The effect of bariatric surgery on gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptide hormones

Peptides

Volumn 77, Issue , 2016, Pages 28-37

  Meek, Claire L ^a,b   Lewis, Hannah B ^a   Reimann, Frank ^a   Gribble, Fiona M ^a   Park, Adrian J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bariatric; Cholecystokinin; Gastrin; Ghrelin; Incretin; Oxyntomodulin

Indexed keywords

CHOLECYSTOKININ; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GASTRIN; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GHRELIN; GLUCAGON; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 2; INSULIN; OXYNTOMODULIN; PANCREAS HORMONE; PEPTIDE YY; SOMATOSTATIN;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; EXOCRINE SECRETION; GASTRIC BANDING; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROUX Y ANASTOMOSIS; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; STOMACH BYPASS; STOMACH EMPTYING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANIMAL; APPETITE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; METABOLISM; PANCREAS; SECRETION (PROCESS);

ANIMALS; APPETITE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; OBESITY; PANCREAS; PANCREATIC HORMONES;

EID: 84960917463     PISSN: 01969781     EISSN: 18735169     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.013     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. World Health Organisation. Ten facts on obesity 2013 (5/9/2013). Available from: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/en/index.html
2. J.L. Colquitt, J. Picot, E. Loveman, and A.J. Clegg Surgery for obesity Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 15 2 2009 CD003641
3. C.W. le Roux, S.J. Aylwin, R.L. Batterham, C.M. Borg, F. Coyle, V. Prasad, and et al. Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state. facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters Ann. Surg. 243 1 2006 108 114
4. A. Sarker, C.L. Meek, and A. Park Biochemical consequences of bariatric surgery for extreme clinical obesity Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2015 10.1177/0004563215588116
5. R.E. Brolin, L.B. LaMarca, H.A. Kenler, and R.P. Cody Malabsorptive gastric bypass in patients with superobesity J. Gastrointest. Surg. 6 2 2002 195 203
6. S.H. Jacobsen, S.C. Olesen, C. Dirksen, N.B. Jørgensen, K.N. Bojsen-Møller, U. Kielgast, and et al. Changes in gastrointestinal hormone responses, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function within 2 weeks after gastric bypass in non-diabetic subjects Obes. Surg. 22 7 2012 1084 1096
7. M. Sundbom, C. Holdstock, B.E. Engström, and F.A. Karlsson Early changes in ghrelin following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: influence of vagal nerve functionality? Obes. Surg. 17 3 2007 304 310
8. A.V. Safatle-Ribeiro, P.A. Petersen, D.S. Pereira Filho, C.E. Corbett, J. Faintuch, R. Ishida, and et al. Epithelial cell turnover is increased in the excluded stomach mucosa after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity Obes. Surg. 23 10 2013 1616 1623
9. J. Hedberg, H. Hedenström, S. Nilsson, M. Sundbom, and S. Gustavsson Role of gastric acid in stomal ulcer after gastric bypass Obes. Surg. 15 10 2005 1375 1378
10. J.R. Shak, J. Roper, G.I. Perez-Perez, C.H. Tseng, F. Francois, Z. Gamagaris, and et al. The effect of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery on plasma levels of appetite-control, insulinotropic, and digestive hormones Obes. Surg. 18 9 2008 1089 1096
11. T. Sillakivi, J. Suumann, U. Kirsimägi, and A. Peetsalu Plasma levels of gastric biomarkers in patients after bariatric surgery: biomarkers after bariatric surgery Hepatogastroenterology 60 128 2013 2129 2132
12. E. Grong, I.B. Arbo, O.K. Thu, E. Kuhry, B. Kulseng, and R. Mårvik The effect of duodenojejunostomy and sleeve gastrectomy on type 2 diabetes mellitus and gastrin secretion in Goto-Kakizaki rats Surg. Endosc. 29 3 2015 723 733
13. P.J. Delhanty, and A.J. van der Lely Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis Peptides 32 11 2011 2309 2318
14. R. Barazzoni, M. Zanetti, C. Nagliati, M.R. Cattin, C. Ferreira, M. Giuricin, and et al. Gastric bypass does not normalize obesity-related changes in ghrelin profile and leads to higher acylated ghrelin fraction Obesity (Silver Spring) 21 4 2013 718 722
15. D.E. Cummings, D.S. Weigle, R.S. Frayo, P.A. Breen, M.K. Ma, E.P. Dellinger, and et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery N. Engl. J. Med. 346 21 2002 1623 1630
