Campaign advertising and American democracy

Campaign Advertising and American Democracy

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-197

  Franz, Michael M ^a   Freedman, Paul B ^b   Goldstein, Kenneth M ^c   Ridout, Travis N ^d  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902019250     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (144)

1. Adatto, Kiku. 1990. Sound bite democracy: Network evening news presidential campaign coverage, 1968 and 1988. Research Paper R-2, Joan Shorenstein Barone Center for Press, Politics, and Public Policy.
2. Althaus, Scott L. 1998. Information effects incollective preferences. American Political Science Review 92(3): 545-58.
3. Altschuler, Glenn, and Stuart Blumin. 2001. Rude republic: Americans and their politics in the nineteenth century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4. Alvarez, R. Michael. 1997. Information and elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Alan Gerber. 1994. The mismeasure of campaign spending: Evidence from the 1990 U.S. House elections. Journal of Politics 56(4): 1106-18.
6. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate? American Political Science Review 88(4): 829-38.
7. Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Shanto Iyengar. 1995. Going negative: How political ads shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: The Free Press.
8. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon. 1999. Replicating experiments using aggregate and survey data: The case of negative advertising and turnout. American Political Science Review 93(4): 901-9.
9. Arnold, R. Douglas. 1992. The logic of congressional action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
10. Ashworth, Scott, and Joshua D. Clinton. 2005. Does advertising exposure affect turnout? Working Paper, Princeton University.
11. Atkin, Charles, and Gary Heald. 1976. Effects of political advertising. Public Opinion Quarterly 40(2): 216-28.
12. Bai, Matt. 2004. Who Lost Ohio? New York Times. Accessed April 16, 2007. Online http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/magazine/21OHIO.html?ex= 1258779600&en=2a9da5f1ef7580c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland.
13. Bartels, Larry M. 1986. Issue voting under uncertainty: An empirical test. American Journal of Political Science 30(4): 709-28.
14. -. 1996. Uninformed votes: Information effects in presidential elections. American Journal of Political Science 40(1): 194-230.
15. Benoit, William L. 1999. Seeing spots: A functional analysis of presidential television advertisements, 1952-1996. Westport, CT: Praeger.
16. Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Berke, Richard. 1992. The media: What is scarier than Halloween? Tune in to candidates' ads and see. New York Times, October 31, Late Edition-Final, Section 1: 7.
18. Blydenburgh, John. 1971. A contolled experiment to measure the effect of personal contact campaigning. Midwest Journal of Political Science. 15: 365-81.
19. Brader, Ted. 2005a. Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. -. 2005b. Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science 49(2): 388-405.
21. Brady, Henry E., and Paul M. Sniderman. 1985. Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning. American Political Science Review 79(4): 1061-78.
22. Brians, Craig Leonard, and Martin P. Wattenberg. 1996. Campaign issue knowledge and salience: ComparingreceptionfromTVcommercials, TVnewsand newspapers. American Journal of Political Science 40(1): 172-93.
23. Broder, David S. 2002. Death by negative ads. Washington Post, November 3, Final Edition: B07.
24. Brooks, Deborah Jordan. 2006. The resilient voter: Moving toward closure in the debate over negative campaigning and turnout. Journal of Politics 68(3): 684-96.
25. Brooks, Deborah, and John Geer. 2007. Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate. American Journal of Political Science. 51(1): 1-16.
26. Campbell, Angus, Phillip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes. 1960. The American voter. New York: Wiley.
27. Capella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1997. Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Chaiken, Shelley. 1980. Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 752-66.
29. Clinton, Joshua, and John Lapinski. 2004. 'Targeted' advertising and voter turnout: An experimental study of the 2000 presidential election. Journal of Politics. 66: 69-96.
30. Clymer, Adam. 1980. Voters grow weary of negative campaign tactics. New York Times, October 13, Final Edition, Section 2: 5.
31. Coleman, John J. 2001. The distribution of campaign spending benefits across groups. Journal of Politics 63(3): 916-34.
32. Coleman, John J., and Paul F. Manna. 2000. Congressional campaign spending and the quality of democracy. Journal of Politics 62(3): 757-89.
33. Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolasde Caritat. 1785 [1976]. Selected works. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
34. Converse, Philip E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology and discontent, ed. David Apter. New York: Free Press.
