메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 279, Issue 1737, 2012, Pages 2433-2441

Stable isotope series from elephant ivory reveal lifetime histories of a true dietary generalist

Author keywords

C4 grass; Kruger national park; Time series; Tusks

Indexed keywords

LOXODONTA; LOXODONTA AFRICANA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 84865604941     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2472     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0001064229 scopus 로고
    • Morphological variation and width of ecological niche
    • Van Valen, L. 1965 Morphological variation and width of ecological niche. Am. Nat. 99, 377–390. (doi:10.1086/282379)
    • (1965) Am. Nat. , vol.99 , pp. 377-390
    • Van Valen, L.1
  • 2
    • 0000722825 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of niche width
    • Roughgarden, J. 1972 Evolution of niche width. Am. Nat. 106, 683–718. (doi:10.1086/282807)
    • (1972) Am. Nat. , vol.106 , pp. 683-718
    • Roughgarden, J.1
  • 3
    • 0000022728 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetic models for the coevolution of character displacement
    • Taper, M. L. & Case, T. J. 1985 Quantitative genetic models for the coevolution of character displacement. Ecology 66, 355–371. (doi:10.2307/1940385)
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 355-371
    • Taper, M.L.1    Case, T.J.2
  • 4
    • 34547204728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative support for the niche variation hypothesis that more generalized populations also are more heterogeneous
    • Bolnick, D. I., Svanbäck, R., Araújo, M. S. & Persson, L. 2007 Comparative support for the niche variation hypothesis that more generalized populations also are more heterogeneous. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 75–79. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0703743104)
    • (2007) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.104 , pp. 75-79
    • Bolnick, D.I.1    Svanbäck, R.2    Araújo, M.S.3    Persson, L.4
  • 7
    • 79961170165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological causes of individual specialisation
    • Araújo, M. S., Bolnick, D. I. & Layman, C. A. 2011 The ecological causes of individual specialisation. Ecol. Lett. 14, 948–958. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01662.x)
    • (2011) Ecol. Lett. , vol.14 , pp. 948-958
    • Araújo, M.S.1    Bolnick, D.I.2    Layman, C.A.3
  • 8
    • 63849288911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
    • Newsome, S. D., Tinker, M. T., Monson, D. H., Oftedal, O. T., Ralls, K., Staedler, M. M., Fogel, M. L. & Estes, J. A. 2009 Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Ecology 90, 961–974. (doi:10.1890/07-1812.1)
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 961-974
    • Newsome, S.D.1    Tinker, M.T.2    Monson, D.H.3    Oftedal, O.T.4    Ralls, K.5    Staedler, M.M.6    Fogel, M.L.7    Estes, J.A.8
  • 9
    • 77958469817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual specialists in a generalist population: Results from a long-term stable isotope series
    • Vander Zanden, H. B., Bjorndal, K. A., Reich, K. J. & Bolten, A. B. 2010 Individual specialists in a generalist population: results from a long-term stable isotope series. Biol. Lett. 6, 711–714. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010. 0124)
    • (2010) Biol. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 711-714
    • Vander Zanden, H.B.1    Bjorndal, K.A.2    Reich, K.J.3    Bolten, A.B.4
  • 10
    • 79952621643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology
    • Bolnick, D. I. et al. 2011 Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 183–192. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.009)
    • (2011) Trends Ecol. E , vol.26 , pp. 183-192
    • Bolnick, D.I.1
  • 11
    • 34247265586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population
    • Svänback, R. & Bolnick, D. I. 2007 Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 839–844. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0198)
    • (2007) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.274 , pp. 839-844
    • Svänback, R.1    Bolnick, D.I.2
  • 12
    • 33947142818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field and experimental evidence for competition’s role in phenotypic divergence
    • Pfennig, D. W., Rice, A. M. & Martin, R. A. 2007 Field and experimental evidence for competition’s role in phenotypic divergence. Evolution 61, 257–271. (doi:10. 1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00034.x)
    • (2007) Evolution , vol.61 , pp. 257-271
    • Pfennig, D.W.1    Rice, A.M.2    Martin, R.A.3
  • 13
    • 84873952496 scopus 로고
    • What are the biological bases of varied diets?