16. G. Frühbeck, F. Rotellar, J.L. Hernández-Lizoain, M.J. Gil, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, J. Salvador, and et al. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations 6 months after gastric bypass are not determined by weight loss or changes in insulinemia Obes. Surg. 14 9 2004 1208 1215
17. G. Frühbeck, A. Diez-Caballero, M.J. Gil, I. Montero, J. Gómez-Ambrosi, J. Salvador, and et al. The decrease in plasma ghrelin concentrations following bariatric surgery depends on the functional integrity of the fundus Obes. Surg. 14 5 2004 606 612
18. R. Stoeckli, R. Chanda, I. Langer, and U. Keller Changes of body weight and plasma ghrelin levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass Obes. Res. 12 2 2004 346 350
19. C. Dirksen, N.B. Jørgensen, K.N. Bojsen-Møller, U. Kielgast, S.H. Jacobsen, T.R. Clausen, and et al. Gut hormones, early dumping and resting energy expenditure in patients with good and poor weight loss response after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Int. J. Obes. (London) 37 11 2013 1452 1459
20. B. Stenstrom, C.M. Zhao, K. Tømmerås, C.J. Arum, and D. Chen Is gastrin partially responsible for body weight reduction after gastric bypass? Eur. Surg. Res. 38 2 2006 94 101
21. C. Holdstock, B.E. Engström, M. Ohrvall, L. Lind, M. Sundbom, and F.A. Karlsson Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 7 2003 3177 3183
22. A. Yousseif, J. Emmanuel, E. Karra, Q. Millet, M. Elkalaawy, A.D. Jenkinson, and et al. Differential effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastric bypass on appetite, circulating acyl-ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 and active GLP-1 levels in non-diabetic humans Obes. Surg. 24 2 2014 241 252
23. R.A. Liddle Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by intraluminal releasing factors Am. J. Physiol. 269 3 Pt 1 1995 G319 27
24. H. Mendieta-Zerón, Á. Larrad-Jiménez, M.A. Burrell, M.M. Rodríguez, K. Da Boit, G. Frühbeck, and et al. Biliopancreatic diversion induces villi elongation and cholecystokinin and ghrelin increase Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 5 2 2011 66 70
25. L. Ockander, J.L. Hedenbro, J.F. Rehfeld, and K. Sjölund Jejunoileal bypass changes the duodenal cholecystokinin and somatostatin cell density Obes. Surg. 13 4 2003 584 590
26. R. Peterli, R.E. Steinert, B. Woelnerhanssen, T. Peters, C. Christoffel-Courtin, M. Gass, and et al. Metabolic and hormonal changes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: A randomized, prospective trial Obes. Surg. 22 5 2012 740 748
27. C.H. McIntosh, S. Widenmaier, and S.J. Kim Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP) Vitam. Horm. 80 2009 409 471
28. S. Piteau, A. Olver, S.J. Kim, K. Winter, J.A. Pospisilik, F. Lynn, and et al. Reversal of islet GIP receptor down-regulation and resistance to GIP by reducing hyperglycemia in the Zucker rat Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 362 4 2007 1007 1012
29. T. Vilsbøll, T. Krarup, S. Madsbad, and J.J. Holst Defective amplification of the late phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese Type II diabetic patients Diabetologia 45 8 2002 1111 1119
30. J.J. Meier, K. Hücking, J.J. Holst, C.F. Deacon, W.H. Schmiegel, and M.A. Nauck Reduced insulinotropic effect of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes 50 11 2001 2497 2504
31. C. Guidone, M. Manco, E. Valera-Mora, A. Iaconelli, D. Gniuli, A. Mari, and et al. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery Diabetes 55 7 2006 2025 2031
32. G. Mingrone, G. Nolfe, G.C. Gissey, A. Iaconelli, L. Leccesi, C. Guidone, and et al. Circadian rhythms of GIP and GLP1 in glucose-tolerant and in type 2 diabetic patients after biliopancreatic diversion Diabetologia 52 5 2009 873 881
33. S. Salinari, A. Bertuzzi, S. Asnaghi, C. Guidone, M. Manco, and G. Mingrone First-phase insulin secretion restoration and differential response to glucose load depending on the route of administration in type 2 diabetic subjects after bariatric surgery Diabetes Care 32 3 2009 375 380
34. R.H. Clements, Q.H. Gonzalez, C.I. Long, G. Wittert, and H.L. Laws Hormonal changes after Roux-en Y. gastric bypass for morbid obesity and the control of type-II diabetes mellitus Am. Surg. 70 1 2004 1 4
35. B. Laferrère, S. Heshka, K. Wang, Y. Khan, J. McGinty, J. Teixeira, and et al. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 30 7 2007 1709 1716
36. B. Laferrère, J. Teixeira, J. McGinty, H. Tran, J.R. Egger, A. Colarusso, and et al. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 7 2008 2479 2485
