Applications of stable isotope techniques to the ecology of mammals

Mammal Review

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 87-107

  Crawford, Kerry ^a   McDonald, Robbie A ^b   Bearhop, Stuart ^c  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRAL SCIENCE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ecotoxicology; Migration; Mixingmodel; Resource partitioning; Trophic relationships

Indexed keywords

ECOTOXICOLOGY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOOD CHAIN; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MAMMAL; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; STABLE ISOTOPE;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 41149126424     PISSN: 03051838     EISSN: 13652907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00120.x     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Anderson, C. & Cabana, G. (2006) Does delta N-15 in river food webs reflect the intensity and origin of N loads from the watershed? Science of the Total Environment, 367, 968-978.
2. Atwell, L., Hobson, K.A. & Welch, H.E. (1998) Biomagnification and bioaccumulation of mercury in an arctic marine food web: Insights from stable nitrogen isotope analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 1114-1121.
3. Ayliffe, L.K., Cerling, T.E., Robinson, T., West, A.G., Sponheimer, M., Passey, B.H., Hammer, J., Roeder, B., Dearing, M.D. & Ehleringer, J.R. (2004) Turnover of carbon isotopes in tail hair and breath CO2 of horses fed an isotopically varied diet. Oecologia, 139, 11-22.
4. Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S.C. & Furness, R.W. (2002) Factors that influence assimilation rates and fractionation of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in avian blood and feathers. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 75, 451-458.
5. Bearhop, S., Furness, R.W., Hilton, G.M., Votier, S.C. & Waldron, S. (2003) A forensic approach to understanding diet and habitat use from stable isotope analysis of (avian) claw material. Functional Ecology, 17, 270-275.
6. Bearhop, S., Adams, C.E., Waldron, S., Fuller, R.A. & MacLeod, H. (2004) Determining trophic niche width: A novel approach using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 1007-1012.
7. Bearhop, S., Fiedler, W., Furness, R.W., Votier, S.C., Waldron, S., Newton, J., Bowen, G.J., Berthold, P. & Farnsworth, K. (2005) Assortative mating as a mechanism for rapid evolution of a migratory divide. Science, 310, 502-504.
8. Ben-David, M. & Schell, D.M. (2001) Mixing models in analysis of diet using multiple stable isotopes: A response. Oecologia, 127, 180-184.
9. Ben-David, M., Titus, K. & Beier, L.R. (2004) Consumption of salmon by Alaskan brown bears: A trade-off between nutritional requirements and the risk of infanticide? Oecologia, 138, 465-474.
10. Benstead, J.P., March, J.G., Fry, B., Ewel, K.C. & Pringle, C.M. (2006) Testing IsoSource: Stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources. Ecology, 87, 326-333.
11. Best, P.B. & Schell, D.M. (1996) Stable isotopes in southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) baleen as indicators of seasonal movements, feeding and growth. Marine Biology, 124, 483-494.
12. Bolnick, D.I., Yang, L.H., Fordyce, J.A., Davis, J.M. & Svanback, R. (2002) Measuring individual-level resource specialization. Ecology, 83, 2936-2941.
13. Borga, K., Fisk, A.T., Hoekstra, P.F. & Muir, D.C.G. (2004) Biological and chemical factors of importance in the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of persistent organochlorine contaminants in Arctic marine food webs. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 2367-2385.
14. Boronina, A., Balderer, W., Renard, P. & Stichler, W. (2005) Study of stable isotopes in the Kouris catchment (Cyprus) for the description of the regional groundwater flow. Journal of Hydrology, 308, 214-226.
15. Bowen, G.J., Wassenaar, L.I. & Hobson, K.A. (2005) Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics. Oecologia, 143, 337-348.
16. Brenna, J.T., Corso, T.N., Tobias, H.J. & Caimi, R.J. (1997) High-precision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 16, 227-258.
17. Campbell, L.M., Norstrom, R.J., Hobson, K.A., Muir, D.C.G., Backus, S. & Fisk, A.T. (2005) Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay). Science of the Total Environment, 351, 247-263.
18. Cardona, L., Revelles, M., Sales, M., Aguilar, A. & Borrell, A. (2007) Meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica are a significant source of organic matter for adjoining ecosystems. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 335, 123-131.
