Gendered Facial Cues Influence Race Categorizations

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 405-419

  Carpinella, Colleen M ^a   Chen, Jacqueline M ^b   Hamilton, David L ^c   Johnson, Kerri L ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

gender; person perception; race perception; social categorization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922759741     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167214567153     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Allport G. W.The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1954:
2. Bargh J. A.Dual process theories in social psychology. Chaiken S.Trope Y., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999:361-382.
3. Becker D. V.,Kenrick D. T.,Neuberg S. L.,Blackwell K. C.,Smith D. M.The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:179-190
4. Bem S.The measurement of psychological androgyny.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974;42:155-162
5. Biernat M.,Sesko A. K.Evaluating the contributions of members of mixed-sex work teams: Race and gender matter.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013;49:471-476
6. Blanz V.,Vetter T.Proceedings of the 26th Annual SIGGRAPH Meeting. Los Angeles, CA: Addison-Wesley; 1999:187-194.
7. Blanz V.,Vetter T.Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2003;25:1063-1074
8. Carpinella C. M.,Johnson K. L.Appearance-based politics: Sex-typed facial cues communicate political party affiliation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013;49:156-160
9. Chen J. M.,Hamilton D. L.Natural ambiguities: Racial categorization of multiracial individuals.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2012;48:152-164
10. ChiaoJ.AmbadyN. (2001). Emotional expressions in White, Black, and Asian faces. Unpublished set of photographs.
11. Devine P. G.Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989;56:5-18
12. Devine P. G.,Elliot A. J.Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1995;21:1139-1150
13. Devos T.,Banaji M. R.American=White?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:447-466
14. Dovidio P. G.,Evans N.,Tyler R. P.Racial stereotypes: The content of their cognitive representations.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1986;22:22-37
15. Eagly A. H.,Kite M. E.Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987;53:451-462
16. Fazio R. H.,Dunton B. C.Categorization by race: The impact of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1997;33:451-470
17. Fitzmaurice G. M.,Laird N. M.,Ware J. H.Applied longitudinal analysis. New York, NY: Wiley; 2004:
18. Freeman J. B.,Ambady N.A dynamic interactive theory of person construal.Psychological Review. 2011;118:247-279
19. Freeman J. B.,Johnson K. L.,Adams R. B.,Ambady N.The social–sensory interface: Category interactions in person perception.Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2012;6:1-13
20. Fryberg S. A.,Townsend S. S. M.Commemorating Brown: The social psychology of racism and discrimination. Adams G.Biernat M.Branscombe N.Crandall C. S.Wrightsman L. W., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2008:173-193.
21. Galinsky A. D.,Hall E. V.,Cuddy A. J. C.Gendered Races: Implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation.Psychological Science. 2013;24:498-506
22. Ghavami N.,Peplau L. A.An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes testing three hypotheses.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2013;37:113-127
23. Gilbert D. T.,Hixon J. G.The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:509-517
24. Goff P. A.,Thomas M. A.,Jackson M. C.“Ain’t I a woman?” Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms.Sex Roles. 2008;59:392-403
25. Grant P. R.,Holmes J. G.The integration of implicit personality theory schemas and stereotype images.Social Psychology Quarterly. 1981;44:107-115
26. Hess U.,Adams R. B.,Grammer K.,Kleck R. E.Face gender and emotion expression: Are angry women more like men?.Journal of Vision. 2009;9:1-8
27. Hess U.,Adams R. B.,Kleck R. E.Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression.Emotion. 2004;4:378-388
28. Ho A. K.,Sidanius J.,Levin D. T.,Banaji M. R.Evidence for hypodescent and racial hierarchy in the categorization and perception of biracial individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011;100:492-506
29. Ho C.,Jackson J. W.Attitudes toward Asian Americans: Theory and measurement.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2001;31:1553-1581
