The temporal scale of diet and dietary proxies

Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1883-1897

  Davis, Matt ^a,b   Pineda Munoz, Silvia ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Diet; Dietary proxies; Isotopes; Microwear; Temporal scale; Time averaging

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961203168     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20457758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2054     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Ambrose, S. H. 1993: Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: methodological and interpretive considerations. Pp. 59-130 in M. K. Sandford, ed. Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Langhorne.
2. Andelt, W. F., J. G. Kie, F. F. Knowlton, and K. Cardwell . 1987. Variation in coyote diets associated with season and successional changes in vegetation. J. Wildl. Manag. 51:273-277.
3. Anderson, P. S. L., M. Friedman, M. D. Brazeau, and E. J. Rayfield . 2011. Initial radiation of jaws demonstrated stability despite faunal and environmental change. Nature 476:206-209.
4. Bargo, M. S., G. De Iuliis, and S. F. Vizcaino . 2006a. Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 51:53.
5. Bargo, M. S., N. Toledo, and S. F. Vizcaino . 2006b. Muzzle of South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada). J. Morphol. 267:248-263.
6. Barnes, R. D., and W. M. Longhurst . 1960. Techniques for dental impressions, restraining and embedding markers in live-trapped deer. J. Wildl. Manag. 24:224-226.
7. Bauchinger, U., and S. McWilliams . 2009. Carbon turnover in tissues of a passerine bird: allometry, isotopic clocks, and phenotypic flexibility in organ size. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82:787-797.
8. Bazely, D. R. 1989. Carnivorous herbivores: mineral nutrition and the balanced diet. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:155-156.
9. Behrensmeyer, A. K. 2006. Climate change and human evolution. Science 311:476-478.
10. Behrensmeyer, A. K., and K. E. Reed . 2013: Reconstructing the habitats of Australopithecus: paleoenvironments, site taphonomy, and faunas. Chapter 4. Pp. 41-60 in K. E. Reed, J. G. Fleagle, R. E. Leakey, eds. The paleobiology of australopithecus. Springer, Dordrecht.
11. Belmaker, J., and W. Jetz . 2010. Cross-scale variation in species richness-environment associations. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20:464-474.
12. Ben-David, M., and E. A. Flaherty . 2012. Stable isotopes in mammalian research: a beginner's guide. J. Mammal. 93:312-328.
13. Bennington, J. B., W. A. DiMichele, C. Badgley, R. K. Bambach, P. M. Barrett, A. K. Behrensmeyer, et al. 2009. Critical issues of scale in paleoecology. Palaios 24:1-4.
14. von Biela, V. R., S. D. Newsome, and C. E. Zimmerman . 2015. Examining the utility of bulk otolith δ13C to describe diet in wild-caught black rockfish Sebastes melanops. Aquat. Biol. 23:201-208.
15. Boecklen, W. J., C. T. Yarnes, B. A. Cook, and A. C. James . 2011. On the use of stable isotopes in trophic ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42:411-440.
16. Bugoni, L., R. A. R. McGill, and R. W. Furness . 2008. Effects of preservation methods on stable isotope signatures in bird tissues. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22:2457-2462.
17. Carleton, S. A., L. Kelly, R. Anderson-Sprecher, and C. Martínez del Rio . 2008. Should we use one-, or multi-compartment models to describe 13C incorporation into animal tissues? Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22:3008-3014.
18. Casey, M. M., and D. M. Post . 2011. The problem of isotopic baseline: reconstructing the diet and trophic position of fossil animals. Earth-Sci. Rev. 106:131-148.
19. Cerling, T. E., J. M. Harris, and M. G. Leakey . 1999. Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia 120:364-374.
20. Cerling, T. E., J. M. Harris, and B. H. Passey . 2003. Diets of East African Bovidae based on stable isotope analysis. J. Mammal. 84:456-470.
21. Cerling, T. E., J. M. Harris, J. A. Hart, P. Kaleme, H. Klingel, M. G. Leakey, et al. 2008. Stable isotope ecology of the common hippopotamus. J. Zool. 276:204-212.
22. Cerling, T. E., G. Wittemyer, J. Ehleringer, C. H. Remien, and I. Douglas-Hamilton . 2009. History of animals using isotope records (HAIR): a 6-year dietary history of one family of African elephants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 106:8093-8100.
23. Cerling, T. E., S. A. Andanje, S. A. Blumenthal, F. H. Brown, K. L. Chritz, J. M. Harris, et al. 2015. Dietary changes of large herbivores in the Turkana Basin, Kenya from 4 to 1 Ma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 112:11467-11472.
