Flock Leadership: Understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 261-279

  Will, Thomas E ^a  

^a AGNES SCOTT COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Agent based modeling; Complexity theory; Emergence; Flock Leadership; Leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958280277     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.01.002     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Abernathy W.J., Clark K. Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction. Research Policy 1985, 14:3-22. 10.1016/0048-7333(85)90021-6.
2. Anderson P. Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science 1999, 10:216-232. 10.1287/orsc.10.3.216.
3. Andriopoulos C., Lewis M.W. Exploitation-exploration tensions and organizational ambidexterity: Managing paradoxes of innovation. Organization Science 2009, 20:696-717. 10.1287/orsc.1080.0406.
4. Back T., Schwefel H. An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization. Evolutionary Computation 1993, 1:1-23. 10.1162/evco.1993.1.1.1.
5. Bechtoldt M.N., De Dreu C.K.W., Nijstad B.A., Choi H. Motivated information processing, social tuning, and group creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 99:622-637. 10.1037/a0019386.
6. Benner M.J., Tushman M.L. Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited. Academy of Management Review 2003, 28:238-256. 10.5465/AMR.2003.9416096.
7. Brewer M. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1991, 17:475-482. 10.1177/0146167291175001.
8. Brewer M.B., Pickett C.L. Distinctiveness motives as a source of the social self. The psychology of the social self 1999, 71-87. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. T.R. Tyler, R.M. Kramer, O.P. John (Eds.).
9. Burgelman R.A. Strategy as vector and the inertia of coevolutionary lock-in. Administrative Science Quarterly 2002, 47:325-357. 10.2307/3094808.
10. Catmull E. Creativity INC.: Overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration 2014, Random House, New York, NY.
11. Cousin J. Music, leadership-And growth. The Nation (Retrieved from). http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Music-leadership%E2%80%93and-growth-30182233.html.
12. Davis J.P., Eisenhardt K.M., Bingham C.B. Developing theory through simulation methods. Academy of Management Review 2007, 32:480-499. 10.5465/AMR.2007.24351453.
13. DeChurch L.A., Mesmer-Magnus J.R. Measuring shared team mental models: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 2010, 14(1):1-14. 10.1037/a0017455.
14. Dinh J.E., Lord R.G., Gardner W.L., Meuser J.D., Liden R.C., Hu J. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and new perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly 2014, 25:36-62. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005.
15. Drazin R., Sandelands L. Autogenesis: A perspective on the process of organizing. Organization Science 1992, 3:230-249. 10.1287/orsc.3.2.230.
16. Echterhoff G., Higgins E.T., Levine J.M. Shared reality: Experiencing commonality with others' inner states about the world. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2009, 496-521. 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x.
17. Ensley M.D., Pearce C.L. Shared cognition in top management teams: Implications for new venture performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2001, 22:145-160. 10.1002/job.83.
18. Feldman D. The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy of Management Review 1984, 9:47-53. 10.5465/AMR.1984.4277934.
19. Fiedler F.E. A contingency model of leadership effectiveness. Advances in experimental social psychology 1964, vol. 1:149-190. Academic Press, New York, NY. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
20. Fleming L., Sorenson O. Technology as a complex adaptive system: Evident from patent data. Research Policy 2001, 30:1019-1039. 10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00135-9.
21. Fleming L., Sorenson O. Navigating the technology landscape of innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review 2003, 44(2):15-23.
22. Gabora L., Saberi M. How did human creativity arise? An agent-based model of the origin of cumulative open-ended cultural evolution. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Cognition & Creativity 2011, 299-306. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
23. Gavetti G., Levinthal D. Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search. Administrative Science Quarterly 2000, 45:113-137. 10.2307/2666981.
24. Giddens A. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration 1984, Polity Press, Cambridge, MA.
25. Goldstone R.L., Gureckis T.M. Collective behavior. Topics in Cognitive Science 2009, 1:412-438. 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01038.x.
26. Gonzalez-Mule E., DeGeest D.S., McCormick B.W., Seong J.Y., Brown K.G. Can we get some cooperation around here? The mediating role of group norms on the relationship between team personality and individual helping behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology 2014, 99:988-999. 10.1037/a0037278.
