Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 91-113

  Higa McMillan, Charmaine K ^a   Francis, Sarah E ^b   Rith Najarian, Leslie ^c   Chorpita, Bruce F ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84959878484     PISSN: 15374416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. P.M.Barrett,, M.R.Dadds, & R.M.Rapee, (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333–342. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.333
3. P.M.Barrett,, A.L.Duffy,, M.R.Dadds, & R.M.Rapee, (2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 135–141. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.1.135
4. S.K.Bearman, The Research Network on Youth Mental Health, J.R.Weisz,, B.F.Chorpita,, K.Hoagwood,, A.Ward, & A.Bernstein, (2013). More practice, less preach? The role of supervision processes and therapist characteristics in EBP implementation. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 40, 518–529. doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0485-5
5. K.D.Becker,, B.F.Chorpita, & E.L.Daleiden, (2011). Improvement in symptoms versus functioning: How do our best treatments measure up? Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38, 440–458. doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0332-x
6. R.S.Beidas,, W.Cross, & S.Dorsey, (2014). Show me, don't tell me: Behavioral rehearsal as a training and analogue fidelity tool. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.04.002
7. R.S.Beidas,, J.M.Edmunds,, S.C.Marcus, & P.C.Kendall, (2012). Training and consultation to promote implementation of an empirically supported treatment: A randomized trial. Psychiatric Services, 63, 660–665. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100401
8. R.S.Beidas, & P.C.Kendall, (2010). Training therapists in evidence-based practice: A critical review of studies from a systems-contextual perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 1–30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01187.x
9. C.L.Benjamin,, J.P.Harrison,, C.A.Settipani,, D.M.Brodman, & P.C.Kendall, (2013). Anxiety and related outcomes in young adults 7 to 19 years after receiving treatment for child anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 865–876. doi:10.1037/a0033048
10. R.S.Benjamin,, E.J.Costello, & M.Warren, (1990). Anxiety disorders in a pediatric sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 293–316. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(90)90027-7
11. K.Bennett,, K.Manassis,, S.D.Walter,, A.Cheung,, P.Wialsky-Traynor,, N.Diaz-Granados, & J.J.Wood, (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy age effects in child and adolescent anxiety: An individual patient data metaanalysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 829–841. doi:10.1002/da.22099
12. C.Borntrager,, B.F.Chorpita,, C.Higa-McMillan,, E.L.Daleiden, & N.Starace, (2013). Usual care for trauma-exposed youth: Are clinician-reported therapy techniques evidence-based? Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 133–141. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.018
13. L.Brookman-Frazee,, R.A.Haine,, M.Baker-Ericzen,, R.Zoffness, & A.F.Garland, (2010). Factors associated with the use of evidence-based practice strategies in usual care youth psychotherapy. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 37, 254–269.
14. S.Cartwright-Hatton,, K.McNicol, & E.Doubleday, (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 817–833. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.002
15. S.Cartwright-Hatton,, C.Roberts,, P.Chitsabesan,, C.Fothergill, & R.Harrington, (2004). Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 421–436. doi:10.1348/0144665042388928
16. D.L.Chambless, & S.D.Hollon, (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7–18. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.7
17. B.F.Chorpita,, K.D.Becker, & E.L.Daleiden, (2007). Understanding the common elements of evidence-based practice: Misconceptions and clinical examples. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 647–652. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318033ff71
18. B.F.Chorpita, & E.L.Daleiden, (2009). Mapping evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: Application of the distillation and matching model to 615 treatments from 322 randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 566–579. doi:10.1037/a0014565
19. B.F.Chorpita, & E.L.Daleiden, (2014). Structuring the collaboration of science and service in pursuit of a shared vision. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 323–338. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.828297
20. B.F.Chorpita,, E.L.Daleiden,, C.Ebesutani,, J.Young,, K.D.Becker,, B.J.Nakamura, & N.Starace, (2011). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: An updated review of indicators of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 154–172.
