The use of best management practices to respond to externalities from developing shale gas resources

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 746-768

  Centner, Terence J ^a   Eberhart, Nicholas S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

best management practices; externalities; hydraulic fracturing; regulation; shale gas development

Indexed keywords

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR; HYDROCARBON RESOURCE; REGULATORY APPROACH; SHALE GAS;

EID: 84959212439     PISSN: 09640568     EISSN: 13600559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2015.1039641     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. J.L.Adgate,, B.D.Goldstein, and L.M.McKenzie. 2014. “Potential Public Health Hazards, Exposures and Health Effects from Unconventional Natural Gas Development.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8307–8320.
2. Adams vs. Wisconsin Livestock Facilities Siting Review Board. 2012. 820 N.W.2d at 404 (Wisconsin Supreme Court).
3. F.-R.Ahmadun,, A.Pendashteh, L.C.Abdullah, D.R.A.Biak, S.S.Madaeni, and Z.Z.Abidin. 2009. “Review of Technologies for Oil and Gas Produced Water Treatment.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 170: 530–551.
4. A.Akesson,, L.Barregard, I.A.Bergdahl, G.F.Nordberg, M.Nordberg, and S.Skerfving. 2014. “Non-renal Effects and the Risk Assessment of Environmental Cadmium Exposure.” Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (5): 431–438.
5. S.Alzahrani,, and A.W.Mohammad. 2014. “Challenges and Trends in Membrane Technology Implementation for Produced Water Treatment: A Review.” Journal of Water Process Engineering 4: 107–133.
6. BaseTrace. 2014. About Our Technology. Research Triangle Park, NC: Routledge. http://www.basetrace.com/technology
7. M.Bamberger,, and R.E.Oswald. 2012. “Impacts of Gas Drilling on Human and Animal Health.” New Solutions 22 (1): 51–77.
8. A.Bergmann,, F.-A.Weber, H.G.Meiners, and F.Müller. 2014. “Potential Water-Related Environmental Risks of Hydraulic Fracturing Employed in Exploration and Exploitation of Unconventional Natural Gas Reservoirs in Germany.” Environmental Sciences Europe 26(10): 1–14. http://www.enveurope.com/content/26/1/10
9. A.Biglan,. 2009. “The Role of Advocacy Organizations in Reducing Negative Externalities.” Journal of Organizational Behavior and Management 29 (3–4): 215–230.
10. A.R.Brandt,, G.A.Heath, E.A.Kort, F.O'Sullivan, G.Pétron, S.M.Jordaan, P.Tans,. 2014. “Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems.” Science 343 (6172): 733–735.
11. S.L.Brantley,, D.Yoxtheimer, S.Arjmand, P.Grieve, R.Vidic, J.Pollak, G.T.Llewellyn, J.Abadb, and C.Simon. 2014. “Water Resource Impacts During Unconventional Shale Gas Development: The Pennsylvania Experience.” International Journal of Coal Geology 126: 140–156.
12. M.Broomfield,. 2012. Support to the Identification of Potential Risks for the Environment and Human Health Arising from Hydrocarbons Operations Involving Hydraulic Fracturing in Europe. Didcot: Routledge.
13. Burkholder vs. Zoning Hearing Board of Richmond Township. 2006. 902 A.2d at 1006. (Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania).
14. California Department of Conservation. 2014. Analysis of Oil and Gas Well Stimulation Treatments in California. Ch. 2. Sacramento, CA: Routledge.
15. N.E.Carter,. 2007. “Agriculture, Communities and Rural Environment Initiative: Can Small Family Farms and Large Agribusiness Live Peacefully in Pennsylvania.” Widener Law Journal 16 (4): 1023–1051.
16. T.J.Centner,. 2006. “Governmental Oversight of Discharges from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations.” Environmental Management 37 (6): 745–752.
17. T.J.Centner,. 2013. “Oversight of Shale Gas Production in the United States and the Disclosure of Toxic Substances.” Resources Policy 38 (3): 233–240.
18. T.J.Centner,, and L.K.O'Connell. 2014. “Unfinished Business in the Regulation of Shale Gas Production in the United States.” Science of the Total Environment 476–477: 359–367.
19. Code of Colorado Regulations. 2014. 2 CCR 404-1.
20. T.Colborn,, K.Schultz, L.Herrick, and C.Kwiatkowski. 2014. “An Exploratory Study of Air Quality Near Natural Gas Operations.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 17 (5): 1039–1056.