19. Cerling, T.E. & Harris, J.M. (1999) Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia, 120, 347-363.
20. Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M. & Passey, B.H. (2003) Diets of East African Bovidae based on stable isotope analysis. Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 456-470.
21. Cerling, T.E., Hart, J.A. & Hart, T.B. (2004) Stable isotope ecology in the Ituri Forest. Oecologia, 138, 5-12.
22. Cerling, T.E., Wittemyer, G., Rasmussen, H.B., Vollrath, F., Cerling, C.E., Robinson, T.J. & Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2006) Stable isotopes in elephant hair document migration patterns and diet changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 371-373.
23. Cerling, T.E., Ayliffe, L.K., Dearing, M.D., Ehleringer, J.R., Passey, B.H., Podlesak, D.W., Torregrossa, A.M. & West, A.G. (2007) Determining biological tissue turnover using stable isotopes: The reaction progress variable. Oecologia, 151, 175-189.
24. Chamberlain, C.P., Blum, J.D., Holmes, R.T., Feng, X.H., Sherry, T.W. & Graves, G.R. (1997) The use of isotope tracers for identifying populations of migratory birds. Oecologia, 109, 132-141.
25. Cherel, Y. & Hobson, K.A. (2007) Geographical variation in carbon stable isotope signatures of marine predators: A tool to investigate their foraging areas in the southern ocean. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 329, 281-287.
26. Codron, D. & Brink, J.S. (2007) Trophic ecology of two savanna grazers, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 53, 90-99.
27. Codron, D., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Sponheimer, M., de Ruiter, D. & Codron, J. (2006) Inter- and intrahabitat dietary variability of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in South African savannas based on fecal delta C-13, delta N-15, and %N. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129, 204-214.
28. Cryan, P.M., Bogan, M.A., Rye, R.O., Landis, G.P. & Kester, C.L. (2004) Stable hydrogen isotope analysis of bat hair as evidence for seasonal molt and long-distance migration. Journal of Mammalogy, 85, 995-1001.
29. Dalerum, F. & Angerbjorn, A. (2005) Resolving temporal variation in vertebrate diets using naturally occurring stable isotopes. Oecologia, 144, 647-658.
30. Darimont, C.T. & Reimchen, T.E. (2002) Intra-hair stable isotope analysis implies seasonal shift to salmon in gray wolf diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 1638-1642.
31. Darimont, C.T., Paquet, P.C. & Reimchen, T.E. (2007) Stable isotopic niche predicts fitness of prey in a wolf-deer system. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90, 125-137.
32. Das, K., Holsbeek, L., Browning, J., Siebert, U., Birkun, A. & Bouquegneau, J.M. (2004) Trace metal and stable isotope measurements (delta C-13 and delta N-15) in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta from the Black sea. Environmental Pollution, 131, 197-204.
33. Dehn, L.A., Follmann, E.H., Thomas, D.L., Sheffield, G.G., Rosa, C., Duffy, L.K. & O'Hara, T.M. (2006) Trophic relationships in an Arctic food web and implications for trace metal transfer. Science of the Total Environment, 362, 103-123.
34. DeNiro, M.J. & Epstein, S. (1978) Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 495-506.
35. DeNiro, M.J. & Epstein, S. (1981) Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 341-351.
36. Drever, M.C., Blight, L.K., Hobson, K.A. & Bertram, D.F. (2000) Predation on seabird eggs by Keen's mice (Peromyscus keeni): Using stable isotopes to decipher the diet of a terrestrial omnivore on a remote offshore island. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 2010-2018.
37. Ernest, S.K.M. (2005) Body size, energy use, and community structure of small mammals. Ecology, 86, 1407-1413.
38. Felicetti, L.A., Schwartz, C.C., Rye, R.O., Haroldson, M.A., Gunther, K.A., Phillips, D.L. & Robbins, C.T. (2003) Use of sulfur and nitrogen stable isotopes to determine the importance of whitebark pine nuts to Yellowstone grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 763-770.
39. Fleming, T.H., Nunez, R.A. & Sternberg, L.S.L. (1993) Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis. Oecologia, 94, 72-75.