21. B.F.Chorpita,, E.L.Daleiden, & PracticeWise LLC. (2009). 2009 Biennial report: Effective psychoscial interventions for youth with behavioral and emotional needs. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division, Hawaii Department of Health.
22. B.F.Chorpita,, E.L.Daleiden, & J.R.Weisz, (2005). Identifying and selecting the common elements of evidence based interventions: A distillation and matching model. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 5–20. doi:10.1007/s11020-005-1962-6
23. B.F.Chorpita, Research Network on Youth Mental Health, J.R.Weisz,, E.L.Daleiden,, S.K.Schoenwald,, L.A.Palinkas, & R.D.Gibbons, (2013). Long-term outcomes for the Child STEPs randomized effectiveness trial: A comparison of modular and standard treatment designs with usual care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 999–1009. doi:10.1037/a0034200
24. B.F.Chorpita,, L.M.Yim,, J.C.Donkervoet,, A.Arensdorf,, M.J.Amundsen,, C.McGee, & P.Morelli, (2002). Toward large-scale implementation of empirically supported treatments for children: A review and observations by the Hawaii Empirical Basis to Services Task Force. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 165–190. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2002.tb00504.x
25. L.M.Collins,, S.A.Murphy, & V.Strecher, (2007). The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): New methods for more potent ehealth interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, S112–S118. doi:10.3410/f.718153673.793485804
26. G.Costantino, (1988). TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
27. S.A.Crawley,, R.S.Beidas,, C.L.Benjamin,, E.Martin, & P.C.Kendall, (2008). Treating socially phobic youth with CBT: Differential outcomes and treatment considerations. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 379–389. doi:10.1017/s1352465808004542
28. P.R.Davidson, & K.C.H.Parker, (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 305–316. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.305
29. W.P.Dunlop,, J.M.Cortina,, J.B.Vaslow, & M.J.Burke, (1996). Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs. Psychological Methods, 1, 170–177. doi:10.1037//1082-989x.1.2.170
30. L.Ezpeleta,, G.Keeler,, A.Erkanli,, E.J.Costello, & A.Angold, (2001). Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 901–914. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00786
31. G.S.Ginsburg,, P.C.Kendall,, D.Sakolsky,, S.N.Compton,, J.Piacentini,, A.M.Albano, & J.March, (2011). Remission after acute treatment in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: Findings from the CAMS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 806–813. doi:10.1037/a0025933
32. M.R.Gryczkowski,, M.S.Tiede,, J.E.Dammann,, A.B.Jacobsen,, L.R.Hale, & S.P.Whiteside, (2013). The timing of exposure in clinic-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Behavior Modification, 37, 113–127. doi:10.1177/0145445513482394
33. P.Hammerness,, T.Harpold,, C.Petty,, C.Menard,, C.Zar-Kessler, & J.Biederman, (2008). Characterizing non-OCD anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105, 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.012
34. A.D.Herschell,, D.J.Kolko,, B.L.Baumann, & A.C.Davis, (2010). The role of therapist training in the implementation of psychosocial treatments: A review and critique with recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 448–466. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.005
35. C.K.Higa-McMillan,, S.Francis, & B.F.Chorpita, (2014). Anxiety disorders. In E.J.Mash & R.Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (3rd ed.; pp. 345–428). New York, NY: Guilford.