21. H.Coman,. 2012. “Balancing the Need for Energy and Clean Water: The Case for Applying Strict Liability in Hydraulic Fracturing Suits.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 39 (1): 131–160.
22. Commonwealth vs. Richmond Township. 2010. 2 A.3d at 678 (Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania).
23. T.Considine,, R.Watson, R.Entler, and J.Sparks. 2009. An Emerging Giant: Prospects and Economic Impacts of Developing the Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Play. University Park, PA: Routledge.
24. M.Cotton,, I.Rattle, and J.Van Alstine. 2014. “Shale Gas Policy in the United Kingdom: An Argumentative Discourse Analysis.” Energy Policy 73: 427–438.
25. Craig vs. County of Chatham. 2002. 565 S.E.2d at 172 (Supreme Court of North Carolina).
26. R.J.Davies,, S.Almond, R.S.Ward, R.B.Jackson, C.Adams, F.Worrall, L.G.Herringshawa, J.G.Gluyas, and M.A.Whitehead. 2014. “Oil and Gas Wells and Their Integrity: Implications for Shale and Unconventional Resource Exploitation.” Marine and Petroleum Geology 56: 239–254.
27. J.B.Davis,, and G.R.Robinson. 2012. “A Geographic Model to Assess and Limit Cumulative Ecological Degradation from Marcellus Shale Exploitation in New York, USA.” Ecology and Society 17 (2): 374–386.
28. Delaware Code. 2013. Title 29, section 8060.
29. I.de Melo-Martín,, J.Hays, and M.L.Finkel. 2014. “The Role of Ethics in Shale Gas Policies.” Science of the Total Environment 470–471: 1114–1119.
30. Devon Energy Corporation. 2014. Green Completions the Standard in Barnett Shale. Oklahoma City, OK: Routledge. http://www.devonenergy.com/featured-stories/green-completions-the-standard-in-barnett-shale
31. M.-L.Djelic,, and S.Quack. 2007. “Overcoming Path Dependency: Path Generation in Open Systems.” Theory and Society 36: 161–186.
32. Earthworks. 2012. Enforcement Report: Ohio Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management. Washington, DC: Routledge. http://www.earthworksaction.org/files/publications/FINAL-OH-enforcement-sm.pdf
33. T.T.Eaton,. 2013. “Science-Based Decision-Making on Complex Issues: Marcellus Shale Gas Hydrofracturing and New York City Water Supply.” Science of the Total Environment 461–462: 158–169.
34. B.Endres,. 2008. “Coexistence Strategies, the Common Law of Biotechnology and Economic Liability Risks.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 13 (1): 115–148.
35. E.J.Esswein,, M.Breitenstein, J.Snawder, M.Kiefer, and W.K.Sieber. 2013. “Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 10: 347–356.
36. I.Ferrer,, and E.M.Thurman. 2015. “Chemical Constituents and Analytical Approaches for Hydraulic Fracturing Waters.” Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 5: 18–25. doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2015.01.003.
37. M.L.Finkel,, and J.Hayes. 2013. “The Implications of Unconventional Drilling for Natural Gas: A Global Public Health Concern.” Public Health 127: 889–893.
38. M.L.Finkel,, J.Hayes, and A.Law. 2013. “Modern Natural Gas Development and Harm to Health: The Need for Proactive Public Health Policies.” ISRN Public Health. 408658: 1–5. doi.org/10.1155/2013/408658.
39. M.L.Finkel,, and A.Law. 2011. “The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale.” American Journal of Public Health 101 (5): 784–785.
40. Florida Statutes. 2014. Section 163.04.
41. FracFocus. 2014. FracFocus 2.0 Chemical Disclosure Registry. Oklahoma City, OK: Routledge. http://fracfocus.org
42. FranklinCounty vs. Fieldale Farms Corp. 1998. 507 S.E.2d at 460 (Supreme Court of Georgia).
43. M.Galanter,. 2000. “The Conniving Claimant: Changing Images of Misuse of Legal Remedies.” DePaul Law Review 50: 647–665.
