The interplay between exploration and exploitation

Academy of Management Journal

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 693-706

  Gupta, Anil K ^a   Smith, Ken G ^a   Shalley, Christina E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749000352     PISSN: 00014273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083026     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Amabile, T. M. 1996. Creativity in context (update to The social psychology of creativity). Boulder: West-view Press.
2. Ancona, D. G., Goodman, P. S., Lawrence, B. S., & Tushman, M. L. 2001. Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26: 645-663.
3. Audia, G., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. 2000. The paradox of success: An archival and laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 837-854.
4. Baum, J. A. C., Li, S. X., & Usher, J. M. 2000. Making the next move: How experiential and vicarious learning shape the locations of chains' acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 766-801.
5. Beckman, C. M. 2006. The influence of founding team company affiliations on firm behavior. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
6. Beckman, C. M., Haunschild, P. R., & Phillips. D. J. 2004. Friends or strangers? Firm-specific uncertainty, market uncertainty, and network partner selection. Organization Science, 15: 259-275.
7. Benner, M. J., & Tushman, M. L. 2002. Process management and technological innovation: A longitudinal study of the photography and paint industries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 676-706.
8. Benner, M. J., & Tushman, M. L. 2003. Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited. Academy of Management Review, 2: 238-256.
9. Burgelman, R. A. 1991. Intra-organizational ecology of strategy-making and organizational adaptation. Organization Science, 2: 239-262.
10. Burgelman, R. A. 2002. Strategy as vector and the inertia of coevolutionary lock-in. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 325-357.
11. Christensen, C. M. 1998. The innovator's dilemma. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
12. Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. 1992. The behavioral theory of the firm (2nd ed.). Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
13. Dougherty, D. 1992. A practice-centered model of organizational renewal through product innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 77-92.
14. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1105-1121.
15. Feinberg, S. E., & Gupta, A. K. 2004. Knowledge spillovers and the assignment of R&D responsibilities to foreign subsidiaries. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 823-845.
16. Fiske, S., & Taylor, S. 1991. Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. Gilson, L. L., Mathieu, J. E., Shalley, C. E., & Ruddy, T. M. 2005. Creativity and standardization: Complementary or conflicting drivers of team effectiveness? Academy of Management Journal, 48: 521-531.
18. He, Z.-L., & Wong, P.-K. 2004. Exploration vs. exploitation: An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis. Organization Science, 15: 481-494.
19. Henderson, R. M., & Clark, K. B. 1990. Architectural innovation: The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 9-30.
20. Holmqvist, M. 2004. Experiential learning processes of exploitation and exploration within and between organizations: An empirical study of product development. Organization Science, 15: 70-81.
21. Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. 2002. Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 1183-1194.
22. Koza, M. P., & Lewin, A. Y. 1998. The co-evolution of strategic alliances. Organization Science, 9: 255-264.
23. Lavie, D., & Rosenkopf, L. 2006. Balancing exploration and exploitation in alliance formation. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
24. Lee, J., Lee, L., & Lee, H. 2003. Exploration and exploitation in the presence of network externalities. Management Science, 49: 553-570.
25. Levinthal, D. A. 1997. Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science, 43: 377-415.
26. Levinthal, D. A., & March, J. G. 1993. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (special issue): 95-112.
27. March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2: 71-87.
28. March, J. G. 1996. Continuity and change in theories of organizational action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 278-287.
29. March, J. G. 2006. Rationality, foolishness, and adaptive intelligence. Strategic Management Journal, 27: 201-214.
30. McGrath, R. G. 2001. Exploratory learning, innovative capacity, and managerial oversight. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 118-131.
31. Miller, K. D., Zhao, M., & Calantone, R. 2006. Adding interpersonal learning and tacit knowledge to March's exploration-exploitation model. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
32. Nerkar, A. 2003. Old is gold? The value of temporal exploration in the creation of new knowledge. Management Science, 49: 211-229.
33. Perretti, F., & Negro, G. 2006. Filling empty seats: How status and organizational hierarchies affect exploration and exploitation in team design. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
34. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. 1978. The external control of organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
35. Phillips, D., & Zuckerman, E. W. 2001. Middle-status conformity: Theoretical restatement and empirical demonstration in two markets. American Journal of Sociology, 107: 379-429.
36. Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. 1996. Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 116-145.
37. Rangan, V. K. 2005. Cisco Systems: Managing the go-tomarket evolution (case # 505006). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.
38. Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. 2001. Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 287-306.
39. Rothaermel, F. T. 2001. Incumbent's advantage through exploiting complementary assets via interfirm cooperation. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 687-699.
40. Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. 1998. Information rules. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
41. Siggelkow, N., & Levinthal, D. A. 2003. Temporarily divide to conquer: Centralized, decentralized, and reintegrated organizational approaches to exploration and adaptation. Organization Science, 14: 650-669.
42. Siggelkow, N., & Rivkin, J. 2006. When exploration back-fires: Unintended consequences of multilevel organizational search. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
43. Sitkin, S. 1992. Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 14: 232-266. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
44. Taylor, A., & Greve, H. R. 2006. Superman or the fantastic four? Knowledge combination and experience in innovative teams. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
45. Teece, D. J. 1992. Competition, cooperation, and innovation: Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 18: 1-25.
46. Thompson, J. D. 1967. Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
47. Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. 1985. Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 7: 177-222. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
48. Vassolo, R. S., Anand, J., & Folta, T. 2004. Non-additivity in portfolios of exploration activities: A real options-based analysis of equity alliances in biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 1045-1061.
49. Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. 2001. Learning through acquisitions. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 457-478.
50. Wadhwa, A., & Kotha, S. 2006. Knowledge creation through external venturing: Evidence from the telecommunications equipment manufacturing industry. Academy of Management Journal, this issue.
51. Weick, K. E. 1976. Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 1-19.
52. Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
53. Yelle, L. E. 1979. The learning curve: Historical review and comprehensive survey. Decision Sciences, 10: 302-328.