35. -. 1990. Popular representation and the distribution of information. In Information and democratic processes, ed. John A. Ferejohn and James H. Kuklinski. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
36. Corrado, Anthony. 2005. Money and politics: A history of federal campaign finance law. In The new campaign finance sourcebook, ed. Anthony Corrado, Thomas Mann, Daniel Ortiz, and Trevor Potter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
37. Dalager, Jon K. 1996. Voters, issues, and elections: Are the candidates' messages getting through? Journal of Politics 58(2): 486-515.
38. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
39. Djupe Paul A., and David A.M. Peterson. 2002. The impact of negative campaigning: evidence from the 1998 senatorial primaries. Political Research Quarterly 55: 845-60.
40. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper.
41. Eveland, William P., Jr., Dhavan V. Shah, and Nojin Kwak. 2003. Assessing causality: A panel study of motivations, information processing and learning during campaign 2000. Communication Research 30: 359-86.
42. Faber, Ronald J., and M. Claire Storey. 1984. Recall of information from political advertising. Journal of Advertising 13(3): 39-44.
43. Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2003. Nightly news nightmare: Network television's coverage of U.S. presidential elections, 1988-2000. Lanham: Rowman and Little-field.
44. Finkel, Steven E. 1993. Reexamining the "minimal effects" model in recent presidential campaigns. Journal of Politics 55(1): 1-21.
45. Finkel, Steven E., and John G. Geer. 1998. A spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising. American Journal of Political Science 42(2): 573-95.
46. Fiske, Susan T., and Shelley E. Taylor. 1991. Social cognition, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
47. Franz, Michael M., Paul Freedman, Kenneth M. Goldstein, and Travis N. Ridout. 2008. Understanding the effect of political advertising on voter turnout: A response to Krasno and Green. Journal of Politics. Forthcoming.
48. Franz, Michael, Joel Rivlin, and Kenneth Goldstein. 2006. Much more of the same: Television advertising pre- and post-BCRA. In The election after reform: Money, politics, and the bipartisan campaign reform act, ed. Michael J. Malbin. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
49. Freedman, Paul, and Ken Goldstein. 1999. Measuring media exposure and the effects of negative campaign ads. American Journal of Political Science 43(4): 1189-1208.
50. Fritz, Sara, and Dwight Morris. 1992. Gold-plated politics: Running for Congress in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
51. Garramone, Gina M., Charles K. Atkin, Bruce E. Pinkleton, and Richard T. Cole. 1990. Effects of negative political advertising on the political process. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 34: 299-311.
52. Geer, John G. 2006. In defense of negativity: Attack ads in presidential campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. 1993. Why are American presidential election polls so variable when votes are so predictable. British Journal of Political Science 23(1): 409-51.
54. Gerber, Alan. 1998. Estimating the effect of campaign spending on Senate election outcomes using instrumental variables. American Political Science Review 92(2): 401-11.
55. Gerber, Alan, and Donald P. Green. 2000. The effect of canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail on voter turnout: a field experiment. American Political Science Review. 94: 653-62.
56. Goldstein, Ken, and Paul Freedman. 2002a. Campaign advertising and voter turnout: New evidence for a stimulation effect. Journal of Politics 64(3):721-40.
57. -. 2002b. Lessons learned: Campaign advertising in the 2000 elections. Political Communication 19(1): 5-28.
58. Goodman, Walter. 1989. Despite good intentions, political ads on TV still accentuate the negative. New York Times, October 27, Final Edition: B02.
59. Graber, Doris A. 2002. Mass media and American politics, 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
60. -. 2004. Mediated politics and citizenship in the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology 55: 545-71.
61. Green, Donald Philip, and Jonathan S. Krasno. 1990. Rebuttal to Jacobson's "New evidence for old arguments". American Journal of Political Science 34(2): 363-72.
62. Herrnson, Paul. 2001. Political party and interest group issue advocacy advertising in the 2000 congressional elections. Paper presented at a conference on televised campaign advertising, in Chicago. April.
63. Hitchon, Jacqueline C., and Chingching Chang. 1995. Effects of gender schematic processing on the reception of political commercials for men and women candidates. Communication Research 22(4): 430-58.
64. Holbrook, Allyson L., Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, Wendi L. Gardner, and John T. Cacioppo. 2001. Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: Initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws. American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 930-50.
65. Hovland, Carl I., Irving Janis, and Harold H. Kelley. 1953. Communication and persuasion. New Haven: Yale University Press.
66. Ito, Tiffany A., Jeff T. Larsen, N. Kyle Smith, and John T. Cacioppo. 1998. Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75(4): 887-900.
67. Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News that matters: Television and American opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. Jacobson, Gary C. 1992. The politics of congressional elections, 3rd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley.