40. Fry, B. (2006) Stable Isotope Ecology. Springer Science + Business Media, New York, USA.
41. Fuglei, E., Bustnes, J.O., Hop, H., Mork, T., Bjornfoth, H. & van Bavel, B. (2007) Environmental contaminants in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Svalbard: Relationships with feeding ecology and body condition. Environmental Pollution, 146, 128-138.
42. Gannes, L.Z.O., O'Brien, D.M. & delRio, C.M. (1997) Stable isotopes in animal ecology: Assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments. Ecology, 78, 1271-1276.
43. Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (1994) Phenotypic and genetic-effects of hybridization in Darwin's Finches. Evolution, 48, 297-316.
44. Greaves, D.K., Hammill, M.O., Eddington, J.D., Pettipas, D. & Schreer, J.F. (2004) Growth rate and shedding of vibrissae in the gray seal, Halichoerus grypus: A cautionary note for stable isotope diet analysis. Marine Mammal Science, 20, 296-304.
45. Guelinckx, J., Maes, J., De Brabandere, L., Dehairs, F. & Ollevier, F. (2006) Migration dynamics of clupeoids in the Schelde estuary: A stable isotope approach. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 612-623.
46. Hall-Aspland, S.A., Hall, A.P. & Rogers, T.L. (2005) A new approach to the solution of the linear mixing model for a single isotope: application to the case of an opportunistic predator. Oecologia, 143, 143-147.
47. Harris, S., Cresswell, W.J., Forde, P.G., Trewhella, W.J., Woollard, T. & Wray, S. (1990) Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data - a review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals. Mammal Review, 20, 97-123.
48. Herrera, M.L.G., Hobson, K.A., Manzo, A.A., Estrada, B.D., Sanchez-Cordero, V. & Mendez, C.G. (2001) The role of fruits and insects in the nutrition of frugivorous bats: Evaluating the use of stable isotope models. Biotropica, 33, 520-528.
49. Hilderbrand, G.V., Farley, S.D., Robbins, C.T., Hanley, T.A., Titus, K. & Servheen, C. (1996) Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie, 74, 2080-2088.
50. Hirons, A.C., Schell, D.M. & Finney, B.P. (2001) Temporal records of delta C-13 and delta N-15 in North Pacific pinnipeds: Inferences regarding environmental change and diet. Oecologia, 129, 591-601.
51. Hobson, K.A. (1999) Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: A review. Oecologia, 120, 314-326.
52. Hobson, K.A. (2005) Using stable isotopes to trace long-distance dispersal in birds and other taxa. Diversity and Distributions, 11, 157-164.
53. Hobson, K.A. & Welch, H.E. (1992) Determination of trophic relationships within a high arctic marine food web using delta-C-13 and delta-N-15 analysis. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 84, 9-18.
54. Hobson, K.A. & Wassenaar, L.I. (1997) Linking brooding and wintering grounds of Neotropical migrant songbirds using stable hydrogen isotopic analysis of feathers. Oecologia, 109, 142-148.
55. Hobson, K.A. & Schell, D.M. (1998) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope patterns in baleen from eastern Arctic bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 2601-2607.
56. Hobson, K.A., Drever, M.C. & Kaiser, G.W. (1999a) Norway rats as predators of burrow-nesting seabirds: Insights from stable isotope analyses. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 14-25.
57. Hobson, K.A., Atwell, L. & Wassenaar, L.I. (1999b) Influence of drinking water and diet on the stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of animal tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 8003-8006.
58. Hobson, K.A., Schell, D.M., Renouf, D. & Noseworthy, E. (1996) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissues of captive seals: Implications for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 528-533.
59. Hobson, K.A., Wassenaar, L.I., Mila, B., Lovette, I., Dingle, C. & Smith, T.B. (2003) Stable isotopes as indicators of altitudinal distributions and movements in an Ecuadorean hummingbird community. Oecologia, 136, 302-308.
60. Hobson, K.A., Bowen, G.J., Wassenaar, L.I., Ferrand, Y. & Lormee, H. (2004) Using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope measurements of feathers to infer geographical origins of migrating European birds. Oecologia, 141, 477-488.
61. Howland, M.R., Corr, L.T., Young, S.M.M., Jones, V., Jim, S., Van der Merwe, N.J., Mitchell, A.D. & Evershed, R.P. (2003) Expression of the dietary isotope signal in the compound-specific delta (13) values of pig bone lipids and amino acids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13, 54-65.