30. Hopper W. J.,Finklea K. M.,Winkielman P.,Huber D. E.Measuring sexual dimorphism with a race-gender face space.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2014;40:1779-1788
31. Hugenberg K.,Bodenhausen G. V.Ambiguity in social categorization: The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization.Psychological Science. 2004;15:342-345
32. Ito T. A.,Urland G. R.Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:616-626
33. Johnson K. L.,Carpinella C. M.Social thinking and interpersonal behavior: Proceedings of the 14th Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology. Forgas J.Fiedler K.Sedikides C., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2012:201-220.
34. Johnson K. L.,Freeman J. B.The social psychology of visual perception. Balcetis E.Lassiter D., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2010:253-272.
35. Johnson K. L.,Freeman J. B.,Pauker K.Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012;102:116-131
36. Johnson K. L.,Ghavami N.At the crossroads of conspicuous and concealable: What race categories communicate about sexual orientation.PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e18025
37. Johnson K. L.,Lick D. J.,Carpinella C. M.Emergent research in social vision: An integrated approach to the determinants and consequences of social categorization.Social & Personality Psychology Compass. in press;:
38. Johnson K. L.,McKay L. S.,Pollick F. E.He throws like a girl (but only when he’s sad): Emotion affects sex-decoding of biological motion displays.Cognition. 2011;119:265-280
39. Lick D. J.,Johnson K. L.Fluency of visual processing explains prejudiced evaluations following categorizations of concealable stigmas.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013;49:419-425
40. Lick D. J.,Johnson K. L.The interpersonal consequences of processing ease: Fluency as a metacognitive foundation for prejudice.Current Directions in Psychological Science. in press;:
41. Matsumoto D.,Ekman P.Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE). San Francisco, CA: Author; 1988:
42. Miller S. L.,Maner J. K.,Becker D. V.Self-protective biases in group categorization: Threat cues shape the psychological boundary between “us” and “them.”.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;99:62-77
43. Minear M.,Park D. C.A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 2004;36:630-633
44. Muller D.,Judd C. M.,Yzerbyt V. Y.When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:852-863
45. Neuberg S. L.,Sng O.A life history theory of social perception: Stereotyping at the intersections of age, sex, ecology (and race).Social Cognition. 2013;31:696-711
46. Plant E. A.,Kling K. C.,Smith G. L.The influence of gender and social role on the interpretation of facial expressions.Sex Roles. 2004;51:187-196
47. Pratto F.,Sidanius J.,Levin S.Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward.European Review of Social Psychology. 2006;17:271-320
48. Purdie-Vaughns V.,Eibach R. P.Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities.Sex Roles. 2008;59:377-391
49. Quinn K. A.,Macrae C. N.Categorizing others: The dynamics of person construal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:467-479
50. Rydell R. J.,Hamilton D. L.,Devos T.Now they are American, now they are not: Valence as a determinant of the inclusion of African Americans in the American identity.Social Cognition. 2010;28:161-179
51. Sinclair L.,Kunda Z.Reactions to a black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77:885-904
52. Spence J. T.,Helmreich R.,Strapp J.The personal attributes questionnaire: A measure of sex-role stereotypes and masculinity femininity.JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 1974;4:1-42
53. Stroessner S. J.Social categorization by race or sex: Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times.Social Cognition. 1996;14:247-276
54. Tajfel H.Cognitive aspects of prejudice.Journal of Social Issues. 1969;25:79-97
55. Tottenham N.,Tanaka J.,Leon A. C.,McCarry T.,Nurse M.,Hare T. A.,..Nelson C.The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants.Psychiatry Research. 2009;168:242-249
56. Zárate M. A.,Smith E. R.Person categorization and stereotyping.Social Cognition. 1990;8:161-185
57. Zebrowitz L. A.,Fellous J. M.,Mignault A.,Andreoletti C.Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: Evidence from connectionist modeling.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2003;7:194-215
58. Zebrowitz L. A.,Kikuchi M.,Fellous J. M.Facial resemblance to emotions: Group differences, impression effects, and race stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010;98:175-189