70. -. 1997. The politics of congressional elections, 4th ed. New York: Longman.
71. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1996. Packaging the presidency: A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Paul Waldman, and Susan Sherr. 2000. Eliminate the negative? Categories of analysis for political advertisements. In Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections, eds. James A. Thurber, Candice J. Nelson, and David A. Dulio. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
73. Just, Marion R., Ann N. Crigler, Dean E. Alger, Timothy E. Cook, Montague Kern, and Darrell M. West. 1996. Crosstalk: Citizens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
74. Just, Marion R., Ann N. Crigler, and Lori Wallach. 1990. Thirty seconds or thirty minutes: What viewers learn from spot advertisements and candidate debates. Journal of Communication 40(3): 120-33.
75. Kahn, Kim Fridkin, and John G. Geer. 1994. Creating impressions: An experimental investigation of political advertising on television. Political Behavior 16(1): 93-116.
76. Kahn, Kim, and Patrick Kenney. 1999. The spectacle of U.S. Senate campaigns. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
77. -. 2000. How negative campaigning enhances knowledge of Senate elections. In Crowded airwaves: Campaign advertising in elections, eds. James A. Thurber, Candice J. Nelson, and David A. Dulio. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
78. Kahneman, Daniel, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky. 1982. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1984. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39: 341-50.
80. Kaid, Lynda Lee, and Ann Johnston. 1991. Negative versus positive television advertising in U.S. presidential campaigns, 1960-1988. Journal of Communication 41: 53-64.
81. Kelley, Stanley. 1983. Interpreting elections. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
82. Kinder, Donald. 1983. Diversity and complexity in American public opinion. In Political science: The state of the discipline II, ed. Ada Finifter. Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association.
83. Kinder, Donald R., and Thomas R. Palfrey. 1993. On behalf of an experimental political science. In Experimental foundations of political science, eds. Donald R. Kinder and Thomas Palfrey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
84. Krasno, Jonathan, and Donald Green. 2008. Do televised presidential ads increase voter turnout? Evidence from a natural experiment. Journal of Politics. Forthcoming.
85. Lau, Richard R. 1982. Negativity in political perception. Political Behavior 4(4): 353-77.
86. -. 1985. Two explanations for negativity effects in political behavior. American Journal of Political Science 29(1): 119-38.
87. Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2001. Effects of negative campaigning on turnout in U.S. Senate elections, 1988-1998. Journal of Politics 63(3): 804-19.
88. -. 2004. Negative campaigning: An analysis of U.S. Senate elections. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
89. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision marking. American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 951-71.
90. Lazarsfeld Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
91. Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review 83(2): 399-419.
92. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. American Political Science Review 88(1): 63-76.
93. Macek, Steve. 2004. A deluge of political advertising threatens our democracy. Naperville Sun, March 15.
94. Magleby, David, and J. Quin Monson (eds). 2004. The last hurrah? Soft money and issue advocacy in the 2002 congressional elections. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
95. Marcus, George E., and Michael B. Mackuen. 1993. Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review 87(3): 672-85.
96. Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
97. McFadden, Kay. 2004. Political ads: Pox or vital part of political process? Seattle Times, August 13: E1.
98. McGerr, Michael. 1987. Decline of popular politics. New York: Oxford.
99. McGuire, William J. 1969. Attitudes and attitude change. In Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2, eds. G. Lindzey and E. Aronson. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
100. Milbank, Dana. 2000. Is negativity good for politics? Positively. Washington Post, April 2, Final Edition: B01.
101. Mutz, Diana C., and Byron Reeves. 2005. The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust. American Political Science Review 99(1): 1-15.
102. Nagourney, Adam. 2006. New campaign ads have a theme: Don't be nice. New York Times, September 27: A1.
103. Niemi, Richard G., Richard S. Katz, and David Newman. 1980. Reconstructing past partisanship: The failure of the party identification recall questions. American Journal of Political Science 24(4): 633-51.
104. Noggle, Gary, and Lynda Lee Kaid. 2000. The effects of visual images in political ads: Experimental testing of distortions and visual literacy. Social Science Quarterly 81(4): 913-27.
105. Norris, Pippa A. 2000. A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The rational public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
107. Patterson, Thomas E. 1994. Out of order. New York: Vintage Books.
108. Patterson, Thomas E., and Robert D. McClure. 1976. The unseeing eye: The myth of television power in national elections. New York: Putnam.