    • Westoby, M. 1978 What are the biological bases of varied diets? Am. Nat. 112, 627–631. (doi:10.1086/283303)
    • (1978) Am. Nat. , vol.112 , pp. 627-631
    • Westoby, M.1
  • 14
    • 0001151773 scopus 로고
    • Strategies in herbivory in mammals: The role of plant secondary compounds
    • Freeland, W. J. & Janzen, D. H. 1974 Strategies in herbivory in mammals: the role of plant secondary compounds. Am. Nat. 108, 269–289. (doi:10.1086/282907)
    • (1974) Am. Nat. , vol.108 , pp. 269-289
    • Freeland, W.J.1    Janzen, D.H.2
  • 15
    • 0043130680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity
    • Provenza, F. D., Villalba, J. J., Dziba, L. E., Atwood, S. B. & Banner, R. E. 2003 Linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity. Small Rum. Res. 49, 257–274. (doi:10.1016/S0921-4488 (03)00143-3)
    • (2003) Small Rum. Res. , vol.49 , pp. 257-274
    • Provenza, F.D.1    Villalba, J.J.2    Dziba, L.E.3    Atwood, S.B.4    Banner, R.E.5
  • 16
    • 34247278813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of diet type and diet quality for ecological diversity of African ungulates
    • Codron, D., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sponheimer, M., Codron, J., de Ruiter, D. & Brink, J. S. 2007 Significance of diet type and diet quality for ecological diversity of African ungulates. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 526–537. (doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2656.2007.01222.x)
    • (2007) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 526-537
    • Codron, D.1    Lee-Thorp, J.A.2    Sponheimer, M.3    Codron, J.4    De Ruiter, D.5    Brink, J.S.6
  • 18
    • 26844499153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource partitioning within a browsing guild in a key habitat, the Chobe Riverfront, Botswana
    • Makhabu, S. 2005 Resource partitioning within a browsing guild in a key habitat, the Chobe Riverfront, Botswana. J. Tropic. Ecol. 21, 641–649. (doi:10.1017/S0266467405002701)
    • (2005) J. Tropic. Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 641-649
    • Makhabu, S.1
  • 19
    • 80055016224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlap and seasonal shifts in use of woody plant species amongst a guild of savanna browsers
    • O’Kane, C. A. J., Duffy, K. J., Page, B. R. & Macdonald, D. W. 2011 Overlap and seasonal shifts in use of woody plant species amongst a guild of savanna browsers. J. Tropic. Ecol. 27, 249–258. (doi:10.1017/S0266467410000817)
    • (2011) J. Tropic. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 249-258
    • O’Kane, C.A.J.1    Duffy, K.J.2    Page, B.R.3    Macdonald, D.W.4
  • 20
    • 78650753506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land-scape-scale feeding patterns of African elephant inferred from carbon isotope analysis of feces
    • Codron, J., Codron, D., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sponheimer, M., Kirkman, K., Duffy, K. J. & Sealy, J. 2010 Land-scape-scale feeding patterns of African elephant inferred from carbon isotope analysis of feces. Oecologia 165, 89–99. (doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1835-6)
    • (2010) Oecologia , vol.165 , pp. 89-99
    • Codron, J.1    Codron, D.2    Lee-Thorp, J.A.3    Sponheimer, M.4    Kirkman, K.5    Duffy, K.J.6    Sealy, J.7
  • 21
    • 33947144754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional hypothesis of the threat of local extirpation of woody plant species by elephant in Africa
    • O’Connor, T. G., Goodman, P. S. & Clegg, B. 2007 A functional hypothesis of the threat of local extirpation of woody plant species by elephant in Africa. Biol. Conserv. 136, 329–345. (doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.014)