36. K.Hoagwood,, P.S.Jensen,, T.Petti, & B.J.Burns, (1996). Outcomes of mental health care for children and adolescents: I. A comprehensive conceptual model. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1055–1063. doi:10.1097/00004583-199608000-00017
37. A.E.Kazdin, & S.L.Blasé, (2011). Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 21–37. doi:10.1177/1745691610393527
38. P.C.Kendall, (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100–110. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.1.100
39. P.C.Kendall,, J.S.Comer,, C.D.Marker,, T.A.Creed,, A.C.Puliafico,, A.A.Hughes, & J.Hudson, (2009). In-session exposure tasks and therapeutic alliance across the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 517–525. doi:10.1037/a0013686
40. P.C.Kendall,, S.Safford,, E.Flannery-Schroeder, & A.Webb, (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 276–287. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.276
41. P.C.Kendall,, C.A.Settipani, & C.M.Cummings, (2012). No need to worry: The promising future of child anxiety research. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 103–115. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.632352
42. P.C.Kendall, & M.A.Southam-Gerow, (1996). Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 724–730. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.4.724
43. P.C.Kendall, & K.R.H.Treadwell, (2007). The role of self-statements as a mediator in treatment for youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 380–389. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.380
44. D.J.Kiesler, (1966). Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 110–136. doi:10.1037/h0022911
45. H.C.Kraemer,, G.T.Wilson,, C.G.Fairburn, & W.S.Agras, (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 877–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877
46. A.M.La Greca,, W.K.Silverman, & J.E.Lochman, (2009a). Moving beyond efficacy and effectiveness in child and adolescent intervention research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 373–382. doi:10.1037/a0015954
47. A.M.La Greca,, W.K.Silverman, & J.E.Lochman, (2009b). Moving beyond efficacy and effectiveness in evidence-based psychological interventions for children and adolescents [Special section]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 373–485.
48. S.O.Lilienfeld, (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 53–70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x
49. C.J.Lonigan,, J.C.Elbert, & S.B.Johnson, (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial interventions for children: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 138–145. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_1
50. K.Manassis,, T.C.Lee,, K.Bennett,, X.Y.Zhao,, S.Mendlowitz,, S.Duda, & J.J.Wood, (2014). Types of parental involvement in CBT with anxious youth: A preliminary meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 1163–1172. doi:10.1037/a0036969
51. K.R.Merikangas,, J.He,, M.Burstein,, S.A.Swanson,, S.Avenevoli,, L.Cui, & J.Swendsen, (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication–adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
52. L.J.Merlo,, H.D.Lehmkuhl,, G.R.Geffken, & E.A.Storch, (2009). Decreased family accommodation associated with improved therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 355–360. doi:10.1037/a0012652
53. P.E.Nathan, & J.M.Gorman, (Eds.). (2002). A guide to treatments that work (2nd ed.). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
54. T.H.Ollendick, & N.J.King, (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 156–167. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_3
55. PracticeWise. (2012). Psychosocial and combined treatments coding manual. Satellite Beach, FL: Author.
56. S.J.Rogers, & L.A.Vismara, (2008). Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 8–38. doi:10.1080/15374410701817808
57. J.J.Shuster, (2010). Empirical vs natural weighting in random effects meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 29, 1259–1265. doi:10.1002/sim.3607
58. W.K.Silverman, & S.P.Hinshaw, (2008). The second special issue on evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents: A 10-year update. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 1–7. doi:10.1080/15374410701817725
59. W.K.Silverman,, W.M.Kurtines,, J.Jaccard, & A.A.Pina, (2009). Directionality of change in youth anxiety treatment involving parents: An initial examination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 474–485. doi:10.1037/a0015761
60. W.K.Silverman,, A.A.Pina, & C.Viswesvaran, (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 105–130. doi:10.1080/15374410701817907
61. M.A.Southam-Gerow, & M.J.Prinstein, (2014). Evidence base updates: The evolution of the evaluation of psychological treatments for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 1–6. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.855128
62. M.A.Southam-Gerow,, J.R.Weisz,, B.C.Chu,, B.D.McLeod,, E.B.Gordis, & J.K.Connor-Smith, (2010). Does cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety outperform usual care in community clinics? An initial effectiveness test. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1043–1052. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.009
63. Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, Division of Clinical Psychology, American Psychological Association. (1995). Training in and dissemination of empirically-validated psychological treatments: Report and recommendations. The Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3–23. doi:10.1037/e554972011-003
64. K.R.H.Treadwell, & P.C.Kendall, (1996). Self-talk in youth with anxiety disorders: States of Mind, content specificity, and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 941–950. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.941
65. J.R.Weisz,, B.F.Chorpita,, L.A.Palinkas,, S.K.Schoenwald,, J.Miranda,, S.K.Bearman, … Research Network on Youth Mental Health. (2012). Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth: A randomized effectiveness trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 274–282. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.147
66. L.J.Woodward, & D.M.Ferguson, (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1086–1093. doi:10.1097/00004583-200109000-00018
67. W.R.Andrews, (1971). Behavioral and client-centered counseling of high school underachievers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18, 93–96.