109. Pfau, Michael, R. Lance Holbert, Erin A. Szabo, and Kelly Kaminski. 2002. Issue-advocacy versus candidate advertising: Effects on candidate preferences and democratic process. Journal of Communication 52(2): 301-15.
110. Pinkleton, Bruce. 1998. Effects of print comparative political advertising on political decision-making and participation. Journal of Communication 48(Autumn): 24-36.
111. Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
112. Price, Vincent, and John Zaller. 1993. Who gets the news? Alternative measures of news reception and their implications for research. Public Opinion Quarterly 57(2):133-64.
113. Prior, Markus. 2001. Weighted content analysis of political advertisements. Political Communication 18(3): 335-45.
114. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
115. Rahn, Wendy M. 2000. Affect as information: The role of public mood in political reasoning. In Elements of reason: Cognition, choice, and the bounds of rationality, eds. Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
116. Ridout, Travis, and Michael M. Franz. Forthcoming. Evaluating measures of campaign tone, Political Communication 24 (4):
117. Ridout, Travis N., Dhavan V. Shah, Kenneth M. Goldstein, and Michael M. Franz. 2004. Evaluating measures of campaign advertising exposure on political learning. Political Behavior 26(3): 201-25.
118. Robinson, Michael J. 1975. American political legitimacy in an era of electronic journalism: Reflections on the evening news. In Television as a social force: New approaches to TV criticism, eds. Douglass Cater and Richard Adler. New York: Praeger.
119. Rosenstone, Steven, and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Press.
120. Seelye, Katherine Q. 2004. Kerry pulls ads from some states as spending is limited. New York Times, September 19, Section A: 21.
121. Shaw, Daron R. 1999. The effect of TV ads and candidate appearances on statewide presidential votes, 1988-96. American Political Science Review 93(2): 345-62.
122. -. 2006. The race to 270: The electoral college and the campaign strategies of 2000 and 2004. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
123. Silbey, Joel. 1999. The American party battle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
124. Simon, Adam F. 2002. The winning message: Candidate behavior, campaign discourse, and democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
125. Sniderman, Paul M., Richard A. Brody, and Philip E. Tetlock. 1991. Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Stevens, Daniel, John Sullivan, Barbara Allen, and Dean Alger. 2007. What's good for the goose is bad for the gander. Journal of Politics. Forthcoming.
127. Swint, Kerwin. 2006. Mudslingers: The top 25 negative political campaigns of all time. Westport, CT: Praeger.
128. Taylor, Paul. 1988. Negative campaign draws to end; Balloting may bring continuation of divided federal government. Washington Post, November 8, Final Edition: A1.
129. Taylor, Paul, and David S. Broder. 1988. Evolution of the TV era's nastiest presidential race; Bush team testmarketed negative themes. Washington Post, October 28:A1.
130. Teixeira, Ruy. 1992. The disappearing American voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
131. Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185 (Sept. 27): 1124-31.
132. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Dmitri Williams. 2004. The impact of political advertising on knowledge, internet information seeking and candidate preference. Journal of Communication 54(2): 337-54.
133. Vavreck, Lynn. 2006. "High Fidelity? Campaign Content, the Lack of Media Accountability, and Voters' Evaluations". Unpublished manuscript.
134. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry R. Brady. 1995. Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
135. Wattenberg, Martin P., and Craig L. Brians. 1999. Negative campaign advertising: Demo-bilizer or mobilizer? American Political Science Review 93(4): 891-99.
136. Weisberg, Herbert. 1974. Models of statistical relationship. American Political Science Review 68(4): 1638-55.
137. Weissman, Steve, and Ruth Hassan. 2005. BCRA and the 527 groups. In The election after reform: money, politics and the bipartisan campaign reform act, ed. Michael J. Malbin. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
138. West, Darrell M. 2001. Air wars: Television advertising in election campaigns, 1952-2000, 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
139. -. 2005. Air wars: Television advertising in election campaigns, 1952-2004, 4th edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
140. Zaller, John. 1992. The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
141. -. 1996. The myth of massive media impact revisited. In Political persuasion and attitude change, eds. Diana C. Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman, and Richard A. Brody. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
142. Zernike, Kate. 2006. Kerry pressing swift boat case long after loss. New York Times, May 28: A1.
143. Zhao, Xinshu, and Steven H. Chaffee. 1995. Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information. Public Opinion Quarterly 59(1): 41-65.
144. Zukin, Cliff, and Robin Snyder. 1984. Passive learning: When the media environment is the message. Public Opinion Quarterly 48(3): 629-38.