44. Getches-Wilkinson Center. 2013. Intermountain Oil and Gas BMP Project: Best Management Practices. Boulder, CO: Routledge. http://www.oilandgasbmps.org/
45. B.D.Goldstein,, B.W.Brooks, S.D.Cohen, A.E.Gates, M.E.Honeycutt, J.B.Morris, J.Orme-Zavaleta, T.M.Penning, and J.Snawder. 2014. “The Role of Toxicological Science in Meeting the Challenges and Opportunities of Hydraulic Fracturing.” Toxicological Science 139 (2): 271–283.
46. B.D.Goldstein,, J.Kriesky, and B.Pavliakova. 2012. “Missing from the Table: Role of the Environmental Public Health Community in Governmental Advisory Commissions Related to Marcellus Shale Drilling.” Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (4): 483–486.
47. J.Griffioen,, J.van Wensem, J.L.M.Oomes, F.Barends, J.Breunese, H.Bruining, T.Olsthoorn, A.J.M.Stams, and A.E.C.van der Stoel. 2014. “A Technical Investigation on Tools and Concepts for Sustainable Management of the Subsurface in the Netherlands.” Science of the Total Environment 485–486: 810–819.
48. R.B.Griffith,. 2004. “Tales of Townships and Sewage Sludge: Do Pennsylvania Statutes Preempt Local Regulation of Use of Biosolids.” Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly 75 (1): 87–92.
49. R.Gwiazda,, R.Lucchini, and D.Smith. 2007. “Adequacy and Consistency of Animal Studies to Evaluate the Neurotoxicity of Chronic Low-Level Manganese Exposure in Humans.” Journal of Toxicololgy and Environmental Health, Part A 70 (7): 594–605.
50. R.Hammer,, and J.VanBriesen. 2012. In Fracturing's Wake: New Rules are Needed to Protect Our Health and Environment from Contaminated Wastewater. Washington, DC: Routledge.
51. L.N.Hansen,. 1999. “Canadian Connection v. New Prairie Township: Sniffing out an Opening in the Doctrines of Preemption and Conflicts of Law, and Allowing Local Governments the Authority to Regulate Odor Concerns.” Great Plains Natural Resources Journal 3: 177–195.
52. H.Hatzenbuhler,, and T.J.Centner. 2012. “Regulation of Water Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontally-Drilled Wells in the USA.” Water 4 (4): 983–994.
53. C.He,, X.Wang, W.Liu, E.Barbot, and R.D.Vidic. 2014. “Microfiltration in Recycling of Marcellus Shale Flowback Water: Solids Removal and Potential Fouling of Polymeric Microfiltration Membranes.” Journal of Membrane Science 462: 88–95.
54. Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated. 2014. Chapter 225, section 732/1-25.
55. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2013. “The Illinois Oil and Gas Act and Hydraulic Fracturing Regulatory Act.” Illinois Register 37 (46): 18081–18235.
56. A.R.Ingraffea,, M.T.Wells, R.L.Santorob, and S.B.C.Shonkoff. 2014. “Assessment and Risk Analysis of Casing and Cement Impairment in Oil and Gas Wells in Pennsylvania, 2000–2012.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111 (30): 10955–10960.
57. Iowa Code. 2013. Section 331.304A.
58. R.B.Jackson,. 2014. “The Integrity of Oil and Gas Wells.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111 (30): 10902–10903.
59. S.Jenner,, and A.J.Lamadrid. 2013. “Shale Gas vs. Coal: Policy Implications from Environmental Impact Comparisons of Shale Gas, Conventional Gas, and Coal on Air, Water, and Land in the United States.” Energy Policy 53: 442–453.
60. Kansas Annotated Statutes. 2013. Section 2-1450.
61. D.Kassotis,, D.E.Tillitt, J.W.Davis, A.M.Hormann, and S.C.Nagel. 2014. “Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activities of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Surface and Ground Water in a Drilling-Dense Region.” Endocrinology 155 (3): 897–907.
62. E.A.Kirk,, A.D.Reeves, and K.L.Blackstock. 2007. “Path Dependency and the Implementation of Environmental Regulation.” Environmental Planning C: Government and Policy 25 (2): 250–268.
63. K.E.Konschnik, and M.K.Boling. 2014. “Shale Gas Development: A Smart Regulation Framework.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8404–8416.
64. B.Lewandowsky,, and R.Wobbekind. 2013. Assessment of Oil and Gas Industry: 2012 Industry Economic and Fiscal Contributions in Colorado. Boulder, CO: Routledge.
