Oral ketamine for the treatment of pain and treatment-resistant depression

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 208, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 108-113

  Schoevers, Robert A ^a   Chaves, Tharcila V ^a   Balukova, Sonya M ^a   Aan Het Rot, Marije ^b   Kortekaas, Rudie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ALLODYNIA; ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; ANXIETY DISORDER; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME TYPE I; CONFUSION; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSURIA; ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE; EUPHORIA; FATIGUE; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; LIBIDO; LOSS OF APPETITE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEMORY DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PARANOIA; REMISSION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VOMITING; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, TREATMENT-RESISTANT; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANALGESICS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CHRONIC PAIN; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, TREATMENT-RESISTANT; HUMANS; KETAMINE; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84957900763     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: 14721465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.165498     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Vollenweider FX, Kometer M. The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11: 642-51.
2. Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 351-4.
3. Hashimoto K. Emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Brain Res Rev 2009; 61: 105-23.
4. Murrough JW. Ketamine as a novel antidepressant: from synapse to behavior. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91: 303-9.
5. Moghaddam B, Adams B, Verma A, Daly D. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 2921-7.
6. Zarate C Jr, Machado-Vieira R, Henter I, Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Salvadore G. Glutamatergic modulators: the future of treating mood disorders? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010; 18: 293-303.
7. Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, Banasr M, Dwyer JM, Iwata M, et al. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science 2010; 329: 959-64.
8. Li N, Liu RJ, Dwyer JM, Banasr M, Lee B, Son H, et al. Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists rapidly reverse behavioral and synaptic deficits caused by chronic stress exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69: 754-61.
9. aan het Rot M, Zarate CA Jr, Charney DS, Mathew SJ. Ketamine for depression: where do we go from here? Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72: 537-47.
10. Diazgranados N, Ibrahim L, Brutsche NE, Newberg A, Kronstein P, Khalife S, et al. A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 793-802.
11. Zarate CA Jr, Brutsche NE, Ibrahim L, Franco-Chaves J, Diazgranados N, Cravchik A, et al. Replication of ketamine's antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biol Psychiatry 2012: 71: 939-46.
12. Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatmentresistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 856-64.
13. Sos P, Klirova M, Novak T, Kohutova B, Horacek J, Palenicek T. Relationship of ketamine's antidepressant and psychotomimetic effects in unipolar depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013; 34: 287-93.
14. Price RB, Iosifescu DV, Murrough JW, Chang LC, Al Jurdi RK, Iqbal SZ, et al. Effects of ketamine on explicit and implicit suicidal cognition: a randomized controlled trial in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31: 335-43.
15. Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, Al Jurdi RK, Green CE, Perez AM, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 1134-42.
16. aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Murrough JW, Perez AM, Reich DL, Charney DS, et al. Safety and efficacy of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 139-45.
17. Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Franco-Chaves J, Brutsche N, Henter ID, Kronstein P, et al. Course of improvement in depressive symptoms to a single intravenous infusion of ketamine vs add-on riluzole: results from a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37: 1526-33.
18. Mathew SJ, Murrough JW, aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Reich DL, Charney DS. Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatmentresistant depression: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13: 71-82.
19. Blonk MI, Koder BG, van den Bemt PM, Huygen FJ. Use of oral ketamine in chronic pain management: a review. Eur J Pain 2010; 14: 466-72.
20. Fisher K, Coderre TJ, Hagen NA. Targeting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor for chronic pain management. Preclinical animal studies, recent clinical experience and future research directions. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20: 358-73.
21. Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Grant IS. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci 1982; 71: 539-42.
22. Chong CC, Schug SA, Page-Sharp M, Ilett KF. Bioavailability of ketamine after oral or sublingual administration. Pain Medicine 2006; 7: 469.
23. Yanagihara Y, Ohtani M, Kariya S, Uchino K, Hiraishi T, Ashizawa N, et al. Plasma concentration profiles of ketamine and norketamine after administration of various ketamine preparations to healthy Japanese volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2003; 24: 37-43.
24. Paslakis G, Gilles M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Deuschle M. Oral administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist S-ketamine as add-on therapy of depression: a case series. Pharmacopsychiatry 2010; 43: 33-5.
25. McNulty JP, Hahn K. Compounded oral ketamine. Int J Pharm Compd 2012; 16: 364-8.
26. Irwin SA, Iglewicz A. Oral ketamine for the rapid treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care. J Palliat Med 2010; 13: 903-8.
