Polypharmacy in the aging patient a review of glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes

JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 315, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 1034-1045

  Lipska, Kasia J ^a   Krumholz, Harlan ^a,b,c   Soones, Tacara ^d   Lee, Sei J ^e,f  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; ALOGLIPTIN; CANAGLIFLOZIN; DAPAGLIFLOZIN; EMPAGLIFLOZIN; EXENDIN 4; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; LINAGLIPTIN; LIRAGLUTIDE; METFORMIN; NATEGLINIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAMLINTIDE; REPAGLINIDE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SITAGLIPTIN; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN;

AGING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; FLATULENCE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MICROANGIOPATHY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT PREFERENCE; POLYPHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION; AGED; BLOOD; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CASE REPORT; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PSYCHOLOGY; TIME FACTOR; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD GLUCOSE SELF-MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; PATIENT PREFERENCE; POLYPHARMACY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84960862484     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: 15383598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0299     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Cheng YJ, Imperatore G, Geiss LS, et al. Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among US adults: 1988-2010. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(9):2690-2696.
2. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, et al. Trends in death rates among US adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1252-1257.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs-2011.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2016.
4. Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29.
5. Chang AM, Halter JB. Aging and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 284(1):E7-E12.
6. Imamura F, Mukamal KJ, Meigs JB, et al. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus preceded by β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, or both in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(12):1418-1429.
7. Flannery C, Dufour S, Rabøl R, Shulman GI, Petersen KF. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance promotes increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in the elderly. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2711-2717.
8. Petersen KF, Befroy D, Dufour S, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance. Science. 2003;300(5622): 1140-1142.
9. Szoke E, Shrayyef MZ, Messing S, et al. Effect of aging on glucose homeostasis: accelerated deterioration of beta-cell function in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):539-543.
10. Ihm SH, Matsumoto I, Sawada T, et al. Effect of donor age on function of isolated human islets. Diabetes. 2006;55(5):1361-1368.
11. Iozzo P, Beck-Nielsen H, Laakso M, Smith U, Yki-Järvinen H, Ferrannini E; European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance. Independent influence of age on basal insulin secretion in nondiabetic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(3):863-868.
12. Haupt A, Staiger H, Schäfer SA, et al. The risk allele load accelerates the age-dependent decline in beta cell function. Diabetologia. 2009;52(3):457-462.
13. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S1-S93.
14. 1c values. JAMA. 2014;311(22):2271-2272.
15. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S62-S69.
16. Munshi MN, Pandya N, Umpierrez GE, DiGenio A, Zhou R, Riddle MC. Contributions of basal and prandial hyperglycemia to total hyperglycemia in older and younger adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(4):535-541.
17. Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Liu JY, John PM, Moffet HH, Karter AJ. Rates of complications and mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus: the diabetes and aging study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):251-258.
18. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853.
19. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998; 352(9131):854-865.
20. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al; VADT Investigators. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129-139.
21. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24): 2560-2572.
22. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24): 2545-2559.
23. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.
24. Management of Diabetes Mellitus Guideline Update Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus, 2010. Version 4.0. Veterans Health Administration and Department of Defense. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/diabetes/. Updated August 2010. Accessed February 2, 2016.
25. Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, et al; Consensus Development Conference on Diabetes and Older Adults. Diabetes in older adults: a consensus report. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(12): 2342-2356.
26. Sinclair AJ, Paolisso G, Castro M, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Gadsby R, Rodriguez Mañas L; European Diabetes Working Party for Older People. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus executive summary. Diabetes Metab. 2011;37(suppl 3):S27-S38.
27. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al; American Diabetes Association (ADA); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1364-1379.
28. Moreno G, Mangione CM, Kimbro L, Vaisberg E; American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Guidelines for Improving the Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: 2013 update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):2020-2026.
29. Gibbons RJ, Smith S, Antman E; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines, part I: where do they come from? Circulation. 2003;107 (23):2979-2986.
30. Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Targeting intensive glycaemic control versus targeting conventional glycaemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD008143.
31. Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, et al; Control GroupIntensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52(11):2288-2298.
32. Stettler C, Allemann S, Juni P, et al. Glycemic control and macrovascular disease in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1):27-38.
33. Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1765-1772.
34. Mannucci E, Monami M, Lamanna C, Gori F, Marchionni N. Prevention of cardiovascular disease through glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(9):604-612.
35. Sacks DB. Measurement of hemoglobin A(1c): a new twist on the path to harmony. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2674-2680.
36. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence-study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64 (4):407-415.
37. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Carpena-Ruiz M, Montero-Errasquín B, Sánchez-Castellano C, Sánchez-García E. Exclusion of older adults from ongoing clinical trials about type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):734-738.
38. Lakey WC, Barnard K, Batch BC, Chiswell K, Tasneem A, Green JB. Are current clinical trials in diabetes addressing important issues in diabetes care? Diabetologia. 2013;56(6):1226-1235.
39. Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, et al; ACCORD Investigators. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD Trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):634-643.
40. Duckworth WC, Abraira C, Moritz TE, et al; Investigators of the VADT. The duration of diabetes affects the response to intensive glucose control in type 2 subjects: the VA Diabetes Trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2011;25(6):355-361.
41. Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(9):602-613.