68. G.Aydin, & O.Yerin, (1994). The effect of a story-based cognitive behavior modification procedure on reducing children's test anxiety before and after cancellation of an important examination. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 17, 149–161.
69. S.Baer, & E.J.Garland, (2005). Pilot study of community-based cognitive behavioral group therapy for adolescents with social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 258–264.
70. A.Bandura,, J.E.Grusec, & F.L.Menlove, (1967). Vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 16–23.
71. A.Bandura, & F.L.Menlove, (1968). Factors determining vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior through symbolic modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 99–108.
72. A.F.Barabasz, (1973). Group desensitization of test anxiety in elementary school. Journal of Psychology, 83, 295–301.
73. P.M.Barrett, (1998). Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 459–468.
74. P.M.Barrett,, M.R.Dadds, & R.M.Rapee, (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333–342.
75. P.Barrett,, L.Farrell,, M.Dadds, & N.Boulter, (2005). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: Long-term follow-up and predictors of outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1005–1014.
76. J.Barrington,, M.Prior,, M.Richardson, & K.Allen, (2005). Effectiveness of CBT versus standard treatment for childhood anxiety disorders in a community clinic setting. Behaviour Change, 22, 29–43.
77. D.C.Beidel,, S.M.Turner, & T.L.Morris, (2000). Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1072–1080.
78. D.C.Beidel,, S.M.Turner,, F.R.Sallee,, R.T.Ammerman,, L.A.Crosby,, et al. (2007). SET-C versus fluoxetine in the treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1622–1632.
79. K.Bennett,, K.Manassis,, S.D.Walter,, A.Cheung,, P.Wilansky-Traynor,, N.Diaz-Granados, & J.J.Wood, (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy age effects in child and adolescent anxiety: An individual patient data metaanalysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 829–841.
80. S.L.Berman,, C.F.Weems,, W.K.Silverman, & W.M.Kurtines, (2000). Predictors of outcome in exposure-based cognitive and behavioral treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children. Behavior Therapy, 31, 713–731.
81. G.A.Bernstein,, A.E.Layne,, E.A.Egan, & D.M.Tennison, (2005). School-based interventions for anxious children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1118–1127.
82. D.H.M.Bodden,, S.M.Bogels,, M.H.Nauta,, E.De Haan,, J.Ringrose,, C.Appelboom,, … K.C.Appelboom-Geerts, (2008). Child versus family cognitive-behavioral therapy in clinically anxious youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1384–1394.
83. S.Breinholst,, B.H.Esbjørn,, M.L.Reinholdt-Dunne, & P.Stallard, (2012). CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: A review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 416–424.
84. S.Cartwright-Hatton,, D.McNally,, A.P.Field,, S.Rust,, B.Laskey,, C.Dixon,, … A.Woodham, (2011). A new parenting-based group intervention for young anxious children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 242–251.
85. A.Chalfant,, R.Rapee, & L.Carroll, (2007). Treating anxiety disorders in children with high functionaing autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1842–1857.
86. P.W.Clement,, R.A.Fazzone, & B.Goldstein, (1970). Tangible reinforcers and child group therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 409–427.
87. P.W.Clement, & D.C.Milne, (1967). Group play therapy and tangible reinforcers used to modify the behavior of 8-yr-old boys. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 301–312.
88. V.E.Cobham,, M.R.Dadds, & S.H.Spence, (1998). The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 893–905.
89. S.N.Compton,, T.S.Peris,, D.Almirall,, B.Birmaher,, J.Sherrill,, P.C.Kendall, & A.M.Albano, (2014). Predictors and moderators of treatment response in childhood anxiety disorders: Results from the CAMS trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 212–224.