27. Irwin SA, Iglewicz A, Nelesen RA, Lo JY, Carr CH, Romero SD, et al. Daily oral ketamine for the treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care: a 28-day open-label proof-of-concept trial. J Palliat Med 2013; 16: 958-65.
28. De Gioannis A, De Leo D. Oral ketamine augmentation for chronic suicidality in treatment-resistant depression. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2014; 48: 686.
29. Lara DR, Bisol LW, Munari LR. Antidepressant, mood stabilizing and procognitive effects of very low dose sublingual ketamine in refractory unipolar and bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16: 2111-7.
30. Kaviani N, Khademi A, Ebtehaj I, Mohammadi Z. The effect of orally administered ketamine on requirement for anesthetics and postoperative pain in mandibular molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Oral Sci 2011; 53: 461-5.
31. Villanueva-Perez VL, Cerdá-Olmedo G, Samper JM, Mínguez A, Monsalve V, Bayona MJ, et al. Oral ketamine for the treatment of type I complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Pract 2007; 7: 39-43.
32. Klepstad P, Borchgrevink P, Hval B, Flaat S, Kaasa S. Long-term treatment with ketamine in a 12-year-old girl with severe neuropathic pain caused by a cervical spinal tumor. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23: 616-9.
33. Kapural L, Kapural M, Bensitel T, Sessler DI. Opioid-sparing effect of intravenous outpatient ketamine infusions appears short-lived in chronic-pain patients with high opioid requirements. Pain Physician 2010; 13: 389-94.
34. Joseph C, Gaillat F, Duponq R, Lieven R, Baumstarck K, Thomas P, et al. Is there any benefit to adding intravenous ketamine to patient-controlled epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery? A randomized double-blind study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 42: e58-65.
35. Hu J, Liao Q, Zhang F, Tong J, Ouyang W. Chronic postthoracotomy pain and perioperative ketamine infusion. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2014; 28: 117-21.
36. Tena B, Gomar C, Rios J. Perioperative epidural or intravenous ketamine does not improve the effectiveness of thoracic epidural analgesia for acute and chronic pain after thoracotomy. Clin J Pain 2014; 30: 490-500.
37. Yazigi A, Abou-Zeid H, Srouji T, Madi-Jebara S, Haddad F, Jabbour K. The effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine on continuous intercostal analgesia following thoracotomy. Ann Card Anaesth 2012; 15: 32-8.
38. Barreveld AM, Correll DJ, Liu X, Max B, McGowan JA, Shovel L, et al. Ketamine decreases postoperative pain scores in patients taking opioids for chronic pain: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Pain Med 2013; 14: 925-34.
39. Vick PG, Lamer TJ. Treatment of central post-stroke pain with oral ketamine. Pain 2001; 92: 311-3.
40. Pouget P, Wattiez N, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Gaymard B. Rapid development of tolerance to sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine: an oculomotor study in macaque monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209: 313-8.
41. Rocha BA, Ward AS, Egilmez Y, Lytle DA, Emmett-Oglesby MW. Tolerance to the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of ketamine. Behav Pharmacol 1996; 7: 160-8.
42. Stevens RW, Hain WR. Tolerance to rectal ketamine in paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1981; 36: 1089-93.
43. Byer DE, Gould AB Jr. Development of tolerance to ketamine in an infant undergoing repeated anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: 255-6.
44. Livingston A, Waterman AE. The development of tolerance to ketamine in rats and the significance of hepatic metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 64: 63-9.
45. Cumming JF. The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine. Anesth Analg 1976; 55: 788-91.
46. Chong C, Schug SA, Page-Sharp M, Jenkins B, Ilett KF. Development of a sublingual/oral formulation of ketamine for use in neuropathic pain: preliminary findings from a three-way randomized, crossover study. Clin Drug Investig 2009; 29: 317-24.
47. Brunette KE, Anderson BJ, Thomas J, Wiesner L, Herd DW, Schulein S. Exploring the pharmacokinetics of oral ketamine in children undergoing burns procedures. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21: 653-62.
48. Zimm S, Collins JM, Riccardi R, O'Neill D, Narang PK, Chabner B, et al. Variable bioavailability of oral mercaptopurine. Is maintenance chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia being optimally delivered? N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1005-9.
49. Harvey VJ, Slevin ML, Joel SP, Smythe MM, Johnston A, Wrigley PF. Variable bioavailability following repeated oral doses of etoposide. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1985; 21: 1315-9.