27. Grefenstette J. Optimization of control parameters for genetic algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 1986, 16:122-128.
28. Gupta A.K., Smith K.G., Shalley C.E. The interplay between exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal 2006, 49:693-706. 10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083026.
29. Harrison D.A., Klein K.J. What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review 2007, 32:1199-1228. 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586096.
30. Harrison J.R., Lin Z., Carroll G.R., Carley K.M. Simulation modeling in organizational and management research. Academy of Management Review 2007, 32:1229-1245. 10.5465/AMR.2007.26586485.
31. Heifetz R., Linsky M. Leadership on the line: Staying alive through the dangers of leading 2002, Harvard Business Review Press, Boston, MA.
32. Heifetz R., Grashow A., Linsky M. The practice of adaptive leadership: Tools and tactics for changing your organization and the world 2009, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA.
33. Hershey P., Blanchard K.H. Life cycle theory of leadership. Training and Development Journal 1969, 23(5):26-34.
34. Hornsey M.J., Jetten J. The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2004, 8:248-264. 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_2.
35. Interis M. On norms: A typology and discussion. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2011, 70:424-438. 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011.00778.x.
36. Jansen J.J.P., Van Den Bosch F.A.J., Volberda H.W. Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science 2006, 52:1661-1674. 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0576.
37. Kauffman S. The origins of order: Self organization and selection in evolution 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
38. Kerr S., Schreisheim C.A., Murphy C.J., Stogdill R.M. Toward a theory of leadership based upon the consideration and initiating structure literature. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1974, 12:62-82. 10.1016/0030-5073(74)90037-3.
39. Klimoski R., Mohammed S. Team mental model: Construct or metaphor. Journal of Management 1994, 20:403-437. 10.1177/014920639402000206.
40. Lau D.C., Murnighan J.K. Interactions within groups and subgroups: The effects of demographic faultlines. Academy of Management Journal 2005, 48:645-659. 10.5465/AMJ.2005.17843943.
41. Lemasson B.H., Anderson J.J., Goodwin R.A. Collective motion in animal groups from a neurobiological perspective: The adaptive benefits of dynamic sensory loads and selective attention. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2009, 261:501-510.
42. Leverentz A.J., Topaz C.M., Bernoff A.J. Asymptotic dynamics of attractive-repulsive swarms. SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 2009, 8:880-908.
43. Levinthal D. Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science 1997, 43:934-950.
44. Lichtenstein B.B. Generative emergence: A new discipline of organizational, entrepreneurial, and social innovation 2014, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
45. Lichtenstein B.B., Plowman D.A. The leadership of emergence: A complex systems leadership theory of emergence at successive organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly 2009, 20:617-630. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.006.
46. Lichtenstein B.B., Uhl-Bien M., Marion R., Seers A., Orton J.D., Schreiber C. Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity and Organization 2006, 8(4):2-12.
47. Liu Y., Ipe M. How do they become node? Revisiting team member network centrality. The Journal of Psychology 2010, 144:243-258.
48. March J.G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science 1991, 2:71-87. 10.1287/orsc.2.1.71.
49. Marion R., Uhl-Bien M. Leadership in complex organizations. The Leadership Quarterly 2001, 12:389-418. 10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00092-3.
50. Marx G., McAdam D. Collective behavior and social movements: Process and structure 1994, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
51. McGrath J.E. Groups: Interaction and performance 1984, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
52. McGrath J.E., Arrow H., Berdahl J.L. The study of groups: Past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2000, 4(1):95-105.
53. McKelvey B. Complexity theory in organization science: Seizing the promise or becoming a fad?. Emergence 1999, 1:5-32.
54. Morel B., Ramanujam Through the looking glass of complexity: The dynamics of organizations as adaptive and evolving systems. Organization Science 1999, 10:278-293. 10.1287/orsc.10.3.278.
55. Morgeson F.P., Hofmann D.A. The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development. Academy of Management Review 1999, 24:249-265. 10.5465/AMR.1999.1893935.
56. Oldroyd J.B., Morris S.S. Catching falling stars: A human resource response to social capital's detrimental effect of information overload on star employees. Academy of Management Review 2012, 37:396-418. 10.5465/amr.2010.0403.
