Congressional elections: Women’s candidacies and the road to gender parity

Gender and Elections

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 190-210

  Fox, Richard L ^a  

^a LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923446517     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139199216.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (23)

1. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2013. Women in National Parliaments. http://www.ipu.org/ wmn-e/classif.htm. Accessed May 1, 2013.
2. Irwin Gertzog. 1984. Congressional Women. New York: Praeger, 18.
3. For examples of experimental designs that identify voter bias, see Leonie Huddy and Nadya Terkildsen. 1993. Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37: 119-47
4. Leonie Huddy and Nadya Terkild-sen. 1993. The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at Different Levels and Types of Office. Political Research Quarterly 46: 503-25
5. Richard L. Fox and Eric R. A. N. Smith. 1998. The Role of Candidate Sex in Voter Decision-Making. Political Psychology 19: 405-419.
6. For a comprehensive examination of vote totals through the mid-1990s, see Richard A. Seltzer, Jody Newman, and M. Voorhees Leighton. 1997. Sex as a Political Variable. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
7. Kathleen A. Dolan. 2004. Voting for Women. Boulder, CO: Westview.
8. Jennifer Lawless and Kathryn Pearson. 2008. The Primary Reason for Women’s Under- Representation: Re-evaluating the Conventional Wisdom. Journal of Politics 70(1): 67-82
9. Barbara Burrell. 1985. Women and Men’s Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives, 1972-1982: A Finance Gap? American Political Quarterly 13: 251-272.
10. Barbara Burrell. 1994. A Woman’s Place Is in the House. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 105.
11. Carole Jean Uhlaner and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1986. Candidate Gender and Congressional Campaign Receipts. Journal of Politics 52: 391-409.
12. Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox. 1998. The Geography of Gender Power: Women in State Legislatures. In Women and Elective Office, ed. Sue Thomas and Clyde Wilcox. New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Kira Sanbonmatsu. 2002. Political Parties and the Recruitment of Women to State Leg- islatures. Journal of Politics 64(3): 791-809.
14. Barbara Palmer and Dennis Simon. 2008. The Political Glass Ceiling: Women and Congres- sional Elections, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
15. Republicans Maintain a Clear Edge in House Contests. June 4, 2004. CQ Weekly.
16. Nate Silver. October 10, 2010. Number of Competitive House Races Doubles from Recent Years. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/number-of-competitive-house-races-doubles-from-recent-years/. Accessed March 30, 2013.
17. House Race Ratings. New York Times. http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/ratings/house. Accessed March 30, 2013.
18. Gary C. Jacobsen. 2004. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 6th ed. New York: Longman, 23.
19. Ronald Keith Gaddie and Charles S. Bullock. 2000. Elections to Open Seats in the U.S. House. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1.
20. Reluctant to Take the Plunge. May 29, 2008. USA Today, 10A.
21. Dana Wilkey. November 13, 2002. From Political Roots to Political Leader, Pelosi Is the Real Thing. Copley News Service.
22. Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. For one of the most recent analyses of how women in Congress address different policy issues from those that men address, see Michele L. Swers. 2002. The Difference Women Make. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.