50. Di WL, Kadva A, Johnston A, Silman R. Variable bioavailability of oral melatonin. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1028-9.
51. Lund J, Thayssen P, Mengel H, Pedersen OL, Kristensen CB, Gram LF. Paroxetine: pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects after oral and intravenous single doses in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1982; 51: 351-7.
52. Weber F, Wulf H, Gruber M, Biallas R. S-ketamine and s-norketamine plasma concentrations after nasal and i.v. administration in anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 983-8.
53. Rolan P, Lim S, Sunderland V, Liu Y, Molnar V. The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77: 1011-6.
54. Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV. Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2010; 105: 121-33.
55. Bowdle TA, Radant AD, Cowley DS, Kharasch ED, Strassman RJ, Roy-Byrne PP. Psychedelic effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: relationship to steady-state plasma concentrations. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 82-8.
56. Liebrenz M, Borgeat A, Leisinger R, Stohler R. Intravenous ketamine therapy in a patient with a treatment-resistant major depression. Swiss Med Wkly 2007; 137: 234-6.
57. Malinovsky JM, Cozian A, Lepage JY, Mussini JM, Pinaud M, Souron R. Ketamine and midazolam neurotoxicity in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 91-7.
58. Malinovsky JM, Lepage JY, Cozian A, Mussini JM, Pinaudt M, Souron R. Is ketamine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity in the rabbit? Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 109-15.
59. Gomes LM, Garcia JB, Ribamar JS Jr, Nascimento AG. Neurotoxicity of subarachnoid preservative-free S(+)-ketamine in dogs. Pain Physician 2011; 14: 83-90.
60. Sun L, Li Q, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu D, Jiang H, et al. Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys. Addict Biol 2014; 19: 185-94.
61. Edward Roberts R, Curran HV, Friston KJ, Morgan CJ. Abnormalities in white matter microstructure associated with chronic ketamine use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39: 329-38.
62. Freeman TP, Morgan CJ, Pepper F, Howes OD, Stone JM, Curran HV. Associative blocking to reward-predicting cues is attenuated in ketamine users but can be modulated by images associated with drug use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225: 41-50.
63. Morgan CJ, Curran HV, Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 2012; 107: 27-38.
64. Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ. Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity. Urology 2007; 69: 810-2.
65. Tsai TH, Cha TL, Lin CM, Tsao CW, Tang SH, Chuang FP, et al. Ketamineassociated bladder dysfunction. Int J Urol 2009; 16: 826-9.
66. Correll GE, Futter GE. Two case studies of patients with major depressive disorder given low-dose (subanesthetic) ketamine infusions. Pain Med 2006; 7: 92-5.
67. Kannan TR, Saxena A, Bhatnagar S, Barry A. Oral ketamine as an adjuvant to oral morphine for neuropathic pain in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 60-5.
68. Haines DR, Gaines SP. N of 1 randomised controlled trials of oral ketamine in patients with chronic pain. Pain 1999; 83: 283-7.
69. Bredlau AL, McDermott MP, Adams HR, Dworkin RH, Venuto C, Fisher SG, et al. Oral ketamine for children with chronic pain: a pilot phase I study. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 194-200.
70. Mercadante S, Arcuri E, Tirelli W, Casuccio A. Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20: 246-52.
71. Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Paylor T, Reichenberger E, Perreault M. Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2009; 147: 107-15.
72. Beardsley PM, Balster RL. Behavioral dependence upon phencyclidine and ketamine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 242: 203-11.
73. Klein M, Calderon S, Hayes B. Abuse liability assessment of neuroprotectants. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 890: 515-25.
74. Corazza O, Assi S, Schifano F. From ''Special K'' to ''Special M'': the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine. CNS Neuroscience Ther 2013; 19: 454-60.
75. Muetzelfeldt L, Kamboj SK, Rees H, Taylor J, Morgan CJ, Curran HV. Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 95: 219-29.
76. Argoff CE, Stanos SP, Wieman MS. Validity testing of patient objections to acceptance of tamper-resistant opioid formulations. J Pain Res 2013; 6: 367-73.
77. Schatzberg AF. A word to the wise about ketamine. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171: 262-4.
78. Caddy C, Amit BH, McCloud TL, Rendell JM, Furukawa TA, McShane R, et al. Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 9: CD011612.
79. Levine J, Schooler NR. SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986; 22: 343-81.