90. G.Costantino,, R.G.Malgady, & L.H.Rogler, (1994). Storytelling through pictures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 13–20.
91. E.Cornwall,, S.H.Spence, & D.Schotte, (1996). The effectiveness of emotive imagery in the treatment of darkness phobia in children. Behaviour Change, 13, 223–229.
92. C.Cradock,, S.Cotler, & L.A.Jason, (1978). Primary prevention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 389–396.
93. A.M.Crawford, & K.Manassis, (2001). Familial predictors of treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1182–1189.
94. W.E.Cubberly,, C.E.Weinstein, & R.D.Cubberly, (1986). The interactive effects of cognitive learning strategy training and test anxiety on paired-associate learning. Journal of Educational Research, 79, 163–168.
95. M.R.Dadds,, S.H.Spence,, D.E.Holland,, P.M.Barrett, & K.R.Laurens, (1997). Prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 627–635.
96. M.E.DeRosier, (2004). Building relationships and combating bullying. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 196–201.
97. L.M.Dewis,, K.C.Kirkby,, F.Martin,, B.A.Daniels,, L.J.Gilroy,, & R.G.Menzies, (2001). Computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live graded exposure for spider phobia in children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32, 17–27.
98. E.C.Flannery-Schroeder, & P.C.Kendall, (2000). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 251–278.
99. G.S.Ginsburg,, K.D.Becker,, T.K.Drazdowski, & J.Tein, (2011). Treating anxiety disorders in inner city schools. Child Youth Care Forum, 15, 148–158.
100. G.S.Ginsburg, & K.L.Drake, (2002). School-based treatment for anxious African-American adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 768–775.
101. A.M.Graziano, & K.C.Mooney, (1980). Family self-control instruction for children's nighttime fear reduction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 206–213.
102. B.G.Guerney, & A.B.Flumen, (1970). Teachers as psychotherapeutic agents for withdrawn children. Journal of School Psychology, 8, 107–113.
103. K.R.Harris, & R.D.Brown, (1982). Cognitive behavior modification and informed teacher treatments for shy children. Journal of Experimental Education, 50, 137–143.
104. C.Hayward,, S.Varady,, A.M.Albano,, M.Thienemann,, L.Henderson,, & A.F.Schatzberg, (2000). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia in female adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 721–726.
105. J.D.Herbert,, B.A.Gaudiano,, A.A.Rheingold,, E.Moitra,, V.H.Myers,, K.L.Dalrymple,, & L.L.Brandsma, (2009). Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 167–177.
106. D.R.Hirshfeld-Becker,, B.Masek,, A.Henin,, L.R.Blakely,, R.A.Pollock-Wurman,, et al. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4- to 7-year-old children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 498–510.
107. S.M.Hogendoorn,, P.J.M.Prins,, F.Boer,, L.Vevoort,, L.H.Wolters,, H.Moorlag, & E.de Haan, (2014). Mediators of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered children and adolescents: Cognition, perceived control, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43, 486–500.
108. J.L.Hudson,, R.M.Rapee,, C.Deveney,, C.A.Schniering,, H.J.Lyneham,, et al. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment versus an active control for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 533–544.
109. T.Johnson,, V.Tyler,, R.Thompson, & E.Jones, (1971). Systematic desensitization and assertive training in the treatment of speech anxiety in middle-school students. Psychology in the Schools, 8, 263–267.
110. F.H.Kanfer,, P.Karoly, & A.Newman, (1975). Reduction of children's fear of the dark by competence-related and situational threat-related verbal cues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 251–258.
111. P.C.Kendall, (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100–110.
112. P.C.Kendall,, E.Flannery-Schroeder,, S.M.Panichelli-Mindel,, M.A.Southam-Gerow,, A.Henin, & Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366–380.
113. P.C.Kendall,, J.L.Hudson,, E.Gosch,, E.C.Flannery-Schroeder, & C.Suveg, (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 282–297.
114. P.C.Kendall,, S.Safford,, E.Flannery-Schroeder, & A.Webb, (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 276–287.