24. Chamberlain, C. P., J. R. Waldbauer, K. Fox-Dobbs, S. D. Newsome, P. L. Koch, D. R. Smith, et al. 2005. Pleistocene to Recent Dietary Shifts in California Condors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 102:16707-16711.
25. Codron, J., D. Codron, M. Sponheimer, K. Kirkman, K. J. Duffy, E. J. Raubenheimer, et al. 2012. Stable isotope series from elephant ivory reveal lifetime histories of a true dietary generalist. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 279:2433-2441.
26. Cox, G., and J. Sealy . 1997. Investigating identity and life histories: isotopic analysis and historical documentation of slave skeletons found on the Cape Town foreshore, South Africa. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 1:207-224.
27. Crawford, K., R. A. Mcdonald, and S. Bearhop . 2008. Applications of stable isotope techniques to the ecology of mammals. Mamm. Rev. 38:87-107.
28. Cumberland, R. E., J. A. Dempsey, and G. J. Forbes . 2001. Should diet be based on biomass? Importance of larger prey to the American marten Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29:1125-1130.
29. Daegling, D. J., S. Judex, E. Ozcivici, M. J. Ravosa, A. B. Taylor, F. E. Grine, et al. 2013. Viewpoints: feeding mechanics, diet, and dietary adaptations in early hominins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 151:356-371.
30. Dalerum, F., and A. Angerbjörn . 2005. Resolving temporal variation in vertebrate diets using naturally occurring stable isotopes. Oecologia 144:647-658.
31. Dickman, C. R., and C. Huang . 1988. The reliability of fecal analysis as a method for determining the diet of insectivorous mammals. J. Mammal. 69:108-113.
32. Dyne, G. M. V., and D. T. Torell . 1964. Development and use of the esophageal fistula: a review. J. Range Manag. 17:7.
33. Elsdon, T. S., S. Ayvazian, and K. W. McMahon . 2010. Experimental evaluation of stable isotope fractionation in fish muscle and otoliths. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 408:195-205.
34. Emslie, S. D., and W. P. Patterson . 2007. Abrupt recent shift in delta C-13 and delta N-15 values in Adelie penguin eggshell in Antarctica. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 104:11666-11669.
35. Faith, J. T. 2011. Late Quaternary dietary shifts of the Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) in southern Africa. Quatern. Res. 75:159-165.
36. Feranec, R. S. 2004. Geographic variation in the diet of hypsodont herbivores from the Rancholabrean of Florida. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 207:359-369.
37. Figueirido, B., J. A. Perez-Claros, V. Torregrosa, A. Martin-Serra, and P. Palmqvist . 2010. Demythologizing Arctodus simus, the "short-faced" long-legged and predaceous bear that never was. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30:262-275.
38. Fortelius, M., and N. Solounias . 2000. Functional characterization of ungulate molars using the abrasion-attrition wear gradient: a new method for reconstructing paleodiets. Am. Mus. Novit. 3301:1-36.
39. Gagnon, M., and A. E. Chew . 2000. Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae. J. Mammal. 81:490-511.
40. Gogarten, J. F., and F. E. Grine . 2013. Seasonal mortality patterns in primates: implications for the interpretation of dental microwear. Evol. Anthropol. 22:9-19.
41. González Bergonzoni, I., N. Vidal, B. Wang, D. Ning, Z. Liu, E. Jeppesen, et al. 2015. General validation of formalin-preserved fish samples in food web studies using stable isotopes. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6:307-314.
42. Grine, F. E. 1986. Dental evidence for dietary differences in Australopithecus and Paranthropus: a quantitative analysis of permanent molar microwear. J. Hum. Evol. 15:783-822.
43. Guthrie, R. D. 2000: Paleolithic art as a resource in artiodactyl paleobiology. 7 Pp. 96-127 in E. S. Vrba, G. B. Schaller, eds. Antelopes, deer, and relatives: fossil record, behavioral ecology, systematics, and conservation. Yale University Press, New Haven.
44. Hansen, R. M.. 1978. Shasta ground sloth food habits, Rampart Cave, Arizona. Paleobiology 4:302-319.
45. Haupt, R. J., L. DeSantis, and J. L. Green . 2013. Dental microwear texture as a proxy for diet in xenarthrans. J. Mammal. 94:856-866.
46. Hedges, R. E., J. G. Clement, C. D. L. Thomas, and T. C. O'connell . 2007. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133:808-816.
