Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Reduces Prejudice Scores on an Implicit Association Test

Neuropsychology

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 185-192

  Gallate, Jason ^a   Wong, Cara ^a   Ellwood, Sophie ^a   Chi, Richard ^a   Snyder, Allan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Implicit association test (IAT); Left anterior temporal lobe (LATL); Prejudice; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); Right anterior temporal lobe (RATL)

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEMANTIC DEMENTIA; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STANDARDIZATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TEMPORAL LOBE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; TEMPORAL LOBE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952580806     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0021102     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice 1979, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.
2. Amodio D.M., Devine P.G. Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:652-661.
3. Beer J.S., Stallen M., Lombardo M.V., Gonsalkorale K., Cunningham W.A., Sherman J.W. The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice. Neuroimage 2008, 43(4):775-783.
4. Boggio P.S., Fregni F., Valasek C., Ellwood S., Chi R., Gallate J., Snyder A. Temporal lobe cortical electrical stimulation during the encoding and retrieval phase reduces false memories. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4959.
5. Brewer M.B., Miller N. Beyond the contact hypothesis: theoretical perspectives on desegregation. Groups in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation 1984, Academic, Orlando, FL. N. Miller, M.B. Brewer (Eds.).
6. Chan D., Fox N.C., Scahill R.I., Crum W.R., Whitwell J.L., Leschziner G., Rossor M.N. Patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 2001, 49(4):433-442.
7. Channon S., Crawford S. The effects of anterior lesions on performance on a story comprehension test: Left anterior impairment on a theory of mind-type task. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38(7):1006-1017.
8. Dolan R.J., Lane R., Chua P., Fletcher P. Dissociable temporal lobe activations during emotional episodic memory retrieval. NeuroImage 2000, 11:203-209.
9. Edwards-Lee T., Miller B.L., Benson D.F., Cummings J.L., Russell G.L., Boone K., Mena I. The temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 1997, 120(6):1027.
10. Fuggetta G., Rizzo S., Pobric G., Lavidor M., Walsh V. Functional representation of living and nonliving domains across the cerebral hemispheres: A combined event-related potential/transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, 21:403-414.
11. Gainotti G. Different patterns of famous people recognition disorders in patients with right and left anterior temporal lesions: A systematic review. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:1591-1607.
12. Gallate J., Chi R., Ellwood S., Snyder A. Reducing false memories by magnetic pulse stimulation. Neuroscience Letters 2009, 449:151-154.
13. Gozzi, M., Raymont, V., Solomon, J., Koenigs, M., & Grafman, J. (2009). Dissociable effects of prefrontal and anterior temporal cortical lesions of stereotypical gender attitudes. Neuropsychologia (in press, accepted April 5, 2009).
14. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1464-1480.
15. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. an improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:197-216.
16. Herwig U., Satrapi P., Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Using the international 10-20 system for positioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Topography 2003, 16:95-99.
17. Jefferies E., Lambon Ralph M.A. Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia: A case-series comparison. Brain 2006, 129(8):2132.
18. Karpinski A., Hilton J.L. Attitudes and the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:774-788.
19. Keel J.C., Smith M.J., Wassermann E.M. A safety screening questionnaire for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 2001, 112:720.
20. Lambon Ralph M.A., Pobric G., Jefferies E. Conceptual knowledge is underpinned by the temporal pole bilaterally: Convergent evidence from rTMS. Cerebral Cortex 2009, 19(4):832.
21. Liu W., Miller B.L., Kramer J.H., Rankin K., Wyss-Coray C., Gearhart R., Rosen H.J. Behavioral disorders in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2004, 62(5):742-748.
22. Medin D.L., Smith E.E. Concepts and concept formation. Annual Review of Psychology 1984, 35:113-138.