37. F. Rubino, A. Forgione, D.E. Cummings, M. Vix, D. Gnuli, G. Mingrone, and et al. The mechanism of diabetes control after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of the proximal small intestine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes Ann. Surg. 244 5 2006 741 749
38. J. Korner, M. Bessler, W. Inabnet, C. Taveras, and J.J. Holst Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide-1 and blunted glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide secretion are associated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not adjustable gastric banding Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 3 6 2007 597 601
39. S. Evans, Z. Pamuklar, J. Rosko, P. Mahaney, N. Jiang, C. Park, and et al. Gastric bypass surgery restores meal stimulation of the anorexigenic gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY independently of caloric restriction Surg. Endosc. 26 4 2012 1086 1094
40. M. Tsoli, A. Chronaiou, I. Kehagias, F. Kalfarentzos, and T.K. Alexandrides Hormone changes and diabetes resolution after biliopancreatic diversion and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A comparative prospective study Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 9 5 2013 667 677
41. S. Nausheen, I.H. Shah, A. Pezeshki, D.L. Sigalet, and P.K. Chelikani Effects of sleeve gastrectomy and ileal transposition, alone and in combination, on food intake, body weight, gut hormones, and glucose metabolism in rats Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 305 4 2013 E507 E518
42. A. Patriti, E. Facchiano, C. Annetti, M.C. Aisa, F. Galli, C. Fanelli, and et al. Early improvement of glucose tolerance after ileal transposition in a non-obese type 2 diabetes rat model Obes. Surg. 15 9 2005 1258 1264
43. A.D. Strader, T.P. Vahl, R.J. Jandacek, S.C. Woods, D.A. D'Alessio, and R.J. Seeley Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 2 2005 E447 E453
44. M. Horowitz, P.J. Collins, P.E. Harding, and D.J. Shearman Gastric emptying after gastric bypass Int. J. Obes. 10 2 1986 117 121
45. F. Rubino, and J. Marescaux Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diabetes: A new perspective for an old disease Ann. Surg. 239 1 2004 1 11
46. D. Pacheco, D.A. de Luis, A. Romero, M. González Sagrado, R. Conde, O. Izaola, and et al. The effects of duodenal-jejunal exclusion on hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism in Goto-Kakizaki rats Am. J. Surg. 194 2 2007 221 224
47. B. Kreymann, G. Williams, M.A. Ghatei, and S.R. Bloom Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: A physiological incretin in man Lancet 2 8571 1987 1300 1304
48. T. Vilsbøll, M. Zdravkovic, T. Le-Thi, T. Krarup, O. Schmitz, J.P. Courrèges, and et al. Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, given as monotherapy significantly improves glycemic control and lowers body weight without risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 30 6 2007 1608 1610
49. T.A. Wadden, P. Hollander, S. Klein, K. Niswender, V. Woo, P.M. Hale, and et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: The SCALE Maintenance randomized study Int. J. Obes. (London) 37 11 2013 1443 1451
50. C.R. Abbott, M. Monteiro, C.J. Small, A. Sajedi, K.L. Smith, J.R. Parkinson, and et al. The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway Brain Res. 1044 1 2005 127 131
51. P.J. Larsen, M. Tang-Christensen, and D.S. Jessop Central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 activates hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons in the rat Endocrinology 138 10 1997 4445 4455
52. M.D. Turton, D. O'Shea, I. Gunn, S.A. Beak, C.M. Edwards, K. Meeran, and et al. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding Nature 379 6560 1996 69 72
53. M. Bueter, A.D. Miras, H. Chichger, W. Fenske, M.A. Ghatei, S.R. Bloom, and et al. Alterations of sucrose preference after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Physiol. Behav. 104 5 2011 709 721
54. H.E. Wilson-Pérez, A.P. Chambers, D.A. Sandoval, M.A. Stefater, S.C. Woods, S.C. Benoit, and et al. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats Int. J. Obes. (London) 37 2 2013 288 295
55. B. Laferrère Diabetes remission after bariatric surgery: is it just the incretins? Int. J. Obes. (London) 35 Suppl 3 2011 S22 S25
56. N.B. Jørgensen, C. Dirksen, K.N. Bojsen-Møller, S.H. Jacobsen, D. Worm, D.L. Hansen, and et al. Exaggerated glucagon-like peptide 1 response is important for improved β-cell function and glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes 62 9 2013 3044 3052