    • (2007) Biol. Conserv. , vol.136 , pp. 329-345
    • O’Connor, T.G.1    Goodman, P.S.2    Clegg, B.3
  • 22
    • 66349085898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of animals using isotope records (HAIR): A 6-year dietary history of one family of African elephants
    • Cerling, T. E., Wittemyer, G., Ehleringer, J. R., Remien, C. H. & Douglas-Hamilton, I. 2009 History of animals using isotope records (HAIR): a 6-year dietary history of one family of African elephants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 8093–8100. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0902192106)
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 8093-8100
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Wittemyer, G.2    Ehleringer, J.R.3    Remien, C.H.4    Douglas-Hamilton, I.5
  • 23
    • 3843138567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining trophic niche width: A novel approach using stable isotope analysis
    • Bearhop, S., Adams, C. E., Waldron, S., Fuller, R. A. & Macleod, H. 2004 Determining trophic niche width: a novel approach using stable isotope analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 73, 1007–1012. (doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004. 00861.x)
    • (2004) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.73 , pp. 1007-1012
    • Bearhop, S.1    Adams, C.E.2    Waldron, S.3    Fuller, R.A.4    Macleod, H.5
  • 24
  • 26
    • 0033510101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological aspects and composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ivory
    • Raubenheimer, E. J. 1999 Morphological aspects and composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ivory. Koedoe 42, 57–64.
    • (1999) Koedoe , vol.42 , pp. 57-64
    • Raubenheimer, E.J.1
  • 27
    • 16544384316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary reconstruction of Miocene Gomphotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Great Plains region, USA, based on the carbon isotope composition of tusk and molar enamel
    • Fox, D. L. & Fisher, D. C. 2004 Dietary reconstruction of Miocene Gomphotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Great Plains region, USA, based on the carbon isotope composition of tusk and molar enamel. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 206, 311–335. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.010)
    • (2004) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.206 , pp. 311-335
    • Fox, D.L.1    Fisher, D.C.2
  • 28
    • 34347236185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of a juvenile woolly mammoth tusk: Evidence of weaning
    • Rountrey, A. N., Fisher, D. C., Vartanyan, S. & Fox, D. L. 2007 Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of a juvenile woolly mammoth tusk: evidence of weaning. Quat. Int. 169–170, 166–173. (doi:10.1016/j.quaint. 2006.08.002)
    • (2007) Quat. Int. , vol.169-170 , pp. 166-173
    • Rountrey, A.N.1    Fisher, D.C.2    Vartanyan, S.3    Fox, D.L.4
  • 29
    • 0032869737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope frac-tionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecolo-gical studies
    • Cerling, T. E. & Harris, J. M. 1999 Carbon isotope frac-tionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecolo-gical studies. Oecologia 120, 347–363. (doi:10.1007/s004420050868)
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.120 , pp. 347-363
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Harris, J.M.2
  • 30
    • 0001727487 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic assessment of the dietary habits of ungulates
    • Vogel, J. C. 1978 Isotopic assessment of the dietary habits of ungulates. S. Afr. J. Sci. 74, 298–301.