115. P.C.Kendall, & K.R.Treadwell, (2007). The role of self-statements as a mediator in treatment for youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 380–389.
116. M.S.Khanna, & P.C.Kendall, (2010). Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 737–745.
117. N.J.King,, B.J.Tonge,, D.Heyne,, M.Pritchard,, S.Rollings,, D.Young, & T.H.Ollendick, (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school-refusing children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 395–403.
118. M.S.Kiselica,, S.B.Baker,, R.N.Thomas, & S.Reedy, (1994). Effects of stress inoculation training on anxiety, stress, and academic performance among adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 335–342.
119. A.Klingman,, B.G.Malamed,, M.I.Cuthbert, & D.A.Hermecz, (1984). Effects of participant modeling on information acquisition and skill utilization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 414–422.
120. C.G.Last,, C.Hansen, & N.Franco, (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 404–411.
121. R.M.Laxer,, J.Quarter,, A.Kooman, & K.Walker, (1969). Systematic desensitization and relaxation of high-test-anxious secondary school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 16, 446–451.
122. R.M.Laxer, & K.Walker, (1970). Counterconditioning versus relaxation in the desensitization of test anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17, 431–436.
123. L.L.Leal,, E.G.Baxter,, J.Martin, & R.W.Marx, (1981). Cognitive modification and systematic desensitization with test anxious high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 525–528.
124. H.Leitenberg, & E.J.Callahan, (1973). Reinforced practice and reduction of different kinds of fears in adults and children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 19–30.
125. K.Levy,, C.Hunt, & S.Heriot, (2007). Treating comorbid anxiety and aggression in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1111–1118.
126. L.F.Lowenstein, (1982). The treatment of extreme shyness in maladjusted children by implosive, counselling and conditioning approaches. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 173–189.
127. H.J.Lyneham, & R.M.Rapee, (2006). Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1287–1300.
128. K.Manassis,, S.L.Mendlowitz,, D.Scapillato,, D.Avery,, L.Fiskenbaum,, M.Freire, & M.Owens, (2002). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1423–1430.
129. K.Manassis,, P.Wilansky-Traynor,, N.Farzan,, V.Kleiman,, K.Parker,, & M.Sanford, (2010). The feelings club: Randomized controlled evaluation of school-based CBT for anxious or depressive symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 945–952.
130. J.Mann, (1972). Vicarious desensitization of test anxiety through observation of videotaped treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 1–7.
131. J.Mann, & T.L.Rosenthal, (1969). Vicarious and direct counterconditioning of test anxiety through individual and group desensitization. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 7, 359–367.
132. S.March,, S.H.Spence, & C.Donovan, (2009). The efficacy of an internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for child anxiety disorders. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 474–487.
133. C.Masia-Warner,, P.H.Fisher,, P.E.Shrout,, S.Rathor, & R.G.Klein, (2007). Treating adolescents with social anxiety disorder in school. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 676–686.
134. C.Masia-Warner,, R.G.Klein,, H.C.Dent,, P.H.Fisher,, J.Alvir,, A.M.Albano, & M.Guardino, (2005). School-based intervention for adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 707–722.
135. P.McGrath,, P.Lingley-Pottie,, C.Thurston,, C.MacLean,, C.Cunningham,, D.A.Waschbusch, & W.Chaplin, (2011). Telephone-based mental health interventions for child disruptive behavior or anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 1162–1172.
136. N.E.McMurray,, R.J.Bell,, A.D.Fusillo,, M.Morgan, & F.A.C.Wright, (1986). Relationship between locus of control and effects of coping strategies on dental stress in children. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 8, 1–17.
137. N.E.McMurray,, J.O.Lucas,, V.Arbes-Duprey, & F.A.C.Wright, (1985). The effects of mastery and coping models on dental stress in young children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 37, 65–70.
138. S.L.Mendlowitz,, K.Manassis,, S.Bradley,, D.Scapillato,, S.Miezitis,, & B.E.Shaw, (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group treatments in childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1223–1229.
