Measurement of hemoglobin A1c: A new twist on the path to harmony

Diabetes Care

Volumn 35, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 2674-2680

  Sacks, David B ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNIT; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; REVIEW;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS;

EID: 84869790085     PISSN: 01495992     EISSN: 19355548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1348     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Sacks DB. A1C versus glucose testing: a comparison. Diabetes Care 2011;34:518-523
2. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329: 977-986
3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352: 837-853
4. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al.; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/ EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-2653
5. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2012. Diabetes Care 2012;35(Suppl. 1):S11-S63
6. International Diabetes Federation Task Force. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2005, p. 1-11
7. Shima K, Endo J, Oimomi M, Oshima I, Omori Y, Katayama Y. Inter-laboratory difference in HBA1c measurement in Japan. A report of the Committee on an Inter-laboratory Standarization of HbA1c Determination, the Japan Diabetes Society. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 1994;37:855-864
8. Eckerbom S, Bergqvist Y, Jeppsson JO. Improved method for analysis of glycated haemoglobin by ion exchange chromatography. Ann Clin Biochem 1994;31: 355-360 (Pubitemid 24229362)
9. Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Myers GL, Sacks DB, Goldstein DE; NGSP Steering Committee. The national glycohemoglobin standardization program: a fiveyear progress report. Clin Chem 2001;47:1985-1992 (Pubitemid 33010715)
10. Jeppsson JO, Kobold U, Barr J, et al.; International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Approved IFCC reference method for the measurement of HbA1c in human blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002;40:78-89 (Pubitemid 34196455)
11. Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO, et al.; IFCC Working Group on HbA1c Standardization. IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A1c in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden: a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 2004;50:166-174 (Pubitemid 38125714)
12. Mosca A, Goodall I, Hoshino T, et al.; International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, IFCC Scientific Division. Global standardization of glycated hemoglobin measurement: the position of the IFCCWorking Group. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1077-1080 (Pubitemid 47424866)
13. Maillard LC. The action of amino acids on sugar. The formation of melanoidin by a methodic route. Cr Hebd Acad Sci 1912; 154:66-68
14. Kunkel HG, Wallenius G. New hemoglobin in normal adult blood. Science 1955; 122:288
15. Allen DW, Schroeder WA, Balog J. Observations on the chromatographic heterogeneity of normal adult and fetal human hemoglobin - a study of the effects of crystallization and chromatography on the heterogeneity and isoleucine content. J Am Chem Soc 1958;80:1628-1634
16. Rahbar S. An abnormal hemoglobin in red cells of diabetics. Clin Chim Acta 1968; 22:296-298
17. Rahbar S, Blumenfeld O, Ranney HM. Studies of an unusual hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969;36:838-843
18. Bookchin RM, Gallop PM. Structure of hemoglobin AIc: nature of the N-terminal beta chain blocking group. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968;32:86-93
19. Nordin G, Dybkaer R; International Federation Of Clinical Chemistry And Laboratory Medicine, IFCC Scientific Division. Recommendation for term and measurement unit for "HbA1c". Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1081-1082 (Pubitemid 47424865)
20. Shapiro R, McManus MJ, Zalut C, Bunn HF. Sites of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A. J Biol Chem 1980;255:3120-3127 (Pubitemid 10089264)
21. Prome D, Blouquit Y, Ponthus C, Prome JC, Rosa J. Structure of the human adult hemoglobin minor fraction A1b by electrospray and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Pyruvic acid as amino-terminal blocking group. J Biol Chem 1991;266:13050-13054 (Pubitemid 21907306)
22. Davis JE, McDonald JM, Jarett L. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for hemoglobin A1c. Diabetes 1978;27:102-107 (Pubitemid 8294834)
23. Beccaria L, Chiumello G, Gianazza E, Luppis B, Righetti PG. Hemoglobin A1C separation by isoelectric focusing. Am J Hematol 1978;4:367-374 (Pubitemid 9066771)
24. World Health Organization. Diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;727:1-113
25. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1989;12:365-368
26. Sacks DB. Carbohydrates. In Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Burtis C, Ashwood E, Eds. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1994, p. 928-1001
27. Sacks DB. Diabetes mellitus. In Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th ed. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, Eds. St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders, 2012, p. 1415-1456
28. Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Sacks DB; National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) Steering Committee. Status of hemoglobin A1c measurement and goals for improvement: from chaos to order for improving diabetes care. Clin Chem 2011;57:205-214
29. Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, England JD, et al. Interlaboratory standardization of measurements of glycohemoglobins. Clin Chem 1992;38:2472-2478 (Pubitemid 23006216)
30. DCCT. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1995;44:968-983
31. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-412 (Pubitemid 30609442)
32. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-1589
33. Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1761-1773 (Pubitemid 38857461)
34. Weykamp C, John WG, Mosca A, et al. The IFCC Reference Measurement System for HbA1c: a 6-year progress report. Clin Chem 2008;54:240-248 (Pubitemid 351302616)
35. Report of the ADA/EASD/IDF Working Group of the HbA1c Assay, London, UK, January 2004. Diabetologia 2004;47:R53-R54
36. Sacks DB; ADA/EASD/IDF Working Group of the HbA1c Assay. Global harmonization of hemoglobin A1c. Clin Chem 2005;51:681-683
37. Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Heine RJ; A1c-Derived Average Glucose Study Group. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1473-1478
38. Young IS. Counterpoint: the reporting of estimated glucose with hemoglobin A1c. Clin Chem 2010;56:547-549
39. Barth JH, Marshall SM, Watson ID. Consensus meeting on reporting glycated haemoglobin and estimated average glucose in the UK: report to the National Director for Diabetes, Department of Health. Ann Clin Biochem 2008;45:343-344 (Pubitemid 352031538)
40. Kilpatrick ES, Bloomgarden ZT, Zimmet PZ. Is haemoglobin A1c a step forward for diagnosing diabetes? BMJ 2009;339:b4432
41. Bloomgarden ZT, Inzucchi SE, Karnieli E, Le Roith D. The proposed terminology 'A (1c)-derived average glucose' is inherently imprecise and should not be adopted. Diabetologia 2008;51:1111-1114
42. Herman WH, Cohen RM. Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1067-1072
43. Iqbal N, Morgan C, Maksoud H, Idris I. Improving patients' knowledge on the relationship between HbA1c and mean plasma glucose improves glycaemic control among persons with poorly controlled diabetes. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45:504-507
44. Sacks DB, Bergenstal RM, McLaughlin S. Point: the reporting of estimated glucose with hemoglobin A1c. Clin Chem 2010; 56:545-546
45. Kahn R, Fonseca V. Translating the A1C assay. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1704-1707
46. Consensus Committee. Consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1C measurement: the American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2399-2400
47. Hanas R, John G; International HbA(1c) Consensus Committee. 2010 consensus statement on theworldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1c measurement. Clin Chem 2010;56:1362-1364
48. Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. OJ L, 1998, 331:1-37
49. Heisler M, Vijan S, Anderson RM, Ubel PA, Bernstein SJ, Hofer TP. When do patients and their physicians agree on diabetes treatment goals and strategies, and what difference does it make? J Gen Intern Med 2003;18: 893-902 (Pubitemid 37510617)