Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs on gastric cancer

Oncotarget

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 8601-8612

  Li, Tianwen ^a   Mo, Xiaoyan ^a   Fu, Liyun ^a,b   Xiao, Bingxiu ^a   Guo, Junming ^a  

^a NINGBO UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b NINGBO NO 2 HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

ceRNA; Gastric cancer; Gene expression; LncRNA; miRNA

Indexed keywords

BC032469; CDKN2B ANTISENSE RNA 1; COLON CANCER ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT 1; COMPETITIVE ENDOGENOUS RNA; DNA; DOUBLE STRANDED DNA; FORKHEAD BOX F1 ADJACENT NON CODING DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATORY RNA; GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA PREDICTIVE LINCRNA; GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT 3; GASTRIC CARCINOMA PROLIFERATION ENHANCING TRANSCRIPT 1; GROWTH ARREST SPECIFIC 5; HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; MATERNALLY EXPRESSED 3; MESSENGER RNA; METASTASIS ASSOCIATED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA TRANSCRIPT 1; MICRORNA; MYC PROTEIN; PLASMA CYTOMA VARIANT TRANSLOCATION 1; PROTEIN P53; RNA; RNA BINDING PROTEIN; RNA H19; TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION INDUCING NON PROTEIN CODING RNA; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CANDIDATE 7; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BASE PAIRING; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CARCINOGENICITY; COMPLEX FORMATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA RNA HYBRIDIZATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN RNA BINDING; RNA SPLICING; RNA STABILITY; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH CARCINOGENESIS; TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION; ANIMAL; GENETICS; STOMACH TUMOR;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; RNA, LONG NONCODING; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84961661664     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19492553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6926     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Rinn JL, Chang HY. Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Annu Rev Biochem. 2012; 81: 145-166
2. Di Gesualdo F, Capaccioli S, Lulli M. A pathophysiological view of the long non-coding RNA world. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 10976-10996. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2770
3. Qi P, Du X. The long non-coding RNAs, a new cancer diagnostic and therapeutic gold mine. Mod Pathol. 2013; 26: 155-165
4. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015; 65: 87-108
5. Song H, Sun W, Ye G, Ding X, Liu Z, Zhang S, Xia T, Xiao B, Xi Y, Guo J. Long non-coding RNA expression profile in human gastric cancer and its clinical significances. J Transl Med. 2013; 11: 225
6. Li H, Yu B, Li J, Su L, Yan M, Zhang J, Li C, Zhu Z, Liu B. Characterization of differentially expressed genes involved in pathways associated with gastric cancer. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0125013
7. Mei D, Song H, Wang K, Lou Y, Sun W, Liu Z, Ding X, Guo J. Up-regulation of SUMO1 pseudogene 3 (SUMO1P3) in gastric cancer and its clinical association. Med Oncol. 2013; 30: 709
8. Zhu S, Mao J, Shao Y, Chen F, Zhu X, Xu D, Zhang X, Guo J. Reduced expression of the long non-coding RNA AI364715 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol. 2015; 36: 8041-8045
9. Li Q, Shao Y, Zhang X, Zheng T, Miao M, Qin L, Wang B, Ye G, Xiao B, Guo J. Plasma long noncoding RNA protected by exosomes as a potential stable biomarker for gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014; 36: 2007-2012