139. R.G.Menzies, & J.C.Clarke, (1993). A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 9–15.
140. C.Mifsud, & R.M.Rapee, (2005). Early intervention for childhood anxiety in a school setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 996–1004.
141. L.C.Miller,, C.L.Barret,, E.Hampe, & H.Noble, (1972). Comparison of reciprocal inhibition, psychotherapy, and waiting list control for phobic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 269–279.
142. M.E.Milos, & S.Reiss, (1982). Effects of three play conditions on separation anxiety in young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 389–395.
143. P.Muris,, C.Meesters, & M.van Melick, (2002). Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 143–158.
144. P.Muris,, H.Merckelbach,, I.Holdrinet, & M.Sijsenaar, (1998). Treating phobic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 193–198.
145. C.M.Murphy, & R.R.Bootzin, (1973). Active and passive participation in the contact desensitization of snake fear in children. Behavior Therapy, 4, 203–211.
146. M.H.Nauta,, A.Scholing,, P.M.G.Emmelkamp, & R.B.Minderaa, (2003). Cognitive-behavoral therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1270–1278.
147. M.Obler, & R.F.Terwilliger, (1970). Pilot study on the effectiveness of systematic desensitization with neurologically impaired children with phobic disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 314–318.
148. T.H.Ollendick,, M.A.Jarrett,, A.E.Grills-Taquechel,, L.D.Hovey, & J.C.Wolff, (2008). Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1447–1471.
149. T.H.Ollendick,, L.Ost,, L.Reuterskiold,, N.Costa,, R.Cederlund,, C.Sirbu,, … M.A.Jarrett, (2009). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: A randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 504–516.
150. L.G.Ost,, L.Svensson,, K.Hellstrom, & R.Lindwall, (2001). One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 814–824.
151. D.B.Pincus,, J.E.May,, S.W.Whitton,, S.G.Mattis, & D.H.Barlow, (2010). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 638–649.
152. R.M.Rapee,, M.J.Abbott, & H.J.Lyneham, (2005). Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 436–444.
153. R.M.Rapee,, S.Kennedy,, M.Ingram,, S.Edwards, & L.Sweeney, (2005). Prevention and early intervention of anxiety disorders in inhibited preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 488–497.
154. B.Ritter, (1968). The group desensitization of children's snake phobias using vicarious and contact desensitization procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 1–6.
155. I.Rosenfarb, & S.C.Hayes, (1984). Social standard setting. Behavior Therapy, 15, 515–528.
156. P.A.Saigh, & F.T.Antoun, (1984). Endemic images and the desensitization process. Journal of School Psychology, 22, 177–183.
157. C.Sanghvi, (1995). Efficacy of study skills training in managing study habits and test anxiety of high test anxious students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 21, 71–75.
158. D.V.Sheslow,, A.S.Bondy, & R.O.Nelson, (1983). A comparison of graduated exposure, verbal coping skills, and their combination in the treatment of children's fear of the dark. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 4, 33–45.
159. A.L.Shortt,, P.M.Barrett, & T.L.Fox, (2001). Evaluating the FRIENDS program. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 525–535.
160. W.K.Silverman,, W.M.Kurtines,, G.S.Ginsburg,, C.F.Weems,, P.W.Lumpkin,, & D.H.Carmichael, (1999). Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 995–1003.
161. W.K.Silverman,, W.M.Kurtines,, G.S.Ginsburg,, C.F.Weems,, B.Rabian,, & L.T.Serafini, (1999). Contingency management, self-control, and education support in the treatment of childhood phobic disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 675–687.
162. W.K.Silverman,, W.M.Kurtines,, J.Jaccard, & A.A.Pina, (2009). Directionality of change in youth anxiety treatment involving parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 474–485.
163. E.Simon,, S.M.Bogels, & J.M.Voncken, (2011). Efficacy of child-focused and parent-focused interventions in a child anxiety prevention study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 204–219.