23. Mierke J., Klauer K.C. Implicit association measurement with the IAT: Evidence for effects of executive control processes. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie 2001, 48(2):107-122.
24. Miller B.L., Boone K., Cummings J.L., Read S.L., Mishkin F. Functional correlates of musical and visual ability in frontotemporal dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 176:458-463.
25. Miller B.L., Cummings J., Mishkin F., Boone K., Prince F., Ponton M., Cotman C. Emergence of artistic talent in fronto-temporal dementia. Neurology 1998, 51:978-982.
26. Mummery C.J., Patterson K., Price C.J., Ashburner J., Frackowiak R.S.J., Hodges J.R. A voxel based morphometry study of semantic dementia: The relationship between temporal lobe atrophy and semantic dementia. Annals of Neurology 2000, 47:36-45.
27. Mummery C.J., Patterson K., Wise R.J.S., Vandenbergh R., Price C.J., Hodges J.R. Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia. Brain 1999, 122(1):61.
28. Noppeney U., Patterson K., Tyler L.K., Moss H., Stamatakis E.A., Bright P., Mummery C., Price C.J. Temporal lobe lesions and semantic impairment: A comparison of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and semantic dementia. Brain 2007, 130:1138-1147.
29. Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31(2):166-180.
30. Oliveri M., Romero L., Papagno C. Left but not right temporal involvement in opaque idiom comprehension: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2004, 16:848-855.
31. Olson I.R., Plotzker A., Ezzyat Y. The enigmatic temporal pole: A review of findings on social and emotional processing. Brain 2007, 130:1718-1731.
32. Oswald D.L. Understanding anti-Arab reactions post-9/11: The role of threats, social categories, and personal ideologies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:1775-1799.
33. Phelps E.A., Cannistraci C.J., Cunningham W.A. Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:203-308.
34. Pobric G., Jeffries E., Lambon Ralph M.A. Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation: Mimicking semantic dementia by using rTMS in normal participants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2007, 104:20137-20141.
35. Pobric G., Lambon Ralph M.A., Jeffries E. The role of the anterior temporal lobes in the comprehension of concrete and abstract words: rTMS evidence. Cortex 2009, 45(9):1104-1110. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.006.
36. Richeson J.A., Baird A.A., Gordon H.L., Heatherton T.F., Wyland C.L., Trawalter S., Shelton J.N. An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6(12):1323-1328.
37. Rogers T.T., Lambon Ralph M.A., Garrard P., Bozeat S., McClelland J.L., Hodges J.R., Patterson K. Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: A neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychological Review 2004, 111(1):205-234.
38. Rothermund K., Wentura D. Underlying processes in the implicit association test: Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General 2004, 133(2):139-165.
39. Ryan C.S., Park B., Judd C.M. Assessing stereotype accuracy: Implications for understanding the stereotyping process. Stereotypes and Stereotyping 1996, The Guilford Press, New York, NY. C.N. Macrae, C. Stangor, M. Hewstone (Eds.).
40. Smith-McLallen A., Johnson B.T., Dovidio J.F., Pearson A.R. Black and white: The role of color bias in implicit race bias. Social Cognition 2006, 24(1):46-73.
41. Snyder A. Explaining and inducing savant skills: Privileged access to lower level, less-processed information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2009, Published online. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0290.
42. Snyder A., Bossomaier T., Mitchell D.J. Concept formation: " object" attributes dynamically inhibited from conscious awareness. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 2004, 3:31-46.
43. Stanley D., Phelps E., Banaji M. The neural basis of implicit attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2008, 17:164-170.
44. Stephan W.G., Stephan C.W. An integrated threat theory of prejudice. Reducing prejudice & discrimination 2000, 23-45. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. S. Oskamp (Ed.).
45. Tobena A., Marks I., Dar R. Advantages of bias and prejudice: An exploration of their neurocognitive templates. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews 1999, 23:1047-1058.
46. Treffert D.A. Extraordinary people: Understanding Savant Syndrome 2006, Ballantine Books, New York.
47. Utsey S.O., Joseph G.P., Jerlym S. Prejudice and racism, year 2008 - still going strong: Research on reducing prejudice with recommended methodological advances. Journal of Counselling and Development 2008, 86:339-347.