57. O'Reilly C.A., Roberts K.H. Task group structure, communication, and effectiveness in three organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology 1977, 62:674-681. 10.1037/0021-9010.62.6.674.
58. Pais D. Emergent collective behavior in multi-agent systems: An evolutionary perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) 2012, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
59. Parks S.D. Leadership can be taught: A bold approach for a complex world 2005, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
60. Plowman D.A., Solansky S., Beck T.E., Baker L., Kulkarni M. The role of leadership in emergent, self-organization. The Leadership Quarterly 2007, 18:341-356. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.004.
61. Railsback S.F., Grimm V. Agent-based and individual-based modeling: A practical introduction 2012, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
62. Resnick M., Wilensky U. Diving into complexity: Developing probabilistic decentralized thinking through role-playing activities. Journal of Learning Sciences 1998, 7:153-172.
63. Reynolds C.W. Flocks, herds, and schools: A distributed behavioral model. Computers and Graphics 1987, 21:25-34.
64. Rivkin J., Siggelkow N. Balancing search and stability: Interdependencies among elements of organizational design. Management Science 2003, 49:290-311.
65. Sawyer K. Social emergence: Societies as complex systems 2005, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
66. Schneider M., Somers M. Organizations as complex adaptive systems: Implications of complexity theory for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly 2006, 17:351-365. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.006.
67. Snyder C.R., Fromkin H.L. Uniqueness: The human pursuit of difference 1980, Plenum, New York, NY.
68. Stonedahl F. BehaviorSearch software 2010, (http://www.behaviorsearch.org/), Center for Connected Learning and Computer Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
69. Stonedahl, F. (2011). Genetic algorithms for the exploration of parameter spaces in agent-based models (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
70. Stonedahl F., Rand W. Evolution of non-uniform cellular automata using a genetic algorithm: Diversity and computation. GEECO '07 Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation 2007.
71. Stonedahl F., Wilensky U. Finding forms of flocking: Evolutionary search in ABM parameter-spaces. Multi-agent-based simulation XI 2010, 61-75. Springer, Berlin, Germany. T. Bosse, A. Geller, C.M. Jonker (Eds.).
72. Talgam I. How to lead like a great conductor. TED Talk Transcript (Retrieved at). https://www.ted.com/talks/itay_talgam_lead_like_the_great_conductors/transcript?language=en.
73. Tepper K., Hoyle R.H. Latent variable models of need for uniqueness. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1996, 31:467-494.
74. Thibaut J.W., Kelley H.H. The social psychology of groups 1986, Transaction, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ.
75. Tushman M.L., Romanelli E. Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. Research in organizational behavior 1985, vol. 7:177-222. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. L.L. Cummings, B.M. Staw (Eds.).
76. Tyner C. Conductor Herbert von Karajan: He orchestrated his success with intense focus. Investor's Business Daily (Retrieved from). http://news.investors.com/management-leaders-and-success/052201-337855-conductor-herbert-von-karajan-he-orchestrated-his-success-with-intense-focus.htm.
77. Uhl-Bien M., Marion R., McKelvey B. Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly 2007, 18:298-318. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.002.
78. Vignoles V.L., Chryssochou X., Breakwell G.M. The distinctiveness principle: Identity, meaning, and the bounds of cultural relativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2000, 4:337-354.
79. Voss T. Game-theoretical perspectives on the emergence of social norms. Social norms 2001, 105-136. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY. M. Hechter, K. Opp (Eds.).
80. Wadhwa A., Kotha S. Knowledge creation through external venturing: Evidence from the telecommunications equipment manufacturing industry. Academy of Management Journal 2006, 49:819-835. 10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083132.
81. Weinberg, R. (1970). Computer simulation of a living cell (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
82. Wilensky U. NetLogo flocking model 1998, (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Flocking), Center for Connected Learning and Computer Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
83. Wilensky U. NetLogo 1999, (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/), Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
84. Yammarino F.J., Salas E., Serban A., Shirreffs K., Shuffler M.L. Collectivistic leadership approaches: Putting the "we" in leadership science and practice. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2012, 5:381-402.
85. Zaccaro S.J., Rittman A.L., Marks M.A. Team leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2001, 12:451-483. 10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00093-5.