164. K.Sofronoff,, T.Attwood, & S.Hinton, (2005). A randomised controlled trial of a CBT intervention for anxiety in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1152–1160.
165. M.A.Southam-Gerow,, P.C.Kendall, & V.R.Weersing, (2001). Examining outcome variability: Correlates of treatment response in a child and adolescent anxiety clinic. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 422–436.
166. M.A.Southam-Gerow,, J.R.Weisz,, B.C.Chu,, B.D.McLeod,, E.B.Gordis, & J.K.Connor-Smith, (2010). Does cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety outperform usual care in community clinics? An initial effectiveness test. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1043–1052.
167. S.H.Spence,, C.Donovan, & M.Brechman-Toussaint, (2000). The treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 713–726.
168. S.H.Spence,, C.Donovan,, S.March,, A.Gamble,, R.E.Anderson,, S.Prosser,, … J.Kenardy, (2011). A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 629–642.
169. H.E.Stanton, (1994). Self-hypnosis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 11, 14–18.
170. A.Sud, (1994). Attentional skills training/cognitive modeling: Short term therapeutic cognitive interventions for test anxiety. Psychological Studies, 39, 1–7.
171. A.Sud, & S.Sharma, (1990). Two short-term, cognitive interventions for the reduction of test anxiety. Anxiety Research, 3, 131–147.
172. M.Sung,, Y.P.Ooi,, T.J.Goh,, P.Pathy,, D.S.S.Fung,, R.P.Ang,, … C.M.Lam, (2011). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 634–649.
173. S.Tiwari,, P.C.Kendall,, A.L.Hoff,, J.P.Harrison, & P.Fizur, (2013). Characteristics of exposure sessions as predictors of treatment response in anxious youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 34–43.
174. K.R.Treadwell, & P.C.Kendall, (1996). Self-talk in youth with anxiety disorders: States of mind, content specificity, and treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 941.
175. C.A.Ultee,, D.Griffioen, & J.Schellekens, (1982). The reduction of anxiety in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 61–67.
176. J.T.Walkup,, A.M.Albano,, J.Piacentini,, B.Birmaher,, S.N.Compton,, J.T.Sherrill,, … P.C.Kendall, (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2753–2766.
177. R.Warren,, J.L.Deffenbacher, & P.Brading, (1976). Rational-emotive therapy and the reduction of test anxiety in elementary school students. Rational Living, 11, 26–29.
178. R.Warren,, G.Smith, & E.Velten, (1984). Rational-emotive therapy and the reduction of interpersonal anxiety in junior high school students. Adolescence, 19, 893–902.
179. S.H.Wehr, & M.E.Kaufman, (1987). The effects of assertive training on performance in highly anxious adolescents. Adolescence, 22, 195–205.
180. L.S.Wenck,, P.W.Leu, & R.C.D'Amato, (1996). Evaluating the efficacy of a biofeedback intervention to reduce children's anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 469–473.
181. I.Wessel, & P.P.A.Mersch, (1994). A cognitive-behavioural group treatment for test-anxious adolescents. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 7, 149–160.
182. W.C.White, & M.T.Davis, (1974). Vicarious extinction of phobic behavior in early childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 25–32.
183. C.E.Williams, & R.T.Jones, (1989). Impact of self-instructions on response maintenance and children's fear of fire. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 84–89.
184. N.H.Wilson, & J.C.Rotter, (1986). Anxiety management training and study skills counseling for students on self-esteem and test anxiety and performance. School Counselor, 34, 18–31.
185. H.J.Windheuser, (1977). Anxious mothers as models for coping with anxiety. Behavioural Analysis and Modification, 2, 39–58.
186. J.J.Wood,, B.D.McLeod,, J.C.Piacentini, & M.Sigman, (2009). One-year follow-up of family versus child CBT for anxiety disorders: Exploring the roles of child age and parental intrusiveness. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40, 301–316.
187. J.J.Wood,, J.Piacentini,, M.A.Southam-Gerow,, B.C.Chu, & M.Sigman, (2006). Family cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 314–321.