    • (1978) S. Afr. J. Sci. , vol.74 , pp. 298-301
    • Vogel, J.C.1
  • 31
    • 34249063365 scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet
    • Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sealy, J. C. & van der Merwe, N. J. 1989 Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. J. Archaeol. Sci. 16, 585–599. (doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90024-1)
    • (1989) J. Archaeol. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 585-599
    • Lee-Thorp, J.A.1    Sealy, J.C.2    Van Der Merwe, N.J.3
  • 32
    • 26844464371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taxonomic, anatomical, and spatio-temporal variations in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of plants from an African savanna
    • Codron, J., Codron, D., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sponheimer, M., Bond, W. J., De Ruiter, D. & Grant, C. C. 2005 Taxonomic, anatomical, and spatio-temporal variations in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of plants from an African savanna. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 1757–1772. (doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.06.006)
    • (2005) J. Archaeol. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 1757-1772
    • Codron, J.1    Codron, D.2    Lee-Thorp, J.A.3    Sponheimer, M.4    Bond, W.J.5    De Ruiter, D.6    Grant, C.C.7
  • 33
    • 0026283990 scopus 로고
    • Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs
    • Ambrose, S. H. 1991 Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. J. Archaeol. Sci. 18, 293–317. (doi:10.1016/0305-4403(91)90067-Y)
    • (1991) J. Archaeol. Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 293-317
    • Ambrose, S.H.1
  • 34
    • 24044476279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds
    • Robbins, C., Felicetti, L. & Sponheimer, M. 2005 The effect of dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds. Oecologia 144, 534– 540. (doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0021-8)
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.144
    • Robbins, C.1    Felicetti, L.2    Sponheimer, M.3
  • 35
    • 0344674011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15N values from a controlled feeding study
    • 15N values from a controlled feeding study. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 13, 80–87. (doi:10.1002/oa.655)
    • (2003) Int. J. Osteoarchaeol , vol.13 , pp. 80-87
    • Sponheimer, M.1
  • 36
    • 33750719410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15N and water availability
    • 15N and water availability. Funct. Ecol. 20, 1062–1069. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01186.x)
    • (2006) Funct. Ecol. , vol.20 , pp. 1062-1069
    • Murphy, B.P.1    Bowman, D.M.J.S.2
  • 37
    • 0035033997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oxygen isotope composition of mammalian enamel carbonate from Morea Estate, South Africa
    • Sponheimer, M. & Lee-Thorp, J. A. 2001 The oxygen isotope composition of mammalian enamel carbonate from Morea Estate, South Africa. Oecologia 126, 153– 157. (doi:10.1007/s004420000498)
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.126
    • Sponheimer, M.1    Lee-Thorp, J.A.2
  • 38
    • 0030434929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivore tooth oxygen isotope compositions: Effects of diet and physiology
    • Kohn, M. J., Schoeninger, M. J. & Valley, J. W. 1996 Herbivore tooth oxygen isotope compositions: effects of diet and physiology. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 3889–3896. (doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00248-7)
    • (1996) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.60 , pp. 3889-3896
    • Kohn, M.J.1    Schoeninger, M.J.2    Valley, J.W.3
  • 40
    • 0002320381 scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate
    • J. B. Lambert & G. Grupe, Berlin, Germany: Springer
    • Ambrose, S. H. & Norr, L. 1993 Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. In Prehistoric human bone: archaeology at the molecular level (eds J. B. Lambert & G. Grupe), pp. 1–37. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
    • (1993) Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level , pp. 1-37
    • Ambrose, S.H.1    Norr, L.2
  • 41
    • 0004425058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and coastal diets in the Later Stone Age of South Africa: A comparison and critical analysis of two data sets
    • Sealy, J. C. 1997 Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and coastal diets in the Later Stone Age of South Africa: a comparison and critical analysis of two data sets. Ancient Biomol. 1, 131–147.
    • (1997) Ancient Biomol. , vol.1 , pp. 131-147
    • Sealy, J.C.1
  • 42
    • 0022213609 scopus 로고
    • Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction
    • DeNiro, M. J. 1985 Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature 317, 806–809. (doi:10.1038/317806a0)
    • (1985) Nature , vol.317 , pp. 806-809
    • Deniro, M.J.1
  • 43
    • 27644495666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling for anthropogenically induced atmospheric variation in stable carbon isotope studies
    • Long, E., Sweitzer, R., Diefenbach, D. & Ben-David, M. 2005 Controlling for anthropogenically induced atmospheric variation in stable carbon isotope studies. Oecologia 146, 148–156. (doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0181-6)
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.146 , pp. 148-156
    • Long, E.1    Sweitzer, R.2    Diefenbach, D.3    Ben-David, M.4
  • 45
    • 40849124188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term sunspot forcing of savanna structure inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes
    • Woodborne, S., Mélice, J. L. & Scholes, R. J. 2008 Long-term sunspot forcing of savanna structure inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L02711. (doi:10.1029/2007GL032019)
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Woodborne, S.1    Mélice, J.L.2    Scholes, R.J.3
  • 47
    • 72449193988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (data analysis software system), Tulsa, OK: Statsoft Inc
    • Statsoft_Inc. 2007 STATISTICA Version 8.0 (data analysis software system). www.statsoft.com. Tulsa, OK: Statsoft Inc.
