More Than Meets the Eye: Split-Second Social Perception

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 362-374

  Freeman, Jonathan B ^a   Johnson, Kerri L ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

computational models; face processing; neuroimaging; person perception; stereotypes; top down effects

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; COGNITIVE SYSTEMS; COMPUTATION THEORY; COMPUTATIONAL METHODS; INTEGRATION; NEUROIMAGING; VISION;

COGNITIVE FACTORS; COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; FACE PROCESSING; FLEXIBLE INTEGRATION; ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX; SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES; STEREOTYPES; TOP DOWN EFFECTS;

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS;

BRAIN REGION; DECISION MAKING; FACE; FACIES; FUSIFORM GYRUS; HUMAN; MODEL; ORBITAL CORTEX; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PUBLIC FIGURE; STEREOTYPY; VISION; BIOLOGY; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CONCEPT FORMATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPING;

BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; CONCEPT FORMATION; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84962054156     PISSN: 13646613     EISSN: 1879307X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Brewer, M.B., A dual process model of impression formation. Srull, T.K., Wyer, R.S., (eds.) A Dual-Process Model of Impression Formation: Advances in Social Cognition, 1988, Erlbaum, 1–36.
2. Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Social cognition: thinking categorically about others. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51 (2000), 93–120.
3. Fiske, S.T., Neuberg, S.L., A continuum model of impression formation from category-based to individuating processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 23 (1990), 1–74.
4. Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., A dynamic interactive theory of person construal. Psychol. Rev. 118 (2011), 247–279.
5. Adams, R.B., et al. The Science of Social Vision. 2011, Oxford University Press.
6. Balcetis, E., Lassiter, D., The Social Psychology of Visual Perception. 2010, Psychology Press.
7. Kunda, Z., Thagard, P., Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: a parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychol. Rev. 103 (1996), 284–308.
8. Freeman, J.B., et al. Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 137 (2008), 673–690.
9. Freeman, J.B., et al. Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46 (2010), 179–185.
10. Mason, M.F., et al. On construing others: category and stereotype activation from facial cues. Soc. Cogn. 24 (2006), 540–562.
11. Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., Motions of the hand expose the partial and parallel activation of stereotypes. Psychol. Sci. 20 (2009), 1183–1188.
12. Blair, I.V., et al. The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: judging by features and categories. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83 (2002), 5–25.
13. Livingston, R.W., Brewer, M.B., What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82 (2002), 5–18.
14. Blair, I.V., et al. The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Psychol. Sci. 15 (2004), 674–679.
15. Eberhardt, J.L., et al. Looking deathworthy perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychol. Sci. 17 (2006), 383–386.
16. Johnson, K.L., et al. Emergent research in social vision: an integrated approach to the determinants and consequences of social categorization. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass 9 (2015), 15–30.
17. Hehman, E., et al. Early processing of gendered facial cues predicts the electoral success of female politicians. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 5 (2014), 815–824.
18. Carpinella, C.M., et al. The gendered face of partisan politics: consequences of facial sex typicality for vote choice. Political Commun., 2015, 1–18.
19. Nosek, B.A., et al. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics. Theory Res. Pract., 6, 2002, 101.
20. Freeman, J.B., et al. A perceptual pathway to bias: interracial exposure reduces abrupt shifts in real-time race perception that predict mixed-race bias. Psychol. Sci., 2016, 10.1177/0956797615627418 Published online March 14, 2016.
21. Freeman, J.B., et al. Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 36 (2010), 1318–1331.
22. Lick, D.J., Johnson, K.L., Fluency of visual processing explains prejudiced evaluations following categorization of concealable identities. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49 (2013), 419–425.
23. Lick, D.J., Johnson, K.L., Recalibrating gender perception: face aftereffects and the perceptual underpinnings of gender-related biases. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 143, 2014, 1259.
24. Lick, D.J., Johnson, K.L., The interpersonal consequences of processing ease fluency as a metacognitive foundation for prejudice. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24 (2015), 143–148.