65. A.Litovitz,, A.Curtright, S.Abramzon, N.Burger, and C.Samaras. 2013. “Estimation of Regional Air-Quality Damages from Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Extraction in Pennsylvania.” Environmental Research Letters 8: 1–8.
66. Z.Lu,, S.T.Hummel, L.K.Lautz, G.D.Hoke, X.Zhou, J.Leone, and D.I.Siegel. 2014. “Iodine as a Sensitive Tracer for Detecting Influence of Organic-Rich Shale in Shallow Groundwater.” Applied Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.10.019.
67. S.A.Luxton,, J.Mcaleese, and W.B.Nes. 2012. “Daubert, Groundwater Contamination, and the Future of Fracking Litigation.” The Advocate of the State Bar of Texas 61: 26–29.
68. M.McFreeley,. 2014. “Falling Through the Cracks: Public Information and the Patchwork of Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Laws.” Vermont Law Review 38 (4): 849–901.
69. T.O.McGarity,. 2004. “Our Science is Sound Science and Their Science is Junk Science: Science-Based Strategies for Avoiding Accountability and Responsibility for Risk-Producing Products and Activities.” Kansas Law Review 52 (4): 797–937.
70. L.K.McKay,, R.H.Johnson, and L.A.Salita. 2011. “Science and the Reasonable Development of Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Resources in Pennsylvania and New York.” Energy Law Journal 32 (1): 125–143.
71. L.M.McKenzie,, R.Z.Witter, L.S.Newman, and J.L.Adgate. 2012. “Human Health Risk Assessment of Air Emissions from Development of Unconventional Natural Gas Resources.” Science of the Total Environment 424: 79–87.
72. S.M.Miller,, S.C.Wofsy, A.M.Michalak, E.A.Kort, A.E.Andrews, S.C.Biraud, E.J.Dlugokencky,. 2013. “Anthropogenic Emissions of Methane in the United States.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 110 (50): 20018–20022.
73. C.W.Moore,, B.Zielinska, G.Pétron, and R.B.Jackson. 2014. “Air Impacts of Increased Natural Gas Acquisition, Processing, and Use: A Critical Review.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8349–8359.
74. New Mexico Administrative Code. 2014. Title 19, chapter 15.
75. New York State Department of Health. 2014. A Public Health Review of High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing for Shale Gas Development. Albany, NY: Routledge.
76. C.Noel,. 2002. “Preemption Hogwash: North Carolina's Judicial Repeal of Local Authority to Regulate Hog Farms in Craig v. County of Chatham.” North Carolina Law Review 80 (6): 2121–2130.
77. North Carolina General Statutes. 2013. Section 153A-144.
78. C.A.Novak,. 2000. “Agriculture's New Environmental Battleground: The Preemption of County Livestock Regulations.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 5 (2): 429–470.
79. Official Code of Georgia. 2014. Sections 2-1-6, 12-5-30.3.
80. Ohio Administrative Code. 2012. Chapter 1501:9.
81. Ohio Revised Code. 2013. Chapter 1509.01.
82. Oklahoma Administrative Code. 2014. Title 165:10.
83. Oklahoma Statutes. 2014. Titles 2, 52.
84. Oregon Revised Statutes. 2014. Section 527.722.
85. S.G.Osborn,, A.Vengosh, N.R.Warner, and R.B.Jackson. 2011. “Methane Contamination of Drinking Water Accompanying Gas-Well Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 108 (20): 8172–8176.
86. J.J.Patterson,, C.Smith, and J.Bellamy. 2013. “Understanding Enabling Capacities for Managing the ‘Wicked Problem’ of Nonpoint Source Water Pollution in Catchments: A Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Environmental Management 128: 441–452.
87. Pennsylvania Code. 2014. Titles 78, 79, 237, 245.
88. Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. 2014. Title 3, section 519; Title 58, chapter 32.
89. B.G.Peters,, J.Pierre, and D.S.King. 2005. “The Politics of Path Dependency: Political Conflict in Historical Institutionalism.” Journal of Politics 67 (4): 1275–1300.
90. B.G.Rabe,. 2014. “Shale Play Politics: The Intergovernmental Odyssey of American Shale Governance.” Environmental Science & Policy 48 (15): 8369–8375.
91. B.C.Rahm,, J.T.Bates, L.J.Bertoia, A.E.Galford, D.A.Yoxtheimer, and S.J.Riha. 2013. “Wastewater Management and Marcellus Shale Gas Development: Trends, Drivers, and Planning Implications.” Journal of Environmental Management 120: 105–113.