47. Hijmans, R. J., S. E. Cameron, J. L. Parra, P. G. Jones, and A. Jarvis . 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25:1965-1978.
48. Hobson, K. A., and R. G. Clark . 1992. Assessing Avian Diets Using Stable Isotopes I: turnover of 13C in Tissues. The Condor 94:181-188.
49. Hobson, K. A., and J. L. Sease . 1998. Stable isotope analyses of tooth annuli reveal temporal dietary records: an example using steller sea lions. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14:116-129.
50. Hobson, K. A., M. C. Drever, and G. W. Kaiser . 1999. Norway rats as predators of burrow-nesting seabirds: insights from stable isotope analyses. J. Wildl. Manag. 63:14-25.
51. Hoppe, K. A., S. M. Stover, J. R. Pascoe, and R. Amundson . 2004. Tooth enamel biomineralization in extant horses: implications for isotopic microsampling. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 206:355-365.
52. Hummel, J., E. Findeisen, K. H. Sudekum, I. Ruf, T. M. Kaiser, M. Bucher, et al. 2011. Another one bites the dust: faecal silica levels in large herbivores correlate with high-crowned teeth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 278:1742-1747.
53. Hyslop, E. J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis-a review of methods and their application. J. Fish Biol. 17:411-429.
54. Johnson, C. F., R. M. Cowling, and P. B. Phillipson . 1999. The flora of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: are threatened species vulnerable to elephant damage? Biodivers. Conserv. 8:1447-1456.
55. 4 species in sequence. Search 12:85-87.
56. Jones, K. E., J. Bielby, M. Cardillo, S. A. Fritz, J. O'Dell, C. D. L. Orme, et al. 2009. PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology 90:2648.
57. Kaiser, T. M., D. W. Müller, M. Fortelius, E. Schulz, D. Codron, and M. Clauss . 2013. Hypsodonty and tooth facet development in relation to diet and habitat in herbivorous ungulates: implications for understanding tooth wear. Mamm. Rev. 43:34-46.
58. Kararli, T. T. 1995. Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 16:351-380.
59. Kaufman, M. R., R. R. Gradinger, B. A. Bluhm, and D. M. O'Brien . 2008. Using stable isotopes to assess carbon and nitrogen turnover in the Arctic sympagic amphipod Onisimus litoralis. Oecologia 158:11-22.
60. Kessler, W. B., W. F. Kasworm, and W. L. Bodie . 1981. Three methods compared for analysis of pronghorn diets. J. Wildl. Manag. 45:612-619.
61. Kimura, Y., L. L. Jacobs, T. E. Cerling, K. T. Uno, K. M. Ferguson, L. J. Flynn, et al. 2013. Fossil mice and rats show isotopic evidence of niche partitioning and change in dental ecomorphology related to dietary shift in Late Miocene of Pakistan. PLoS ONE 8:e69308.
62. Koch, P. L. 2007: Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates. 5. Pp.99-154 in R. Michener, K. Lajtha, eds. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Publishing, Boston.
63. Kriwet, J., F. Witzmann, S. Klug, and U. H. J. Heidtke . 2008. First direct evidence of a vertebrate three-level trophic chain in the fossil record. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 275:181-186.
64. Kronfeld, N., and T. Dayan . 1998. A new method of determining diets of rodents. J. Mammal. 79:1198-1202.
65. Kurle, C. M., and G. Worthy . 2002. Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in multiple tissues of the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus: implications for dietary and migratory reconstructions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 236:289-300.
66. Lauder, G. V. 1995: On the inference of function from structure. 1. Pp. 1-18 in J. J. Thomason, ed. Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge University Press, New York.
67. Laursen, L., and M. Bekoff . 1978. Loxodonta africana. Mamm. Species 92:1-8.
68. Lee, S. H., D. M. Schell, T. L. McDonald, and W. J. Richardson . 2005. Regional and seasonal feeding by bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus as indicated by stable isotope ratios. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 285:271-287.
69. Lieberman, D. E., G. E. Krovitz, F. W. Yates, M. Devlin, and M. S. Claire . 2004. Effects of food processing on masticatory craniofacial growth in a retrognathic strain and face. J. Hum. Evol. 46:655-677.
70. Long, E. S., R. A. Sweitzer, D. R. Diefenbach, and M. Ben-David . 2005. Controlling for anthropogenically induced atmospheric variation in stable carbon isotope studies. Oecologia 146:148-156.
