메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 691-708

Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates

Author keywords

And representation; Female candidates; Gender; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords


EID: 84957805398     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12186     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (240)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 85055295512 scopus 로고
    • Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits
    • Alexander, D., & Anderson, K. (1993). Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 527-545.
    • (1993) Political Research Quarterly , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 527-545
    • Alexander, D.1    Anderson, K.2
  • 2
    • 79960013906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson effect: Why do congresswomen outperform congressmen?
    • Anzia, S. F., & Berry, C. R. (2011). The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson effect: Why do congresswomen outperform congressmen? American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 478-493.
    • (2011) American Journal of Political Science , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 478-493
    • Anzia, S.F.1    Berry, C.R.2
  • 3
    • 54849415478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ballot photographs as cues in low-information elections. Political
    • Banducci, S. A., Karp, J. A., Thrasher, M., & Rallings, C. (2008). Ballot photographs as cues in low-information elections. Political Psychology, 29(6), 903-917.
    • (2008) Psychology , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 903-917
    • Banducci, S.A.1    Karp, J.A.2    Thrasher, M.3    Rallings, C.4
  • 4
    • 0347987455 scopus 로고
    • Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing
    • Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354-364.
    • (1981) Psychological Review , vol.88 , Issue.4 , pp. 354-364
    • Bem, S.L.1
  • 5
    • 84864517335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Mechanical Turk as a participant recruitment tool for experimental research. Political
    • Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Using Mechanical Turk as a participant recruitment tool for experimental research. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351-368.
    • (2012) Analysis , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-368
    • Berinsky, A.J.1    Huber, G.A.2    Lenz, G.S.3
  • 6
    • 0036085865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice
    • Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(3), 242-261.
    • (2002) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 242-261
    • Blair, I.V.1
  • 7
  • 8
    • 79751500850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of control: Delegates' information sources and perceptions of female candidates
    • Bos, A. L. (2011). Out of control: Delegates' information sources and perceptions of female candidates. Political Communication, 28(1), 87-109.
    • (2011) Political Communication , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-109
    • Bos, A.L.1
  • 9
    • 27744605256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions
    • Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388-405.
    • (2005) American Journal of Political Science , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 388-405
    • Brader, T.1
  • 10
    • 79958854471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the double standard for candidate emotionality: Voter reactions to the tears and anger of male and female politicians
    • Brooks, D. J. (2011). Testing the double standard for candidate emotionality: Voter reactions to the tears and anger of male and female politicians. Journal of Politics, 73(2), 597-615.
    • (2011) Journal of Politics , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 597-615
    • Brooks, D.J.1
  • 14
    • 10944243116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice
    • Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701-718.
    • (2004) Journal of Social Issues , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 701-718
    • Cuddy, A.J.C.1    Fiske, S.T.2    Glick, P.3
  • 16
    • 25144451557 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
    • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-18
    • Devine, P.G.1
  • 17
    • 0034340213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future
    • Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1188.
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , Issue.10 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 18
    • 76649092302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of gender stereotyped evaluations on support for women candidate
    • Dolan, K. (2010). The impact of gender stereotyped evaluations on support for women candidate. Political Behavior, 32(1), 69-88.
    • (2010) Political Behavior , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-88
    • Dolan, K.1
  • 19
    • 84893536655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates? What really matters?
    • Dolan, K. (2014). Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates? What really matters? Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), 96-107.
    • (2014) Political Research Quarterly , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 96-107
    • Dolan, K.1
  • 20
    • 70249116096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do gender stereotypes transcend party?
    • Dolan, K., & Sanbonmatsu, K. (2009). Do gender stereotypes transcend party? Political Research Quarterly, 62(3), 485-494.
    • (2009) Political Research Quarterly , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 485-494
    • Dolan, K.1    Sanbonmatsu, K.2
  • 21
    • 85047674303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders
    • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 73-598.
    • (2002) Psychological Review , vol.109 , Issue.3 , pp. 73-598
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Karau, S.J.2
  • 22
    • 84923446517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congressional elections: Where are we on the road to gender parity
    • S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox (Eds.), New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • Fox, R. L. (2009). Congressional elections: Where are we on the road to gender parity. In S. J. Carroll & R. L. Fox (Eds.), Gender and elections (pp. 190-210). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2009) Gender and elections , pp. 190-210
    • Fox, R.L.1
  • 23
    • 0032089415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of candidate sex in voter decision-making
    • Fox, R. L., & Smith, E. R. A. N. (1998). The role of candidate sex in voter decision-making. Political Psychology, 19(2), 405-419.
    • (1998) Political Psychology , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 405-419
    • Fox, R.L.1    Smith, E.R.A.N.2
  • 25
    • 77950777109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of gender stereotypes in U.S. Senate campaigns
    • Fridkin, K. L., & Kenney, P. J. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in U.S. Senate campaigns. Politics & Gender, 5(3), 301-329.
    • (2009) Politics & Gender , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 301-329
    • Fridkin, K.L.1    Kenney, P.J.2
  • 26
    • 79951734044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of candidate traits in campaigns
    • Fridkin, K. L., & Kenney, P. J. (2011). The role of candidate traits in campaigns. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 61-73.