62. Inger, R., Ruxton, G.D., Newton, J., Colhoun, K., Robinson, J.A., Jackson, A.L. & Bearhop, S. (2006) Temporal and intrapopulation variation in prey choice of wintering geese determined by stable isotope analysis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 1190-1200.
63. Jardine, T.D., Kidd, K.A. & Fisk, A.T. (2006) Applications, considerations, and sources of uncertainty when using stable isotope analysis in ecotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7501-7511.
64. Jenkins, S.G., Partridge, S.T., Stephenson, T.R., Farley, S.D. & Robbins, C.T. (2001) Nitrogen and carbon isotope fractionation between mothers, neonates, and nursing offspring. Oecologia, 129, 336-341.
65. Kelly, J.F. (2000) Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 78, 1-27.
66. Kelly, J.F., Atudorei, V., Sharp, Z.D. & Finch, D.M. (2002) Insights into Wilson's Warbler migration from analyses of hydrogen stable-isotope ratios. Oecologia, 130, 216-221.
67. Klaassen, M., Thums, M. & Hume, I.D. (2004) Effects of diet change on carbon and nitrogen stable-isotope ratios in blood cells and plasma of the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta). Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 635-647.
68. Kurle, C.M. (2002) Stable-isotope ratios of blood components from captive northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and their diet: applications for studying the foraging ecology of wild otariids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 902-909.
69. Lajtha, K. & Michener, R.H. (1994) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell Scientific, London.
70. Lavin, S.R., Van Deelen, T.R., Brown, P.W., Warner, R.E. & Ambrose, S.H. (2003) Prey use by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and rural areas of Illinois. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie, 81, 1070-1082.
71. Layman, C.A., Arrington, D.A., Montana, C.G. & Post, D.M. (2007) Can stable isotope ratios provide for community-wide measures of trophic structure? Ecology, 88, 42-48.
72. Lee, S.H., Schell, D.M., McDonald, T.L. & Richardson, W.J. (2005) Regional and seasonal feeding by bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus as indicated by stable isotope ratios. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 285, 271-287.
73. Levin, N.E., Cerling, T.E., Passey, B.H., Harris, J.M. & Ehleringer, J.R. (2006) A stable isotope aridity index for terrestrial environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 11201-11205.
74. Lewis, R., O'Connell, T.C., Lewis, M., Carnpagna, C. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2006) Sex-specific foraging strategies and resource partitioning in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 273, 2901-2907.
75. Litvin, S.Y. & Weinstein, M.P. (2004) Multivariate analysis of stable-isotope ratios to infer movements and utilization of estuarine organic matter by juvenile weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61, 1851-1861.
76. MacAvoy, S.E., Arneson, L.S. & Bassett, E. (2006) Correlation of metabolism with tissue carbon and nitrogen turnover rate in small mammals. Oecologia, 150, 190-201.
77. McDonald, R.A. (2002) Resource partitioning among British and Irish mustelids. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 185-200.
78. McEachern, M.B., Eagles-Smith, C.A., Efferson, C.M. & Van Vuren, D.H. (2006) Evidence for local specialization in a generalist mammalian herbivore, Neotoma fuscipes. Oikos, 113, 440-448.
79. McIlwee, A.P. & Johnson, C.N. (1998) The contribution of fungus to the diets of three mycophagous marsupials in Eucalyptus forests, revealed by stable isotope analysis. Functional Ecology, 12, 223-231.
80. McKinney, C.R. (1950) Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios. Review of Scientific Instruments, 21, 724.
81. Macko, S.A., Fogel, M.L., Hare, P.E. & Hoering, T.C. (1987) Isotopic fractionation of nitrogen and carbon in the synthesis of amino-acids by microorganisms. Chemical Geology, 65, 79-92.
82. Major, H.L., Jones, I.L., Charette, M.R. & Diamond, A.W. (2007) Variations in the diet of introduced Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) inferred using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Zoology, 271, 463-468.
83. Marra, P.P., Hobson, K.A. & Holmes, R.T. (1998) Linking winter and summer events in a migratory bird by using stable-carbon isotopes. Science, 282, 1884-1886.