57. H.E. Wilson-Pérez, A.P. Chambers, K.K. Ryan, B. Li, D.A. Sandoval, D. Stoffers, and et al. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is effective in two genetic mouse models of glucagon-like Peptide 1 receptor deficiency Diabetes 62 7 2013 2380 2385
58. E. Abalos, M. Merialdi, D. Wojdyla, G. Carroli, L. Campodonico, S.E. Yao, and et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on fetal growth in mothers with deficient calcium intake: A randomised controlled trial Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. England 24 2010 53 62
59. M.A. Nauck, U. Niedereichholz, R. Ettler, J.J. Holst, C. Orskov, R. Ritzel, and et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans Am. J. Physiol. 273 5 Pt 1 1997 E981 8
60. J. Seufert, and B. Gallwitz The extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A focus on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems Diabetes Obes. Metab. 16 8 2014 673 688
61. J. Schirra, M. Katschinski, C. Weidmann, T. Schäfer, U. Wank, R. Arnold, and et al. Gastric emptying and release of incretin hormones after glucose ingestion in humans J. Clin. Invest. 97 1 1996 92 103
62. M.A. Nauck, E. Homberger, E.G. Siegel, R.C. Allen, R.P. Eaton, R. Ebert, and et al. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63 2 1986 492 498
63. F. Preitner, M. Ibberson, I. Franklin, C. Binnert, M. Pende, A. Gjinovci, and et al. Gluco-incretins control insulin secretion at multiple levels as revealed in mice lacking GLP-1 and GIP receptors J. Clin. Invest. 113 4 2004 635 645
64. J.L. Estall, and D.J. Drucker Dual regulation of cell proliferation and survival via activation of glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor signaling J. Nutr. 133 11 2003 3708 3711
65. G.R. Martin, L.E. Wallace, B. Hartmann, J.J. Holst, L. Demchyshyn, K. Toney, and et al. Nutrient-stimulated GLP-2 release and crypt cell proliferation in experimental short bowel syndrome Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288 3 2005 G431 G438
66. C.W. le Roux, C. Borg, K. Wallis, R.P. Vincent, M. Bueter, R. Goodlad, and et al. Gut hypertrophy after gastric bypass is associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 2 and intestinal crypt cell proliferation Ann. Surg. 252 1 2010 50 56
67. F. Romero, J. Nicolau, L. Flores, R. Casamitjana, A. Ibarzabal, A. Lacy, and et al. Comparable early changes in gastrointestinal hormones after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbidly obese type 2 diabetic subjects Surg. Endosc. 26 8 2012 2231 2239
68. N.F. Butte, M.L. Brandt, W.W. Wong, Y. Liu, N.R. Mehta, T.A. Wilson, and et al. Energetic adaptations persist after bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents Obesity (Silver Spring) 23 3 2015 591 601
69. R.L. Batterham, M.A. Cowley, C.J. Small, H. Herzog, M.A. Cohen, C.L. Dakin, and et al. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake Nature 418 6898 2002 650 654
70. A.B. Witte, P. Grybäck, J.J. Holst, L. Hilsted, P.M. Hellström, H. Jacobsson, and et al. Differential effect of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on gastric emptying in man Regul. Pept. 158 1-3 2009 57 62
71. L. Wang, G. Gourcerol, P.Q. Yuan, S.V. Wu, M. Million, M. Larauche, and et al. Peripheral peptide YY inhibits propulsive colonic motor function through Y2 receptor in conscious mice Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 298 1 2010 G45 G56
72. R.L. Batterham, M.A. Cohen, S.M. Ellis, C.W. Le Roux, D.J. Withers, G.S. Frost, and et al. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36 N. Engl. J. Med. 349 10 2003 941 948
73. C.W. le Roux, R.L. Batterham, S.J. Aylwin, M. Patterson, C.M. Borg, K.J. Wynne, and et al. Attenuated peptide YY release in obese subjects is associated with reduced satiety Endocrinology 147 1 2006 3 8
74. C. Dirksen, K.N. Bojsen-Møller, N.B. Jørgensen, S.H. Jacobsen, V.B. Kristiansen, L.S. Naver, and et al. Exaggerated release and preserved insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide-1 underlie insulin hypersecretion in glucose-tolerant individuals after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Diabetologia 56 12 2013 2679 2687
75. J. Korner, W. Inabnet, G. Febres, I.M. Conwell, D.J. McMahon, R. Salas, and et al. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Int. J. Obes. (London) 33 7 2009 786 795
76. K. Chandarana, C. Gelegen, E. Karra, A.I. Choudhury, M.E. Drew, V. Fauveau, and et al. Diet and gastrointestinal bypass-induced weight loss: The roles of ghrelin and peptide YY Diabetes 60 3 2011 810 818