    • (2011) Journal of Politics , vol.73 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-73
    • Fridkin, K.L.1    Kenney, P.J.2
  • 27
    • 0033245988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bringing the candidate into models of candidate evaluation
    • Funk, C. L. (1999). Bringing the candidate into models of candidate evaluation. Journal of Politics, 61(3), 700-720.
    • (1999) Journal of Politics , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 700-720
    • Funk, C.L.1
  • 28
    • 0038802474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is negative advertising effective for female candidates? An experiment in voters' uses of gender stereotypes
    • Gordon, A., Shafie, D. M., & Crigler, A. N. (2003). Is negative advertising effective for female candidates? An experiment in voters' uses of gender stereotypes. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8(3), 35-53.
    • (2003) Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 35-53
    • Gordon, A.1    Shafie, D.M.2    Crigler, A.N.3
  • 29
    • 67349172700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender bias or motherhood disadvantage? Judgments of blue-collar mothers and fathers in the workplace
    • Güngör, G., & Biernat, M. (2009). Gender bias or motherhood disadvantage? Judgments of blue-collar mothers and fathers in the workplace. Sex Roles, 60, 232-246.
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.60 , pp. 232-246
    • Güngör, G.1    Biernat, M.2
  • 30
    • 33745303952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Candidate qualities through a partisan lens: A theory of trait ownership
    • Hayes, D. (2005). Candidate qualities through a partisan lens: A theory of trait ownership. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 908-923.
    • (2005) American Journal of Political Science , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 908-923
    • Hayes, D.1
  • 31
    • 82455250923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When gender and party collide: Stereotyping in candidate trait attribution
    • Hayes, D. (2011). When gender and party collide: Stereotyping in candidate trait attribution. Politics & Gender, 7(2), 133-165.
    • (2011) Politics & Gender , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-165
    • Hayes, D.1
  • 32
    • 23944468003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "She brought only a skirt": Print media coverage of Elizabeth Dole's bid for the republican presidential nomination
    • Heldman, C. J., Carroll, S. J., & Olson, S. (2005). "She brought only a skirt": Print media coverage of Elizabeth Dole's bid for the republican presidential nomination. Political Communication, 22(3), 315-335.
    • (2005) Political Communication , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-335
    • Heldman, C.J.1    Carroll, S.J.2    Olson, S.3
  • 33
    • 0141446003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotyping and candidate evaluation: Good news and bad news for women politicians
    • V. C. Ottati, R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, F. B. Bryant, L. Heath, Y. Suarez-Balcazar, & E. J. Posavac, Eds.)New York, NY: Kluwer Publishers.
    • Huddy, L., & Capelos, T. (2002). Gender stereotyping and candidate evaluation: Good news and bad news for women politicians. In V. C. Ottati, R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, F. B. Bryant, L. Heath, Y. Suarez-Balcazar, & E. J. Posavac, (Eds.) The social psychology of politics (pp. 29-53). New York, NY: Kluwer Publishers.
    • (2002) The social psychology of politics , pp. 29-53
    • Huddy, L.1    Capelos, T.2
  • 34
    • 85055309612 scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates
    • Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993a). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119-147
    • (1993) American Journal of Political Science , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-147
    • Huddy, L.1    Terkildsen, N.2
  • 35
    • 85050726620 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office
    • Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993b). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 503-525.
    • (1993) Political Research Quarterly , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 503-525
    • Huddy, L.1    Terkildsen, N.2
  • 36
    • 84958789600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The determinant and consequences of prejudice
    • J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, & A. Lupia (Eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • Hutchings, V., & Piston, S. (2011). The determinant and consequences of prejudice. In J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, & A. Lupia (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science (pp. 306-319). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2011) Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science , pp. 306-319
    • Hutchings, V.1    Piston, S.2
  • 37
    • 84937313127 scopus 로고
    • Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns in statewide campaigns
    • Kahn, K. F. (1994). Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns in statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 162-195.
    • (1994) American Journal of Political Science , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 162-195
    • Kahn, K.F.1
  • 38
    • 0002358916 scopus 로고
    • Presidents in the public mind
    • M. G. Hermann (Ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    • Kinder, D. R., & Fiske, S. T. (1986). Presidents in the public mind. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 193-218). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    • (1986) Handbook of political psychology , vol.2 , pp. 193-218
    • Kinder, D.R.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 39
    • 0034419211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do citizens apply gender stereotypes to infer candidates' ideological orientations?
    • Koch, J. W. (2000). Do citizens apply gender stereotypes to infer candidates' ideological orientations? Journal of Politics, 6(2), 414-429.
    • (2000) Journal of Politics , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 414-429
    • Koch, J.W.1
  • 40
    • 79959931385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms
    • Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642.
    • (2011) Psychological Bulletin , vol.137 , Issue.4 , pp. 616-642
    • Koenig, A.M.1    Eagly, A.H.2    Mitchell, A.A.3    Ristikari, T.4
  • 41
    • 0033445259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivated reasoning with stereotypes: Activation, application, and inhibition
    • Kunda, Z., & Sinclair, L. (1999). Motivated reasoning with stereotypes: Activation, application, and inhibition. Psychological Inquiry, 10(1), 12-22.