84. Matthews, B. & Mazumder, A. (2004) A critical evaluation of intrapopulation variation of delta C-13 and isotopic evidence of individual specialization. Oecologia, 140, 361-371.
85. Milton, D.A. & Chenery, S.R. (2005) Movement patterns of barramundi Lates calcarifer, inferred from Sr-87/Sr-86 and Sr. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 301, 279-291.
86. Miron, M.L.L., Herrera, M.L.G., Ramirez, P.N. & Hobson, K.A. (2006) Effect of diet quality on carbon and nitrogen turnover and isotopic discrimination in blood of a New World nectarivorous bat. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 541-548.
87. Mitani, Y., Bando, T., Takai, N. & Sakamoto, W. (2006) Patterns of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the baleen of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the western North Pacific. Fisheries Science, 72, 69-76.
88. Morgan, S.G., Spilseth, S.A., Page, H.M., Brooks, A.J. & Grosholz, E.D. (2006) Spatial and temporal movement of the lined shore crab Pachygrapsus crassipes in salt marshes and its utility as an indicator of habitat condition. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 314, 271-281.
89. Newsome, S.D., Koch, P.L., Etnier, M.A. & Aurioles-Gambao, D. (2006) Using carbon and nitrogen isotope values to investigate maternal strategies in northeast Pacific otariids. Marine Mammal Science, 22, 556-572.
90. Nino-Torres, C.A., Gallo-Reynoso, J.P., Galvan-Magana, F., Escobar-Briones, E. & Macko, S.A. (2006) Isotopic analysis of delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 'a feeding tale' in teeth of the longbeaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis. Marine Mammal Science, 22, 831-846.
91. Passey, B.H., Robinson, T.F., Ayliffe, L.K., Cerling, T.E., Sponheimer, M., Dearing, M.D., Roeder, B.L. & Ehleringer, J.R. (2005) Carbon isotope fractionation between diet, breath CO2, and bioapatite in different mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 1459-1470.
92. Phillips, D.L. & Gregg, J.W. (2001) Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes. Oecologia, 127, 171-179.
93. Phillips, D.L. & Gregg, J.W. (2003) Source partitioning using stable isotopes: Coping with too many sources. Oecologia, 136, 261-269.
94. Phillips, D.L., Newsome, S.D. & Gregg, J.W. (2005) Combining sources in stable isotope mixing models: Alternative methods. Oecologia, 144, 520-527.
95. Popp, B.N., Graham, B.S., Olson, R.J., Hannides, C.C.S., Lott, M.J., Lopez-Ibarra, G.A., Galvan-Magana, F. & Fry, B. (2007) Insight into the trophic ecology of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, from compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of protenaceous amino acids. In Stable Isotopes as Indicators of Ecological Change (Ed. by T. Dawson & R. Siegwolf), pp. 173-190. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam.
96. Post, D.M. (2002) Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology, 83, 703-718.
97. Powell, L.A. & Hobson, K.A. (2006) Enriched feather hydrogen isotope values for wood thrushes sampled in Georgia, USA, during the breeding season: Implications for quantifying dispersal. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 84, 1331-1338.
98. Preston, T. & Owens, N.J.P. (1983) Interfacing an automatic elemental analyzer with an isotope ratio mass-spectrometer - the potential for fully automated total nitrogen and N-15 analysis. Analyst, 108, 971-977.
99. Putman, R.J. (1984) Facts from faeces. Mammal Review, 14, 79-97.
100. Robbins, C.T., Felicetti, L.A. & Sponheimer, M. (2005) The effect of dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds. Oecologia, 144, 534-540.
101. Roemer, G.W., Donlan, J.C. & Courchamp, F. (2002) Golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: How exotic species turn native predators into prey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 791-796.
102. Roth, J.D. (2003) Variability in marine resources affects arctic fox population dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 668-676.
103. Roth, J.D. & Hobson, K.A. (2000) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissue of captive red fox: Implications for dietary reconstruction. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie, 78, 848-852.
104. Rubenstein, D.R. & Hobson, K.A. (2004) From birds to butterflies: animal movement patterns and stable isotopes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 256-263.