10. Shao Y, Chen H, Jiang X, Chen S, Li P, Ye M, Li Q, Sun W, Guo J. Low expression of lncRNA-HMlincRNA717 in human gastric cancer and its clinical significances. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35: 9591-9595
11. Xu C, Shao Y, Xia T, Yang Y, Dai J, Luo L, Zhang X, Sun W, Song H, Xiao B, Guo J. LncRNA-AC130710 targeting by miR-129-5p is upregulated in gastric cancer and associates with poor prognosis. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35: 9701-9706
12. Lin X, Yang M, Xia T, Guo J. Increased expression of long noncoding RNA ABHD11-AS1 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Med Oncol. 2014; 31: 42
13. Pang Q, Ge J, Shao Y, Sun W, Song H, Xia T, Xiao B, Guo J. Increased expression of long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00152 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35: 5441-5447
14. Shao Y, Ye M, Jiang X, Sun W, Ding X, Liu Z, Ye G, Zhang X, Xiao B, Guo J. Gastric juice long noncoding RNA used as a tumor marker for screening gastric cancer. Cancer. 2014; 120: 3320-3328
15. Wan X, Ding X, Chen S, Song H, Jiang H, Fang Y, Li P, Guo J. The functional sites of miRNAs and lncRNAs in gastric carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol. 2015; 36: 521-532
16. Sun W, Wu Y, Yu X, Liu Y, Song H, Xia T, Xiao B, Guo J. Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA AC096655.1-002 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol. 2013; 34: 2697-2701
17. Liu Z, Shao Y, Tan L, Shi H, Chen S, Guo J. Clinical significance of the low expression of FER1L4 in gastric cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35: 9613-9617
18. Hu Y, Wang J, Qian J, Kong X, Tang J, Wang Y, Chen H, Hong J, Zou W, Chen Y, Xu J, Fang JY. Long noncoding RNA GAPLINC regulates CD44-dependent cell invasiveness and associates with poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 6890-6902
19. Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Hur K, Toden S, Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M, Boland CR, Goel A. Metastasis-associated long non-coding RNA drives gastric cancer development and promotes peritoneal metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2014; 35: 2731-2739
20. Endo H, Shiroki T, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama M, Tamai K, Yamanami H, Fujiya T, Sato I, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka N, Iijima K, Shimosegawa T, Sugamura K, et al. Enhanced expression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is associated with the development of gastric cancer. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e77070
21. Zhang ZZ, Shen ZY, Shen YY, Xu J, Zhao EH, Wang M, Wang CJ, Cao H. HOTAIR long noncoding RNA promotes gastric cancer metastasis through suppression of Poly r(C) Binding Protein (PCBP) 1. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015; 14: 1162-1170
22. Xu TP, Huang MD, Xia R, Liu XX, Sun M, Yin L, Chen WM, Han L, Zhang EB, Kong R, De W, Shu YQ. Decreased expression of the long non-coding RNA FENDRR is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer and FENDRR regulates gastric cancer cell metastasis by affecting fibronectin1 expression. J Hematol Oncol. 2014; 7: 63
23. Chen F, Tian Y, Pang EJ, Wang Y, Li L. MALAT2-activated long noncoding RNA indicates a biomarker of poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2015; doi: 10.1038/cgt.2015.6
24. Yan Y, Shen Z, Gao Z, Cao J, Yang Y, Wang B, Shen C, Mao S, Jiang K, Ye Y, Wang S. Long noncoding ribonucleic acid specific for distant metastasis of gastric cancer is associated with TRIM16 expression and facilitates tumor cell invasion in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 30: 1367-1375
25. Margueron R, Reinberg D. The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature. 2011; 469: 343-349