92. R.Rawlins,. 2014. “Planning for Fracking on the Barnett Shale: Soil and Water Contamination Concerns, and the Role of Local Government.” Environmental Law 44: 135–199.
93. L.Reins,. 2014. “European Minimum Principles for Shale Gas: Preliminary Insights with Reference to the Precautionary Principle.” Environmental Liability 22 (1): 16–27.
94. Revised Code of Washington. 2013. Section 80.50.110.
95. T.W.Roberson,. 2012. “Environmental Concerns of Hydraulically Fracturing a Natural Gas Well.” Utah Environmental Law Review 32 (1): 67–136.
96. J.Rosenbloom,. 2012. “New Day at the Pool: State Preemption, Common Pool Resources, and Non-Place Based Municipal Collaborations.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 36: 445–485.
97. T.A.Rule,. 2011. “Airspace in a Green Economy.” UCLA Law Review 59 (2): 270–320.
98. P.E.Salkin,. 2012. “The Quiet Revolution and Federalism: Into the Future.” John Marshall Law Review 45 (2): 253–305.
99. S.B.C.Shonkoff,, J.Hays, and M.L.Finkel. 2014. “Environmental Public Health Dimensions of Shale and Tight Gas Development.” Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (8): 787–795.
100. R.Simpson,, J.S.Marzin, and J.Warrick. 2008. “Important Trends in Pennsylvania Land Use.” Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly 79 (1): 47–64.
101. K.Singh,, C.Oates, J.Plant, and N.Voulvoulis. 2014. “Undisclosed Chemicals – Implications for Risk Assessment: A Case Study from the Mining Industry.” Environment International 68: 1–15.
102. D.J.Soeder,, S.Sharma, N.Pekney, L.Hopkinson, R.Dilmore, B.Kutchko, B.Stewart, K.Carter, A.Hakala, and R.Capo. 2014. “An Approach for Assessing Engineering Risk from Shale Gas Wells in the United States.” International Journal of Coal Geology 126: 4–19.
103. D.B.Spence,. 2014. “The Political Economy of Local Vetoes.” Texas Law Review 93: 351–413.
104. E.R.Springsteen,. 2009. “A Proposal to Regulated Farm Animal Confinement in the United States and an Overview of Current and Proposed Laws on the Subject.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 14 (3): 437–467.
105. N.Steinzor,, W.Subra, and L.Sumi. 2012. “Gas Patch Roulette: How Shale Gas Development Risks Public Health in Pennsylvania.” Earthworks' Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Washington, DC: Routledge.
106. W.T.Stringfellow,, J.K.Domen, M.K.Camarillo, W.L.Sandelin, and S.Borglin. 2014. “Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Compounds Used in Hydraulic Fracturing.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 275: 37–54.
107. E.J.Sullivan,, and A.Solomou. 2011. “Preserving Forest Lands for Forest Uses – Land Use Policies for Oregon Forest Lands.” Journal of Environmental Law & Litigation 26 (1): 179–258.
108. L.Sumi,. 2012. “Breaking All the Rules: The Crisis in Oil and Gas Regulatory Enforcement.” Earthworks' Oil and Gas Accountability Project. Washington, DC: Routledge.
109. Swepi, LP vs. Mora County, New Mexico. 2015. Case No. CIV 14-0035 JB/SCY. 2015 US Dist. LEXIS 13496 (US District Court, New Mexico).
110. Texas Administrative Code. 2014. Title 16, chapter 3.
111. G.P.Thiel,, E.W.Tow, L.D.Banchik, H.W.Chung, and J.H.Lienhard V. 2014. “Energy Consumption in Desalinating Produced Water from Shale Oil and Gas Extraction.” Desalination 366: 94–112. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.038.