105. Schell, D.M., Saupe, S.M. & Haubenstock, N. (1989) Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) growth and feeding as estimated by delta-C-13 techniques. Marine Biology, 103, 433-443.
106. Schwarcz, H.P. (1991) Some theoretical aspects of isotope paleo-diet studies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 18, 261-275.
107. Shaner, P.J., Bowers, M. & Macko, S. (2007) Giving-up density and dietary shifts in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Ecology, 88, 87-95.
108. Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Passey, B., Roeder, B., Shipley, L., Lopez, E., Cerling, T., Dearing, D. & Ehleringer, J. (2003a) An experimental study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 871-876.
109. Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Roeder, B., Hammer, J., Passey, B., West, A., Cerling, T., Dearing, D. & Ehleringer, J. (2003b) Nitrogen isotopes in mammalian herbivores: Hair delta N-15 values from a controlled feeding study. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13, 80-87.
110. Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T.F., Cerling, T.E., Tegland, L., Roeder, B.L., Ayliffe, L., Dearing, M.D. & Ehleringer, J.R. (2006) Turnover of stable carbon isotopes in the muscle, liver, and breath CO2 of alpacas (Lama pacos). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20, 1395-1399.
111. Stapp, P. & Polis, G.A. (2003a) Influence of pulsed resources and marine subsidies on insular rodent populations. Oikos, 102, 111-123.
112. Stapp, P. & Polis, G.A. (2003b) Marine resources subsidize insular rodent populations in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Oecologia, 134, 496-504.
113. Stewart, K.M., Bowyer, R.T., Kie, J.G., Dick, B.L. & Ben-David, M. (2003) Niche partitioning among mule deer, elk, and cattle: Do stable isotopes reflect dietary niche? Ecoscience, 10, 297-302.
114. Szepanski, M.M., Ben-David, M. & Van Ballenberghe, V. (1999) Assessment of anadromous salmon resources in the diet of the Alexander Archipelago wolf using stable isotope analysis. Oecologia, 120, 327-335.
115. Tieszen, L.L., Boutton, T.W., Tesdahl, K.G. & Slade, N.A. (1983) Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal-tissues - implications for delta-C-13 analysis of diet. Oecologia, 57, 32-37.
116. Urton, E.J.M. & Hobson, K.A. (2005) Intrapopulation variation in gray wolf isotope (delta N-15 and delta C-13) profiles: Implications for the ecology of individuals. Oecologia, 145, 317-326.
117. Vanderklift, M.A. & Ponsard, S. (2003) Sources of variation in consumer-diet delta N-15 enrichment: A meta-analysis. Oecologia, 136, 169-182.
118. Van Valen, L. (1978) The statistics of variation. Evolutionary Theory, 4, 33-43.
119. Voigt, C.C. & Matt, F. (2004) Nitrogen stress causes unpredictable enrichments of N-15 in two nectar-feeding bat species. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 1741-1748.
120. Voigt, C.C., Matt, F., Michener, R. & Kunz, T.H. (2003) Low turnover rates of carbon isotopes in tissues of two nectar- feeding bat species. Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, 1419-1427.
121. Wassenaar, L.I. & Hobson, K.A. (2003) Comparative equilibration and online technique for determination of non-exchangeable hydrogen of keratins for use in animal migration studies. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 39, 211-217.
122. Webster, M.S., Marra, P.P., Haig, S.M., Bensch, S. & Holmes, R.T. (2002) Links between worlds: Unraveling migratory connectivity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 76-83.
123. West, J.B., Bowen, G.J., Cerling, T.E. & Ehleringer, J.R. (2006) Stable isotopes as one of nature's ecological recorders. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 408-414.
124. Wunder, M.B., Kester, C.L., Knopf, F.L. & Rye, R.O. (2005) A test of geographic assignment using isotope tracers in feathers of known origin. Oecologia, 144, 607-617.
125. Yohannes, E., Hobson, K.A., Pearson, D.J. & Wassenaar, L.I. (2005) Stable isotope analyses of feathers help identify autumn stopover sites of three long-distance migrants in northeastern Africa. Journal of Avian Biology, 36, 235-241.
126. Zhao, L.Y. & Schell, D.M. (2004) Stable isotope ratios in harbor seal Phoca vitulina vibrissae: Effects of growth patterns on ecological records. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 281, 267-273.