26. Grote P, Herrmann BG. The long non-coding RNA FENDRR links epigenetic control mechanisms to gene regulatory networks in mammalian embryogenesis. RNA Biol. 2013; 10: 1579-1585
27. Chu C, Qu K, Zhong FL, Artandi SE, Chang HY. Genomic maps of long noncoding RNA occupancy reveal principles of RNA-chromatin interactions. Mol Cell. 2011; 44: 667-678
28. Martianov I, Ramadass A, Serra Barros A, Chow N, Akoulitchev A. Repression of the human dihydrofolate reductase gene by a non-coding interfering transcript. Nature. 2007; 445: 666-670
29. Simon MD, Wang CI, Kharchenko PV, West JA, Chapman BA, Alekseyenko AA, Borowsky ML, Kuroda MI, Kingston RE. The genomic binding sites of a noncoding RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108: 20497-20502
30. Gong C, Maquat LE. LncRNAs transactivate STAU1-mediated mRNA decay by duplexing with 3' UTRs via Alu elements. Nature. 2011; 470: 284-288
31. Xu TP, Liu XX, Xia R, Yin L, Kong R, Chen WM, Huang MD, Shu YQ. SP1-induced upregulation of the long noncoding RNA TINCR regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by affecting KLF2 mRNA stability in gastric cancer. Oncogene. 2015; 34: 5648-5661
32. Kretz M, Siprashvili Z, Chu C, Webster DE, Zehnder A, Qu K, Lee CS, Flockhart RJ, Groff AF, Chow J, Johnston D, Kim GE, Spitale RC, et al. Control of somatic tissue differentiation by the long non-coding RNA TINCR. Nature. 2013; 493: 231-235
33. Yang F, Xue X, Zheng L, Bi J, Zhou Y, Zhi K, Gu Y, Fang G. Long non-coding RNA GHET1 promotes gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by increasing c-Myc mRNA stability. FEBS J. 2014; 281: 802-813
34. Wang J, Su L, Chen X, Li P, Cai Q, Yu B, Liu B, Wu W, Zhu Z. MALAT1 promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer by recruiting SF2/ASF. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014; 68: 557-564
35. Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, Song DY, Pan Q, Watt AT, Freier SM, Bennett CF, Sharma A, Bubulya PA, Blencowe BJ, Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Mol Cell. 2010; 39: 925-938
36. Brown JA, Bulkley D, Wang J, Valenstein ML, Yario TA, Steitz TA, Steitz JA. Structural insights into the stabilization of MALAT1 noncoding RNA by a bipartite triple helix. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2014; 21: 633-640
37. Xu C, Yang M, Tian J, Wang X, Li Z. MALAT-1: A long non-coding RNA and its important 3' end functional motif in colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Oncol. 2011; 39: 169-175
38. Hafner M, Landthaler M, Burger L, Khorshid M, Hausser J, Berninger P, Rothballer A, Jr MA, Jungkamp AC, Munschauer M, Ulrich A, Wardle GS, Dewell S, et al. Transcriptome-wide identification of RNA-binding protein and microRNA target sites by PAR-CLIP. Cell. 2010; 141: 129-141
39. Daniel C, Silberberg G, Behm M, Ohman M. Alu elements shape the primate transcriptome by cis-regulation of RNA editing. Genome Biol. 2014; 15: R28
40. Hasler J, Samuelsson T, Strub K. Useful 'junk': Alu RNAs in the human transcriptome. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007; 64: 1793-1800
41. Dubin RA, Kazmi MA, Ostrer H. Inverted repeats are necessary for circularization of the mouse testis Sry transcript. Gene. 1995; 167: 245-248
42. Tijsterman M, Plasterk RH. Dicers at RISC; the mechanism of RNAi. Cell. 2004; 117: 1-3
43. Matouk IJ, Raveh E, Abu-lail R, Mezan S, Gilon M, Gershtain E, Birman T, Gallula J, Schneider T, Barkali M, Richler C, Fellig Y, Sorin V, et al. Oncofetal H19 RNA promotes tumor metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1843: 1414-1426
44. Wilusz JE, Freier SM, Spector DL. 3' end processing of a long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA yields a tRNA-like cytoplasmic RNA. Cell. 2008; 135: 919-932