77. B. Laferrère, N. Swerdlow, B. Bawa, S. Arias, M. Bose, B. Oliván, and et al. Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 8 2010 4072 4076
78. Y. Falkén, P.M. Hellström, J.J. Holst, and E. Näslund Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 7 2011 2227 2235
79. A. Pocai, P.E. Carrington, J.R. Adams, M. Wright, G. Eiermann, L. Zhu, and et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice Diabetes 58 10 2009 2258 2266
80. J.W. Day, N. Ottaway, J.T. Patterson, V. Gelfanov, D. Smiley, J. Gidda, and et al. A new glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist eliminates obesity in rodents Nat. Chem. Biol. 5 10 2009 749 757
81. K. Wynne, A.J. Park, C.J. Small, M. Patterson, S.M. Ellis, K.G. Murphy, and et al. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial Diabetes 54 8 2005 2390 2395
82. K. Wynne, A.J. Park, C.J. Small, K. Meeran, M.A. Ghatei, G.S. Frost, and et al. Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: A randomised controlled trial Int. J. Obes. (London) 30 12 2006 1729 1736
83. A. Mallipedhi, S.L. Prior, J.D. Barry, S. Caplin, J.N. Baxter, and J.W. Stephens Temporal changes in glucose homeostasis and incretin hormone response at 1 and 6 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 10 5 2014 860 869
84. L.M. Umeda, E.A. Silva, G. Carneiro, C.H. Arasaki, B. Geloneze, and M.T. Zanella Early improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery and its relationships with insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetic patients Obes. Surg. 21 7 2011 896 901
85. N.B. Jørgensen, S.H. Jacobsen, C. Dirksen, K.N. Bojsen-Møller, L. Naver, L. Hvolris, and et al. Acute and long-term effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on glucose metabolism in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 303 1 2012 E122 E131
86. E.L. Lim, K.G. Hollingsworth, B.S. Aribisala, M.J. Chen, J.C. Mathers, and R. Taylor Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol Diabetologia 54 10 2011 2506 2514
87. W.J. Pories, M.S. Swanson, K.G. MacDonald, S.B. Long, P.G. Morris, B.M. Brown, and et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus Ann. Surg. 222 3 1995 339 350
88. S. Panunzi, A. De Gaetano, A. Carnicelli, and G. Mingrone Predictors of remission of diabetes mellitus in severely obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery: do BMI or procedure choice matter? A meta-analysis Ann. Surg. 261 3 2015 459 467
89. J.B. Buse, S. Caprio, W.T. Cefalu, A. Ceriello, S. Del Prato, S.E. Inzucchi, and et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care 32 11 2009 2133 2135
90. S.A. Brethauer, A. Aminian, H. Romero-Talamás, E. Batayyah, J. Mackey, L. Kennedy, and et al. Can diabetes be surgically cured? Long-term metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Ann. Surg. 258 4 2013 628 636
91. P.R. Schauer, D.L. Bhatt, J.P. Kirwan, K. Wolski, S.A. Brethauer, S.D. Navaneethan, and et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes-3-year outcomes N. Engl. J. Med. 370 21 2014 2002 2013
92. H. Booth, O. Khan, T. Prevost, M. Reddy, A. Dregan, J. Charlton, and et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: population-based matched cohort study Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2 12 2014 963 968
93. F.J. Ortega, J.M. Moreno-Navarrete, M. Sabater, W. Ricart, G. Frühbeck, and J.M. Fernández-Real Circulating glucagon is associated with inflammatory mediators in metabolically compromised subjects Eur. J. Endocrinol. 165 4 2011 639 645
94. J. Korner, W. Inabnet, I.M. Conwell, C. Taveras, A. Daud, L. Olivero-Rivera, and et al. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 9 2006 1553 1561
95. M.M. Swarbrick, K.L. Stanhope, I.T. Austrheim-Smith, M.D. Van Loan, M.R. Ali, B.M. Wolfe, and et al. Longitudinal changes in pancreatic and adipocyte hormones following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery Diabetologia 51 10 2008 1901 1911
96. R. Liu, N. Wei, W. Guo, O. Qiang, X. Li, Y. Ou, and et al. Octreotide alleviates obesity by reducing intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting low-grade inflammation Eur. J. Nutr. 52 3 2013 1067 1075
97. A.E. Rigamonti, S.G. Cella, S.M. Bonomo, G. Mancia, G. Grassi, M. Perotti, and et al. Effect of somatostatin infusion on peptide YY secretion: studies in the acute and recovery phase of anorexia nervosa and in obesity Eur. J. Endocrinol. 165 3 2011 421 427