112. Township of Franklin vs. den Hollander. 2002. 796 A.2d at 874 (New Jersey Supreme Court).
113. US Code. 2012a. Title 33, section 1342(l).
114. US Code. 2012b. Title 42, sections 300h, 6901-6992, 9601, 11001-11050, 15942.
115. US Code of Federal Regulations. 2014. Title 40, sections 122.23, 130.2, 412.4.
116. US Department of the Interior. 2014. Energy in America: BLM's Red-Tape Run Around and Its Impact on American Energy Production. Statement for the Record. Washington, DC: Routledge. http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Communications_Directorate/2014_Congressional_Testimony.Par.5283.File.dat/BLM%20Statement%20For%20the%20Record%20-%20Energy%20Development%20Oversight%20Hrg_%28FINAL_committee%29.pdf
117. US Energy Information Administration. 2011. Natural Gas Annual. Washington, DC: Routledge.
118. US Energy Information Administration. 2014a. Number of Producing Gas Wells. Washington, DC: Routledge. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_wells_s1_a.htm
119. US Energy Information Administration. 2014b. How Much Shale Gas is Produced in the United States? Washington, DC: Routledge. http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=907&t=8
120. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2012a. “Oil and Natural Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Reviews.” Federal Register 77: 49490–49600.
121. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2012b. Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources: Progress Report. EPA 601/R-12/011. Washington, DC: Routledge.
122. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2014a. “Notice of Availability of EPA Documents Regarding Implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act's Underground Injection Control Program Existing Requirements for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Using Diesel Fuels.” Federal Register 79: 8451–8452.
123. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2014b. Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Using Diesel Fuels: Underground Injection Control Program Guidance #84. EPA 816-R-14-001. Washington, DC: Routledge. http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/upload/epa816r14001.pdf
124. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2014c. The Verification of a Method for Detecting and Quantifying Diethylene Glycol, Triethylene Glycol, Tetraethylene Glycol, 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Methoxyethanol in Ground and Surface Waters. EPA/600/R-14/ 008. Washington, DC: Routledge. http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-07/documents/schumacherzintecverification_glycols_method.pdf
125. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. “Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Reconsideration of Additional Provisions of New Source Performance Standards.” Federal Register 79: 79019–79041.
126. US Government Accountability Office. 2012. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Key Environmental and Public Health Requirements. GAO-12-874. Washington, DC: Routledge.
127. A.Vengosh,, R.B.Jackson, N.Warner, T.H.Darrah, and A.Kondash. 2014. “A Critical Review of the Risks to Water Resources from Unconventional Shale Gas Development and Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8334–8348.
128. R.D.Vidic,, S.L.Brantley, J.M.Vandenbossche, D.Yoxtheimer, and J.D.Abad. 2013. “Impact of Shale Gas Development on Regional Water Quality.” Science 340: 826–834. doi: 10.1126/science.1235009.
129. B.Warner,, and J.Shapiro. 2013. “Fractured, Fragmented Federalism: A Study in Fracking Regulatory Policy.” Journal of Federalism 43 (3): 474–496.
130. P.C.Weiler,. 2005. “Reforming Medical Malpractice in a Radically Moderate – and Ethical – Fashion.” DePaul Law Review 54: 205–231.
131. S.E.Weinberger,, H.C.Lawrence III, D.E.Henley, E.R.Alden, and D.B.Hoyt. 2012. “Legislative Interference with the Patient–Physician Relationship.” New England Journal of Medicine 367 (16): 1557–1559.
132. A.K.Werner,, S.Vink, K.Watt, and P.Jagals. 2015. “Environmental Health Impacts of Unconventional Natural Gas Development: A Review of the Current Strength of Evidence.” Science of the Total Environment 505: 1127–1141.
133. West Virginia Code. 2014. Chapter 22.
134. West Virginia Code of State Rules. 2014. Title 35.
135. K.D.Willis,. 2013. “Frack You: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Fracturing Controversy in Texas.” Thurgood Marshall Law Review 38 (2): 321–341.
136. Wisconsin Statutes. 2014. Chapter 93.90.
137. H.Wiseman,. 2011. “Trade Secrets, Disclosure, and Dissent in a Fracturing Energy Revolution.” Columbia Law Review Sidebar 111: 1–13.
138. H.Wiseman,. 2013. “Risk and Response in Fracturing Policy.” University of Colorado Law Review 84: 729–817.
139. H.Wiseman,. 2014a. “The Capacity of States to Govern Shale Gas Development Risks.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8376–8387.
140. H.Wiseman,. 2014b. “Remedying Regulatory Diseconomies of Scale.” Boston University Law Review 94: 235–304.
141. World Health Organization. 2010. “Some Nonheterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures.” IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 92,1-853. Leon: Routledge.
142. Worth County Friends of Agriculture vs. Worth County. 2004. 688 N.W.2d at 257 (Iowa Supreme Court).