25. Freeman, J.B., et al. Looking the part: social status cues shape race perception. PLoS ONE, 6, 2011, e25107.
26. Johnson, K.L., et al. He throws like a girl (but only when he's sad): emotion affects sex-decoding of biological motion displays. Cognition 119 (2011), 265–280.
27. Caruso, E.M., et al. Political partisanship influences perception of biracial candidates’ skin tone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (2009), 20168–20173.
28. Ratner, K.G., et al. Visualizing minimal ingroup and outgroup faces: implications for impressions, attitudes, and behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 106, 2014, 897.
29. Krosch, A.R., Amodio, D.M., Economic scarcity alters the perception of race. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (2014), 9079–9084.
30. Freeman, J.B., et al. The neural origins of superficial and individuated judgments about ingroup and outgroup members. Hum. Brain Mapp. 31 (2010), 150–159.
31. Anderson, E., et al. The visual impact of gossip. Science 332 (2011), 1446–1448.
32. Tskhay, K.O., Rule, N.O., Semantic information influences race categorization from faces. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 2015 0146167215579053.
33. Hugenberg, K., Bodenhausen, G.V., Ambiguity in social categorization: the role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization. Psychol. Sci. 15 (2004), 342–345.
34. Ho, A.K., et al. Status boundary enforcement and the categorization of black–white biracials. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49 (2013), 940–943.
35. Freeman, J.B., et al. The neural basis of contextual influences on face categorization. Cereb. Cortex 25 (2015), 415–422.
36. Freeman, J.B., et al. Influences of culture and visual context on real-time social categorization. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49 (2013), 206–210.
37. Krosch, A.R., et al. On the ideology of hypodescent: political conservatism predicts categorization of racially ambiguous faces as Black. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49 (2013), 1196–1203.
38. Bodenhausen, G.V., Macrae, C.N., Stereotype activation and inhibition. Wyer, R.S. Jr, (eds.) Stereotype Activation and Inhibition, 1998, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1–52.
39. Macrae, C.N., et al. The dissection of selection in person perception: inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69 (1995), 397–407.
40. Freeman, J.B., et al. Finger in flight reveals parallel categorization across multiple social dimensions. Soc. Cogn. 31 (2013), 792–805.
41. Freeman, J.B., Abrupt category shifts during real-time person perception. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 21 (2014), 85–92.
42. Hehman, E., et al. The neural basis of stereotypic impact on multiple social categorization. Neuroimage 101 (2014), 704–711.
43. Freeman, J.B., et al. Hand in motion reveals mind in motion. Front. Psychol., 2, 2011, 59.
44. Song, J.H., Nakayama, K., Hidden cognitive states revealed in choice reaching tasks. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13 (2009), 360–366.
45. Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., MouseTracker: software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method. Behav. Res. Methods 42 (2010), 226–241.
46. Rule, N.O., et al. On the interactive influence of facial appearance and explicit knowledge in social categorization. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 44 (2014), 529–535.
47. Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., Hand movements reveal the time-course of shape and pigmentation processing in social categorization. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 18 (2011), 705–712.
48. Johnson, K.L., et al. Race is gendered: how covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102 (2012), 116–131.
49. Martens, M.A., et al. Continuous cognitive dynamics of the evaluation of trustworthiness in Williams syndrome. Front. Psychol., 3, 2012, 160.
50. Carpinella, C.M., et al. Gendered facial cues influence race categorizations. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 41 (2015), 405–419.
51. Galinsky, A.D., et al. Gendered races implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation. Psychol. Sci. 24 (2013), 498–506.
52. Hess, U., et al. Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression. Emotion 4 (2004), 378–388.
53. Kringelbach, M.L., Rolls, E.T., The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Prog. Neurobiol. 72 (2004), 341–372.
54. Ding, S.L., et al. Parcellation of human temporal polar cortex: a combined analysis of multiple cytoarchitectonic, chemoarchitectonic, and pathological markers. J. Comp. Neurol. 514 (2009), 595–623.
55. Kanwisher, N., Yovel, G., The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 361 (2006), 2109–2128.
56. Rotshtein, P., et al. Morphing Marilyn into Maggie dissociates physical and identity face representations in the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005), 107–113.