71. Losos, J. B. 2008. Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecol. Lett. 11:995-1003.
72. Louys, J., P. Ditchfield, C. Meloro, S. Elton, and L. C. Bishop . 2012. Stable isotopes provide independent support for the use of mesowear variables for inferring diets in African antelopes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 279:4441-4446.
73. Mandelbrot, B. B. 1967. How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension. Science 156:636-638.
74. Martínez del Rio, C., and S. A. Carleton . 2012. How fast and how faithful: the dynamics of isotopic incorporation into animal tissues. J. Mammal. 93:353-359.
75. Martínez del Rio, C., P. Sabat, R. Anderson-Sprecher, and S. P. Gonzalez . 2009. Dietary and isotopic specialization: the isotopic niche of three Cinclodes ovenbirds. Oecologia 161:149-159.
76. McInnis, M. L., M. Vavra, and W. C. Krueger . 1983. A Comparison of Four Methods Used to Determine the Diets of Large Herbivores. J. Range Manag. 36:302-306.
77. McMahon, K. W., M. L. Fogel, and B. J. Johnson . 2011. A new method to reconstruct fish diet and movement patterns from δ13C values in otolith amino acids. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 68:1330-1340.
78. Mendoza, M., C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist . 2002. Characterizing complex craniodental patterns related to feeding behaviour in ungulates: a multivariate approach. J. Zool. 258:223-246.
79. Mihlbachler, M. C., D. Campbell, M. Ayoub, C. Chen, and I. Ghani . 2016. Comparative dental microwear of ruminant and perissodactyl molars: implications for paleodietary analysis of rare and extinct ungulate clades. Paleobiology 42:98-116.
80. Motani, R., and L. Schmitz . 2011. Phylogenetic versus functional signals in the evolution of form-function relationships in terrestrial vision. Evolution 65:2245-2257.
81. Munro, R. H. M., S. E. Nielsen, M. H. Price, G. B. Stenhouse, and M. S. Boyce . 2006. Seasonal and diel patterns of grizzly bear diet and activity in west-central Alberta. J. Mammal. 87:1112-1121.
82. Münzel, S. C., F. Rivals, M. Pacher, D. Döppes, G. Rabeder, N. J. Conard, et al. 2014. Behavioural ecology of Late Pleistocene bears (Ursus spelaeus, Ursus ingressus): insight from stable isotopes (C, N, O) and tooth microwear. Quatern. Int. 339-340:148-163.
83. O'Regan, H. J., and A. C. Kitchener . 2005. The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammals. Mamm. Rev. 35:215-230.
84. O'Reilly, C. M., R. E. Hecky, A. S. Cohen, and P. D. Plisnier . 2002. Interpreting stable isotopes in food webs: recognizing the role of time averaging at different trophic levels. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47:306-309.
85. Patterson, W. P. 1999. Oldest isotopically characterized fish otoliths provide insight to Jurassic continental climate of Europe. Geology 27:199-202.
86. Penone, C., A. D. Davidson, K. T. Shoemaker, M. Di Marco, C. Rondinini, T. M. Brooks, et al. 2014. Imputation of missing data in life-history trait datasets: which approach performs the best? Methods Ecol. Evol. 5:961-970.
87. Phillips, D. L., and P. M. Eldridge . 2005. Estimating the timing of diet shifts using stable isotopes. Oecologia 147:195-203.
88. Phillips, D. L., R. Inger, S. Bearhop, A. L. Jackson, J. W. Moore, A. C. Parnell, et al. 2014. Best practices for use of stable isotope mixing models in food-web studies. J. Zool. 92:823-835.
89. Pietz, P. J., and D. A. Granfors . 2000. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings. Am. Midl. Nat. 144:419-422.
90. Pineda-Munoz, S., and J. Alroy . 2014. Dietary characterization of terrestrial mammals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 281:20141173.
91. Price, T. D. 2015. An introduction to the isotopic studies of ancient human remains. J. North Atlantic 7:71-87.
92. Price, S. A., and S. S. B. Hopkins . 2015. The macroevolutionary relationship between diet and body mass across mammals. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115:173-184.
93. Price, S. A., S. S. Hopkins, K. K. Smith, and V. L. Roth . 2012. Tempo of trophic evolution and its impact on mammalian diversification. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 109:7008-7012.
94. Rawn-Schatzinger, V. 1992. The scimitar cat Homotherium serum Cope. Illinois State Mus. Rep. Investig. 47:1-80.
95. Reynard, L. M., and N. Tuross . 2015. The known, the unknown and the unknowable: weaning times from archaeological bones using nitrogen isotope ratios. J. Archaeol. Sci. 53:618-625.