    • (1999) Psychological Inquiry , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-22
    • Kunda, Z.1    Sinclair, L.2
  • 42
    • 0141754082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application
    • Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 522-544.
    • (2003) Psychological Bulletin , vol.129 , Issue.4 , pp. 522-544
    • Kunda, Z.1    Spencer, S.J.2
  • 43
    • 0031529679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equal ratings but separate meanings: Stereotypes and the construal of traits
    • Kunda, Z., Sinclair, L., & Griffin, D. (1997). Equal ratings but separate meanings: Stereotypes and the construal of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 720-734.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , Issue.4 , pp. 720-734
    • Kunda, Z.1    Sinclair, L.2    Griffin, D.3
  • 44
    • 84894368596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between campaign negativity, gender, and campaign context
    • Krupnikov, Y., & Bauer, N. M. (2014). The relationship between campaign negativity, gender, and campaign context. Political Behavior, 36(1), 167-188.
    • (2014) Political Behavior , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 167-188
    • Krupnikov, Y.1    Bauer, N.M.2
  • 46
    • 84970521731 scopus 로고
    • The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference
    • Leeper, M. S. (1991). The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Research, 19(2), 248-261.
    • (1991) American Politics Research , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 248-261
    • Leeper, M.S.1
  • 47
    • 0031475436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?
    • Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275-287.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-287
    • Lepore, L.1    Brown, R.2
  • 48
    • 0033245990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent "Yes."
    • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent "Yes." Journal of Politics, 61(2), 627-657.
    • (1999) Journal of Politics , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 627-657
    • Mansbridge, J.1
  • 49
    • 0031287972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voting cues in low-information elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary United States elections
    • McDermott, M. L. (1997). Voting cues in low-information elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary United States elections. American Journal of Political Science, 41(1), 270-283.
    • (1997) American Journal of Political Science , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 270-283
    • McDermott, M.L.1
  • 50
    • 0040165086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and gender cues in low-information elections
    • McDermott, M. L. (1998). Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly, 51(4), 895-918.
    • (1998) Political Research Quarterly , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 895-918
    • McDermott, M.L.1
  • 51
    • 0041799411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political impressions: Formation and management
    • In D. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • McGraw, K. M. (2003). Political impressions: Formation and management. In D. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 394-425). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (2003) Handbook of political psychology , pp. 394-425
    • McGraw, K.M.1
  • 54
    • 85055296616 scopus 로고
    • Political sophistication and the use of candidate traits in candidate evaluation
    • Pierce, P. A. (1993). Political sophistication and the use of candidate traits in candidate evaluation. Political Psychology, 14(1), 21-35.
    • (1993) Political Psychology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-35
    • Pierce, P.A.1
  • 55
    • 0036895179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes
    • Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269-281.
    • (2002) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 269-281
    • Prentice, D.A.1    Carranza, E.2
  • 56
    • 0000439932 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes toward hypothetical male or female presidential candidate: A research note. Political
    • Rosenwasser, S. M., & Seale, J. (1988). Attitudes toward hypothetical male or female presidential candidate: A research note. Political Psychology, 9(4), 591-598.
    • (1988) Psychology , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 591-598
    • Rosenwasser, S.M.1    Seale, J.2
  • 57
    • 0035538341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits
    • Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1164-1178.
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.27 , Issue.9 , pp. 1164-1178
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Greenwald, A.G.2    McGhee, D.E.3
  • 58
    • 0033227796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder gentler image of middle managers
    • Rudman, L., & Glick, P. (1999). Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder gentler image of middle managers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1004-1010.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , Issue.5 , pp. 1004-1010
    • Rudman, L.1    Glick, P.2
  • 60
    • 79952460559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, context, and television advertising: A comprehensive analysis of 2000 and 2002 House races
    • Sapiro, V., Walsh, K. C., Strach, P., & Hennings, V. (2011). Gender, context, and television advertising: A comprehensive analysis of 2000 and 2002 House races. Political Research Quarterly, 64(1), 107-119.
    • (2011) Political Research Quarterly , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-119
    • Sapiro, V.1    Walsh, K.C.2    Strach, P.3    Hennings, V.4
  • 61
    • 84896545545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring stereotypes of female politicians
    • Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2013). Measuring stereotypes of female politicians. Political Psychology. 35(2), 245-266.
    • (2013) Political Psychology , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-266
    • Schneider, M.C.1    Bos, A.L.2
  • 63
    • 57049111426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the gender gap in support for a woman president
    • Simon, S., & Hoyt, C. L. (2008). Exploring the gender gap in support for a woman president. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8, 1, 157-181.
    • (2008) Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 157-181
    • Simon, S.1    Hoyt, C.L.2
  • 64
    • 53349144920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender in the 2008 presidential election: Two types of time collide
    • Skye, P. L. (2008). Gender in the 2008 presidential election: Two types of time collide. PS: Political Science and Politics, 41, 761-764.
    • (2008) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.41 , pp. 761-764
    • Skye, P.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.