2009.01.004
37. Pyc, M. A., and Rawson, K. A. (2010). Why testing improves memory: mediator effectiveness hypothesis. Science 330, 335-335. doi: 10.1126/science.1191465
38. Roediger, H. L., Agarwal, P. K., McDaniel, M. A., and McDermott, K. B. (2011). Test-enhanced learning in the classroom: Long-term improvements from quizzing. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 17, 382-395. doi: 10.1037/a0026252
39. Roediger, H. L., and Karpicke, J. D. (2006a). The power of testing memory: basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 1, 181-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x
40. Roediger, H. L., and Karpicke, J. D. (2006b). Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychol. Sci. 17, 249-255. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
41. Roediger, H. L. III, and Marsh, E. J. (2005). The positive and negative consequences of multiple choice testing. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 31, 1155-1159.
42. Rohrer, D., Taylor, K., and Sholar, B. (2010). Tests enhance the transfer of learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 36, 233-239. doi: 10.1037/a0017678
43. Spitzer, H. F. (1939). Studies in retention. J. Educ. Psychol. 30, 641-656. doi: 10.1037/h0063404
44. Tilstra, J., McMaster, K., Van den Broek, P., Kendeou, P., and Rapp, D. (2009). Simple but complex: components of the simple view of reading across grade levels. J. Res. Read. 32, 383-401. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01401.x
45. Woodcock, R. W., and Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability. Allen, TX: DLM Teaching Resources.