45. Li H, Yu B, Li J, Su L, Yan M, Zhu Z, Liu B. Overexpression of lncRNA H19 enhances carcinogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 2318-2329. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.1913
46. Zhou X, Yin C, Dang Y, Ye F, Zhang G. Identification of the long non-coding RNA H19 in plasma as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2015; 5:11516
47. Qi P, Xu MD, Shen XH, Ni SJ, Huang D, Tan C, Weng WW, Sheng WQ, Zhou XY, Du X. Reciprocal repression between TUSC7 and miR-23b in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2015; 137: 1269-1278
48. Zhou X, Ye F, Yin C, Zhuang Y, Yue G, Zhang G. The interaction between miR-141 and lncRNA-H19 in regulating cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015; 36: 1440-1452
49. Zhou X, Ji G, Ke X, Gu H, Jin W, Zhang G. MiR-141 inhibits gastric cancer proliferation by interacting with long noncoding RNA MEG3 and down-regulating E2F3 expression. Dig Dis Sci. 2015; 60: 3271-3282
50. Yan J, Guo X, Xia J, Shan T, Gu C, Liang Z, Zhao W, Jin S. MiR-148a regulates MEG3 in gastric cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1. Med Oncol. 2014; 31: 879
51. Zhang EB, Kong R, Yin DD, You LH, Sun M, Han L, Xu TP, Xia R, Yang JS, De W, Chen J. Long noncoding RNA ANRIL indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes tumor growth by epigenetically silencing of miR-99a/miR-449a. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 2276-2292. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.1902
52. Liang WC, Fu WM, Wong CW, Wang Y, Wang WM, Hu GX, Zhang L, Xiao LJ, Wan DC, Zhang JF, Waye MM. The lncRNA H19 promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition by functioning as miRNA sponges in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 22513-22525. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4154
53. Matsui Y, Inomata M, Tojigamori M, Sonoda K, Shiraishi N, Kitano S. Suppression of tumor growth in human gastric cancer with HER2 overexpression by an anti-HER2 antibody in a murine model. Int J Oncol. 2005; 27: 681-685
54. Kim HP, Han SW, Song SH, Jeong EG, Lee MY, Hwang D, Im SA, Bang YJ, Kim TY. Testican-1-mediated epithelialmesenchymal transition signaling confers acquired resistance to lapatinib in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Oncogene. 2014; 33: 3334-3341
55. Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, Ge YB, Zhang EB, Yin DD, Kong R, Xia R, Lu KH, Li JH, De W, Wang KM, Wang ZX. LncRNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2014; 13: 92
56. Williams K, Motiani K, Giridhar PV, Kasper S. CD44 integrates signaling in normal stem cell, cancer stem cell and (pre)metastatic niches. Exp Biol Med. 2013; 238: 324-338
57. Pistoia V, Morandi F, Wang X, Ferrone S. Soluble HLA-G: Are they clinically relevant? Semin Cancer Biol. 2007; 17: 469-479
58. Lu MH, Liao ZL, Zhao XY, Fan YH, Lin XL, Fang DC, Guo H, Yang SM. HTERT-based therapy: A universal anticancer approach. Oncol Rep. 2012; 28: 1945-1952
59. Song B, Guan Z, Liu F, Sun D, Wang K, Qu H. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR promotes HLA-G expression via inhibiting miR-152 in gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015; 464: 807-813
60. Chen L, Lu MH, Zhang D, Hao NB, Fan YH, Wu YY, Wang SM, Xie R, Fang DC, Zhang H, Hu CJ, Yang SM. MiR-1207-5p and miR-1266 suppress gastric cancer growth and invasion by targeting telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Death Dis. 2014; 5: e1034
61. Xia T, Liao Q, Jiang X, Shao Y, Xiao B, Xi Y, Guo J. Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2014; 4: 6088
62. Xia T, Chen S, Jiang Z, Shao Y, Jiang X, Li P, Xiao B, Guo J. Long noncoding RNA FER1L4 suppresses cancer cell growth by acting as a competing endogenous RNA and regulating PTEN expression. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 13445
63. Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A, Rivea Morales D, Thomas K, Presser A, Bernstein BE, van Oudenaarden A, Regev A, Lander ES, Rinn JL. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106: 11667-11672
64. Kang C, Song JJ, Lee J, Kim MY. Epigenetics: An emerging player in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20: 6433-6447
65. Liu YW, Sun M, Xia R, Zhang EB, Liu XH, Zhang ZH, Xu TP, De W, Liu BR, Wang ZX. LincHOTAIR epigenetically silences miR34a by binding to PRC2 to promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2015; 6: e1802
66. Yap KL, Li S, Munoz-Cabello AM, Raguz S, Zeng L, Mujtaba S, Gil J, Walsh MJ, Zhou MM. Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a. Mol Cell. 2010; 38: 662-674
67. Grote P, Wittler L, Hendrix D, Koch F, Wahrisch S, Beisaw A, Macura K, Blass G, Kellis M, Werber M, Herrmann BG. The tissue-specific lncRNA FENDRR is an essential regulator of heart and body wall development in the mouse. Dev Cell. 2013; 24: 206-214
68. Kong R, Zhang EB, Yin DD, You LH, Xu TP, Chen WM, Xia R, Wan L, Sun M, Wang ZX, De W, Zhang ZH. Long noncoding RNA PVT1 indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes cell proliferation through epigenetically regulating p15 and p16. Mol Cancer. 2015; 14: 82
69. Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, Goodnough LH, Helms JA, Farnham PJ, Segal E, Chang HY. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2007; 129: 1311-1323
70. Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, Mosammaparast N, Wang JK, Lan F, Shi Y, Segal E, Chang HY. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science. 2010; 329: 689-693
71. Luo M, Li Z, Wang W, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Qiu J. Long noncoding RNA H19 increases bladder cancer metastasis by associating with EZH2 and inhibiting E-cadherin expression. Cancer Lett. 2013; 333: 213-221
72. Kia SK, Gorski MM, Giannakopoulos S, Verrijzer CP. SWI/SNF mediates polycomb eviction and epigenetic reprogramming of the INK4b-ARF-INK4a locus. Mol Cell Biol. 2008; 28: 3457-3464
73. Lei Z, Tan IB, Das K, Deng N, Zouridis H, Pattison S, Chua C, Feng Z, Guan YK, Ooi CH, Ivanova T, Zhang S, Lee M, et al. Identification of molecular subtypes of gastric cancer with different responses to PI3-kinase inhibitors and 5-fluorouracil. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145: 554-565
74. Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, Zheng L, Zhi K, Hua J, Fang G. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. FEBS J. 2012; 279: 3159-3165
75. Zhang EB, Han L, Yin DD, Kong R, De W, Chen J. c-Mycinduced, long, noncoding H19 affects cell proliferation and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Med Oncol. 2014; 31: 914
76. Huarte M, Guttman M, Feldser D, Garber M, Koziol MJ, Kenzelmann-Broz D, Khalil AM, Zuk O, Amit I, Rabani M, Attardi LD, Regev A, Lander ES, et al. A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene repression in the p53 response. Cell. 2010; 142: 409-419
77. Lin XC, Zhu Y, Chen WB, Lin LW, Chen DH, Huang JR, Pan K, Lin Y, Wu BT, Dai Y, Tu ZG. Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNA expression profiles reveals the potential role of lncRNAs in gastric cancer pathogenesis. Int J Oncol. 2014; 45: 619-628
78. Sun M, Xia R, Jin F, Xu T, Liu Z, De W, Liu X. Downregulated long noncoding RNA MEG3 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35: 1065-1073
79. Dugimont T, Montpellier C, Adriaenssens E, Lottin S, Dumont L, Iotsova V, Lagrou C, Stehelin D, Coll J, Curgy JJ. The H19 TATA-less promoter is efficiently repressed by wild-type tumor suppressor gene product P53. Oncogene. 1998; 16: 2395-2401
80. Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Batista DL, Gejman R, Ansell PJ, Zhao J, Weng C, Klibanski A. Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 24731-24742
81. Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang W, Gan J, Hu C, Huang G, Zhang Y. LncRNA GAS5 enhances G1 cell cycle arrest via binding to YBX1 to regulate p21 expression in stomach cancer. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 10159
82. Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN. Max: A helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science. 1991; 251: 1211-1217
83. Fernandez PC, Frank SR, Wang L, Schroeder M, Liu S, Greene J, Cocito A, Amati B. Genomic targets of the human c-Myc protein. Genes Dev. 2003; 17: 1115-1129
84. Milne AN, Carvalho R, Morsink FM, Musler AR, de Leng WW, Ristimaki A, Offerhaus GJ. Early-onset gastric cancers have a different molecular expression profile than conventional gastric cancers. Mod Pathol. 2006; 19: 564-572
85. Winkle M, van den Berg A, Tayari M, Sietzema J, Terpstra M, Kortman G, de Jong D, Visser L, Diepstra A, Kok K, Kluiver J. Long noncoding RNAs as a novel component of the Myc transcriptional network. FASEB J. 2015; 29: 2338-2346
86. Yang F, Xue X, Bi J, Zheng L, Zhi K, Gu Y, Fang G. Long noncoding RNA CCAT1, which could be activated by c-Myc, promotes the progression of gastric carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013; 139: 437-445
87. Kim T, Cui R, Jeon YJ, Lee JH, Lee JH, Sim H, Park JK, Fadda P, Tili E, Nakanishi H, Huh MI, Kim SH, Cho JH, et al. Long-range interaction and correlation between MYC enhancer and oncogenic long noncoding RNA CARLo-5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111: 4173-4178
88. Weidensdorfer D, Stohr N, Baude A, Lederer M, Kohn M, Schierhorn A, Buchmeier S, Wahle E, Huttelmaier S. Control of c-Myc mRNA stability by IGF2BP1-associated cytoplasmic RNPs. RNA. 2009; 15: 104-115
89. Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, Nader N, Chrousos GP. Noncoding RNA GAS5 is a growth arrest-and starvationassociated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci Signal. 2010; 3: ra8
90. Sun M, Jin FY, Xia R, Kong R, Li JH, Xu TP, Liu YW, Zhang EB, Liu XH, De W. Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA GAS5 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2014; 14: 319
91. Zhang Y, Chen M, Venugopal S, Zhou Y, Xiang W, Li YH, Lin Q, Kini RM, Chong YS, Ge R. Isthmin exerts prosurvival and death-promoting effect on endothelial cells through alphavbeta5 integrin depending on its physical state. Cell Death Dis. 2011; 2: e153
92. Zhang L, Yang F, Yuan JH, Yuan SX, Zhou WP, Huo XS, Xu D, Bi HS, Wang F, Sun SH. Epigenetic activation of the miR-200 family contributes to H19-mediated metastasis suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2013; 34: 577-586
93. Jeon SH, Lee K, Lee KS, Kunkeaw N, Johnson BH, Holthauzen LM, Gong B, Leelayuwat C, Lee YS. Characterization of the direct physical interaction of nc886, a cellular non-coding RNA, and PKR. FEBS Lett. 2012; 586: 3477-3484
94. Heinicke LA, Wong CJ, Lary J, Nallagatla SR, Diegelman-Parente A, Zheng X, Cole JL, Bevilacqua PC. RNA dimerization promotes PKR dimerization and activation. J Mol Biol. 2009; 390: 319-338
95. Lee KS, Park JL, Lee K, Richardson LE, Johnson BH, Lee HS, Lee JS, Kim SB, Kwon OH, Song KS, Kim YS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, et al. Nc886, a non-coding RNA of anti-proliferative role, is suppressed by CpG DNA methylation in human gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2014; 5: 3944-3955. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2047
96. Wang H, Vardy LA, Tan CP, Loo JM, Guo K, Li J, Lim SG, Zhou J, Chng WJ, Ng SB, Li HX, Zeng Q. PCBP1 suppresses the translation of metastasis-associated PRL-3 phosphatase. Cancer Cell. 2010; 18: 52-62