96. Reynolds-Hogland, M. J., and M. S. Mitchell . 2007: Three axes of ecological studies. Pp. 174-194 in J. A. Bissonette, I. Storch, eds. Temporal dimensions of landscape ecology. Springer, Boston, MA.
97. Richards, M. P., S. Mays, and B. T. Fuller . 2002. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy site, Yorkshire, UK. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119:205-210.
98. Rivals, F., and G. M. Semprebon . 2011. Dietary plasticity in ungulates: insight from tooth microwear analysis. Quatern. Int. 245:279-284.
99. Rivals, F., N. Solounias, and M. C. Mihlbachler . 2007. Evidence for geographic variation in the diets of late Pleistocene and early Holocene Bison in North America, and differences from the diets of recent Bison. Quatern. Res. 68:338-346.
100. Rivals, F., G. Semprebon, and A. Lister . 2012. An examination of dietary diversity patterns in Pleistocene proboscideans (Mammuthus, Palaeoloxodon, and Mammut) from Europe and North America as revealed by dental microwear. Biol. Conserv. 255:188-195.
101. Schell, D. M. 2000. Declining carrying capacity in the Bering Sea: isotopic evidence from whale baleen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45:459-462.
102. Schubert, B. W. 2007. Dental mesowear and the palaeodiets of bovids from Makapansgat Limeworks Cave, South Africa. Palaeontol. Africana 42:43-50.
103. Schubert, B. W., P. S. Ungar, M. Sponheimer, and K. E. Reed . 2006. Microwear evidence for Plio-Pleistocene bovid diets from Makapansgat Limeworks Cave, South Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 241:301-319.
104. Semprebon, G. M., and F. Rivals . 2010. Trends in the paleodietary habits of fossil camels from the Tertiary and Quaternary of North America. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 295:131-145.
105. Shrestha, R., and P. Wegge . 2006. Determining the composition of herbivore diets in the trans-Himalayan rangelands: a comparison of field methods. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 59:512-518.
106. 14C in humans. 3. Pp. 324-341 in H. E. Suess, ed. Radiocarbon dating. University of California Press, Berkeley.
107. Teaford, M. F., and O. J. Oyen . 1989. In vivo and in vitro turnover in dental microwear. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 80:447-460.
108. Thomas, S. M., and T. W. Crowther . 2015. Predicting rates of isotopic turnover across the animal kingdom: a synthesis of existing data. J. Anim. Ecol. 84:861-870.
109. 13C analysis of diet. Oecologia 57:32-37.
110. Tóth, A. B., S. K. Lyons, and A. K. Behrensmeyer . 2014. Mammals of Kenya's protected areas from 1888 to 2013. Ecology 95:1711.
111. Tütken, T., T. M. Kaiser, T. Vennemann, and G. Merceron . 2013. Opportunistic feeding strategy for the earliest Old World hypsodont equids: evidence from stable isotope and dental wear proxies. PLoS ONE 8:e74463.
112. Van Valkenburgh, B. 2008. Costs of carnivory: tooth fracture in Pleistocene and Recent carnivorans. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 96:68-81.
113. Vander Zanden, M. J., M. K. Clayton, E. K. Moody, C. T. Solomon, and B. C. Weidel . 2015. Stable isotope turnover and half-life in animal tissues: a literature synthesis. PLoS ONE 10:e0116182.
114. Víkingsson, G. A. 1990. Energetic studies on fin and sei whales caught off Iceland. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 40:365-373.
115. Walther, B. D., and S. R. Thorrold . 2006. Water, not food, contributes the majority of strontium and barium deposited in the otoliths of a marine fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 311:125-130.
116. West, J. B., G. J. Bowen, T. E. Cerling, and J. R. Ehleringer . 2006. Stable isotopes as one of nature's ecological recorders. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21:408-414.
117. Wilman, H., J. Belmaker, J. Simpson, C. de la Rosa, M. M. Rivadeneira, and W. Jetz . 2014. EltonTraits 1.0: species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals. Ecology 95:2027.
118. Wolkovich, E. M., B. I. Cook, K. K. McLauchlan, and T. J. Davies . 2014. Temporal ecology in the Anthropocene. Ecol. Lett. 17:1365-1379.
119. Zazzo, A., A. Mariotti, C. Lécuyer, and E. Heintz . 2002. Intra-tooth isotope variations in late Miocene bovid enamel from Afghanistan: paleobiological, taphonomic, and climatic implications. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 186:145-161.