42. Hemmingsen B, Schroll JB, Wetterslev J, et al. Sulfonylurea versus metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and trial sequential analysis. CMAJ Open. 2014;2(3):E162-E175.
43. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al; ADOPT Study Group. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2427-2443.
44. Chiasson J, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA. 2003;290 (4):486-494.
45. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al; TECOS Study Group. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):232-242.
46. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al; SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and Investigators. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1317-1326.
47. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-2128.
48. The ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:319-332.
49. Drugs for type 2 diabetes. Pharmacist's Letter website. http://pharmacistsletter.therapeuticresearch.com/%28X%281%29S %282ehetkrf1egtzk550yncjo2v%29%29/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?nidchk=1&cs=&s=PL&pt =3&fpt=6&segment=4407&dd=280601& AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1.Updated September 2015. Accessed October 1, 2015.
50. Mullan RJ, Montori VM, Shah ND, et al. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169 (17):1560-1568.
51. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359 (15):1577-1589.
52. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Ismail-Beigi F, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive glycaemic control on ischaemic heart disease: analysis of data from the randomised, controlled ACCORD trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1936-1941.
53. Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Wiitala WL, et al; VADT Investigators. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2197-2206.
54. Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al; ADVANCE-ON Collaborative Group. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1392-1406.
55. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):818-828.
56. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al; ACCORD trial group. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):419-430.
57. Investigators OT; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):22-28.
58. Miller ME, Bonds DE, Gerstein HC, et al; ACCORD Investigators. The effects of baseline characteristics, glycaemia treatment approach, and glycated haemoglobin concentration on the risk of severe hypoglycaemia: post hoc epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010;340: b5444.
59. Punthakee Z, Miller ME, Launer LJ, et al; ACCORD Group of Investigators; ACCORD-MIND Investigators. Poor cognitive function and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: post hoc epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):787-793.
60. Feil DG, Rajan M, Soroka O, Tseng CL, Miller DR, Pogach LM. Risk of hypoglycemia in older veterans with dementia and cognitive impairment: implications for practice and policy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(12):2263-2272.
61. Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(15):1410-1418.
62. Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, et al; Health ABC Study. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14): 1300-1306.
63. Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Incidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureas. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1681-1686.
64. Abdelhafiz AH, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Morley JE, Sinclair AJ. Hypoglycemia in older people-a less well recognized risk factor for frailty. Aging Dis. 2015;6(2):156-167.
65. Vijan S, Hofer TP, Hayward RA. Estimated benefits of glycemic control in microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(9):788-795.
66. Vijan S, Sussman JB, Yudkin JS, Hayward RA. Effect of patients' risks and preferences on health gains with plasma glucose level lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(8): 1227-1234.
67. Sinclair A, Morley JE. How to manage diabetes mellitus in older persons in the 21st century: applying these principles to long term diabetes care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(11):777-780.
68. Bloomfield HE, Greer N, Newman D, et al. Predictors and consequences of severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes-a systematic review of the evidence. VA-ESP Project #09-009. 2012. http://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/publications/esp/hypoglycemia-2012.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2015.
69. Phung OJ, Scholle JM, Talwar M, Coleman CI. Effect of noninsulin antidiabetic drugs added to metformin therapy on glycemic control, weight gain, and hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2010;303(14):1410-1418.
70. Timbie JW, Hayward RA, Vijan S. Diminishing efficacy of combination therapy, response-heterogeneity, and treatment intolerance limit the attainability of tight risk factor control in patients with diabetes. Health Serv Res. 2010;45 (2):437-456.
71. Bloomgarden ZT, Dodis R, Viscoli CM, Holmboe ES, Inzucchi SE. Lower baseline glycemia reduces apparent oral agent glucose-lowering efficacy: a meta-regression analysis. Diabetes Care. 2006;29 (9):2137-2139.
72. Field TS, Gurwitz JH, Avorn J, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(13):1629-1634.
73. Field TS, Gurwitz JH, Harrold LR, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among older adults in the ambulatory setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004; 52(8):1349-1354.
74. Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, et al. Prevalence of unplanned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(1):34-41.
75. Doan J, Zakrzewski-Jakubiak H, Roy J, Turgeon J, Tannenbaum C. Prevalence and risk of potential cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions in older hospitalized patients with polypharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(3):324-332.
76. Johnell K, Klarin I. The relationship between number of drugs and potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a study of over 600, 000 elderly patients from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Drug Saf. 2007;30(10):911-918.
77. Fitzgerald SP, Bean NG. An analysis of the interactions between individual comorbidities and their treatments-implications for guidelines and polypharmacy. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11(7):475-484.
78. Kojima G, Bell C, Tamura B, et al Reducing cost by reducing polypharmacy: the polypharmacy outcomes project. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(9): 818.e11-818.e15.
79. Benner JS, Chapman RH, Petrilla AA, Tang SS, Rosenberg N, Schwartz JS. Association between prescription burden and medication adherence in patients initiating antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66(16):1471-1477.
80. Stoehr GP, Lu SY, Lavery L, et al. Factors associated with adherence to medication regimens in older primary care patients: the Steel Valley Seniors Survey. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008;6 (5):255-263.
81. Vijan S, Hayward RA, Ronis DL, Hofer TP. Brief report: the burden of diabetes therapy: implications for the design of effective patient-centered treatment regimens. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(5):479-482.
82. Godolphin W. Shared decision-making. Healthc Q. 2009;12(spec no patient):e186-e190.
83. Bohlen K, Scoville E, Shippee ND, May CR, Montori VM. Overwhelmed patients: a videographic analysis of how patients with type 2 diabetes and clinicians articulate and address treatment burden during clinical encounters. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(1):47-49.
84. Mayo Clinic Shared Decision Making National Resource Center. Shared decision making philosophy. 2014. http://shareddecisions.mayoclinic.org/decision-aid-information/decision-aids-for-chronic-disease. Accessed October 1, 2015.
85. Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312(24):2668-2675.