57. Freeman, J.B., et al. The neural basis of categorical face perception: Graded representations of face gender in fusiform and orbitofrontal cortices. Cereb. Cortex 20 (2010), 1314–1322.
58. Contreras, J.M., et al. Multivoxel patterns in fusiform face area differentiate faces by sex and race. PLoS ONE, 8, 2013, e69684.
59. Wegrzyn, M., et al. Investigating the brain basis of facial expression perception using multi-voxel pattern analysis. Cortex 69 (2015), 131–140.
60. Ratner, K.G., et al. Is race erased? Decoding race from patterns of neural activity when skin color is not diagnostic of group boundaries. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8 (2013), 750–755.
61. Brosch, T., et al. Implicit race bias decreases the similarity of neural representations of black and white faces. Psychol. Sci. 24 (2013), 160–166.
62. Kaul, C., et al. Dynamic representations of race: processing goals shape race decoding in the fusiform gyri. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 9 (2014), 326–332.
63. Van Bavel, J.J., et al. The neural substrates of in-group bias a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Psychol. Sci. 19 (2008), 1131–1139.
64. Haxby, J.V., et al. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 (2000), 223–233.
65. Kok, P., et al. Less is more: expectation sharpens representations in the primary visual cortex. Neuron 75 (2012), 265–270.
66. Gilbert, C.D., Sigman, M., Brain states: top-down influences in sensory processing. Neuron 54 (2007), 677–696.
67. Li, W., et al. Perceptual learning and top-down influences in primary visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004), 651–657.
68. Summerfield, C., et al. Predictive codes for forthcoming perception in the frontal cortex. Science 314 (2006), 1311–1314.
69. Summerfield, C., Egner, T., Expectation (and attention) in visual cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13 (2009), 403–409.
70. McClelland, J.L., Rumelhart, D.E., An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception. Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychol. Rev. 88 (1981), 375–407.
71. Bar, M., Visual objects in context. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004), 617–629.
72. Freeman, J.B., et al. The neural basis of contextual influences on face categorization. Cereb. cortex 25 (2015), 415–422.
73. Bar, M., et al. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006), 449–454.
74. Kveraga, K., et al. Magnocellular projections as the trigger of top-down facilitation in recognition. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007), 13232–13240.
75. Mitchell, J.P., et al. Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002), 15238–15243.
76. Milne, E., Grafman, J., Ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping. J. Neurosci., 21, 2001, RC150.
77. Knutson, K.M., et al. Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28 (2007), 915–930.
78. Patterson, K., et al. Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (2007), 976–987.
79. Olson, I.R., et al. Social cognition and the anterior temporal lobes: a review and theoretical framework. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8 (2012), 123–133.
80. Zahn, R., et al. Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007), 6430–6435.
81. Ross, L.A., Olson, I.R., What's unique about unique entities? An fMRI investigation of the semantics of famous faces and landmarks. Cereb. Cortex 22 (2012), 2005–2015.
82. Eifuku, S., et al. Neural correlates of associative face memory in the anterior inferior temporal cortex of monkeys. J. Neurosci. 30 (2010), 15085–15096.
83. Gallate, J., et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation reduces prejudice scores on an implicit association test. Neuropsychology, 25, 2011, 185.
84. Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., When two become one: temporally dynamic integration of the face and voice. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47 (2011), 259–263.
85. Campanella, S., Belin, P., Integrating face and voice in person perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11 (2007), 535–543.
86. Burton, A.M., et al. The Glasgow face matching test. Behav. Res. Methods 42 (2010), 286–291.
87. Spivey, M.J., Dale, R., Continuous dynamics in real-time cognition. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 15 (2006), 207–211.
88. Freeman, J.B., et al. The real-time link between person perception and action: Brain potential evidence for dynamic continuity. Soc. Neurosci. 6 (2011), 139–155.
89. Cisek, P., Kalaska, J.F., Neural correlates of reaching decisions in dorsal premotor cortex: specification of multiple direction choices and final selection of action. Neuron 45 (2005), 801–814.
90. Sullivan, N., et al. Dietary self-control is related to the speed with which attributes of healthfulness and tastiness are processed. Psychol. Sci. 26 (2015), 122–134.
91. Stolier, R.M. and Freeman, J.B. Neural pattern similarity reveals the inherent intersection of social categories. Nature Neurosci. (in press).