    • (2007) STATISTICA Version 8.0
  • 48
    • 36549000833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of bite size on foraging at larger spatial and temporal scales by mammalian herbivores
    • Shipley, L. A. 2007 The influence of bite size on foraging at larger spatial and temporal scales by mammalian herbivores. Oikos 116, 1964–1974. (doi:10.1111/j.2007. 0030-1299.15974.x)
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 1964-1974
    • Shipley, L.A.1
  • 49
    • 33846174628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopic niche predicts fitness of prey in a wolfdeer system
    • Darimont, C. T., Paquet, P. C. & Reimchen, T. E. 2007 Stable isotopic niche predicts fitness of prey in a wolfdeer system. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 90, 125–137. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00716.x)
    • (2007) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.90 , pp. 125-137
    • Darimont, C.T.1    Paquet, P.C.2    Reimchen, T.E.3
  • 50
    • 0001733557 scopus 로고
    • Competition, habitat selection and character displacement in a patchy environment
    • MacArthur, R. H. & Levins, R. 1964 Competition, habitat selection and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 51, 1207– 1210. (doi:10.1073/pnas.51.6.1207)
    • (1964) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.51
    • Macarthur, R.H.1    Levins, R.2
  • 51
    • 0028977612 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic tracking of change in diet and habitat use in African elephants
    • Koch, P. L., Heisinger, J., Moss, C., Carlson, R. W., Fogel, M. L. & Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1995 Isotopic tracking of change in diet and habitat use in African elephants. Science 267, 1340–1343. (doi:10.1126/science. 267.5202.1340)
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1340-1343
    • Koch, P.L.1    Heisinger, J.2    Moss, C.3    Carlson, R.W.4    Fogel, M.L.5    Behrensmeyer, A.K.6
  • 52
    • 0024944754 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of long-term food habits of Tsavo elephants based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen
    • Tieszen, L. L., Boutton, T. W., Ottichilo, W. K., Nelson, D. E. & Brandt, D. H. 1989 An assessment of long-term food habits of Tsavo elephants based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen. Afr. J. Ecol. 27, 219–226. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028. 1989.tb01015.x)
    • (1989) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 219-226
    • Tieszen, L.L.1    Boutton, T.W.2    Ottichilo, W.K.3    Nelson, D.E.4    Brandt, D.H.5
  • 53
    • 33947187324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scientific perspective on the management of elephants in the Kruger National Park and elsewhere
    • Owen-Smith, N., Kerley, G. I. H., Page, B., Slotow, R. & van Aarde, R. J. 2006 A scientific perspective on the management of elephants in the Kruger National Park and elsewhere. S. Afr. J. Sci. 102, 389–394.
    • (2006) S. Afr. J. Sci. , vol.102 , pp. 389-394
    • Owen-Smith, N.1    Kerley, G.I.H.2    Page, B.3    Slotow, R.4    Van Aarde, R.J.5
  • 54
    • 84989070947 scopus 로고
    • 18O and deuterium in plant carbohydrates
    • 18O and deuterium in plant carbohydrates. Plant Cell Environ. 15, 1005–1020. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040. 1992.tb01652.x)
    • (1992) Plant Cell Environ. , vol.15 , pp. 1005-1020
    • Yakir, D.1
  • 55
    • 84990137045 scopus 로고
    • The elephant problem: An alternative hypothesis
    • Caughley, G. 1976 The elephant problem: an alternative hypothesis. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14, 265–283. (doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2028.1976.tb00242.x)
    • (1976) E. Afr. Wildl. J. , vol.14 , pp. 265-283
    • Caughley, G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.