Immune activation during acute HIV infection and the impact of early antiretroviral therapy

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 163-172

  Krebs, Shelly J ^a,b   Ananworanich, Jintanat ^a,b  

^a WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH   (United States)

^b HENRY M JACKSON FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF MILITARY MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

acute infection; antiretroviral therapy; HIV; immune activation; inflammation

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSENESCENCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH17 CELL; VIREMIA; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; ACUTE DISEASE; DRUG EFFECTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOLOGY;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; TH17 CELLS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84957428225     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000228     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Deeks SG, Kitchen CM, Liu L, et al. Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load. Blood 2004; 104: 942-947.
2. Giorgi JV, Hultin LE, McKeating JA, et al. Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 859-870.
3. Hunt PW, Sinclair E, Rodriguez B, et al. Gut epithelial barrier dysfunction and innate immune activation predict mortality in treated HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 1228-1238.
4. Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1943-1954.
5. Whitney JB, Hill AL, Sanisetty S, et al. Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys. Nature 2014; 512: 74-77.
6. Keele BF, Giorgi EE, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, et al. Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 7552-7557.
7. Schacker T, Little S, Connick E, et al. Rapid accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in lymphatic tissue reservoirs during acute and early HIV infection: implications for timing of antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 354-357.
8. Lyles RH, Munoz A, Yamashita TE, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia after seroconversion and proximal to AIDS in a large cohort of homosexual men. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 872-880.
9. Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 1997; 278: 1295-1300.
10. Katlama C, Deeks SG, Autran B, et al. Barriers to a cure for HIV: new ways to target and eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs. Lancet 2013; 381: 2109-2117.
11. Tenorio AR, Zheng Y, Bosch RJ, et al. Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non-AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 1248-1259.
12. Sandler NG, Wand H, Roque A, et al. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 independently predict mortality in HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 780-790.
13. Ananworanich J, Schuetz A, Vandergeeten C, et al. Impact of multi-targeted antiretroviral treatment on gut T cell depletion and HIV reservoir seeding during acute HIV infection. PLoS One 2012; 7: e33948.
14. Ndhlovu ZM, Kamya P, Mewalal N, et al. Magnitude and kinetics of CD8(+) T cell activation during hyperacute HIV infection impact viral set point. Immunity 2015; 43: 591-604.
15. Ripa M, Pogliaghi M, Chiappetta S, et al. Dynamics of adaptive and innate immunity in patients treated during primary human immunodeficiency virus infection: results from Maraviroc in HIV Acute Infection (MAIN) randomized clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21: 876.
16. Stacey AR, Norris PJ, Qin L, et al. Induction of a striking systemic cytokine cascade prior to peak viremia in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, in contrast to more modest and delayed responses in acute hepatitis B and C virus infections. J Virol 2009; 83: 3719-3733.
17. Hao XP, Lucero CM, Turkbey B, et al. Experimental colitis in SIV-uninfected rhesus macaques recapitulates important features of pathogenic SIV infection. Nat Commun 2015; 6: 8020.
18. Lederman MM, Funderburg NT, Sekaly RP, et al. Residual immune dysregulation syndrome in treated HIV infection. Adv Immunol 2013; 119: 51-83.
19. Appay V, Sauce D. Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences. J Pathol 2008; 214: 231-241.
20. Kovacs A, Karim R, Mack WJ, et al. Activation of CD8 T cells predicts progression of HIV infection in women coinfected with hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: 823-834.
21. Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 2006; 12: 1365-1371.
22. Pallikkuth S, Micci L, Ende ZS, et al. Maintenance of intestinal Th17 cells and reduced microbial translocation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with interleukin (IL)-21. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003471.
23. Bixler SL, Mattapallil JJ. Loss and dysregulation of Th17 cells during HIV infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013: 852418.
24. Micci L, Cervasi B, Ende ZS, et al. Paucity of IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells is associated with Th17 cell depletion in SIV infection of rhesus macaques. Blood 2012; 120: 3925-3935.
25. Rajasuriar R, Wright E, Lewin SR. Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) timing on chronic immune activation/inflammation and end-organ damage. CurrOpin HIV AIDS 2015; 10: 35-42.
26. Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, et al. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature 2014; 505: 509-514.
27. Claiborne DT, Prince JL, Scully E, et al. Replicative fitness of transmitted HIV-1 drives acute immune activation, proviral load in memory CD4+ T cells, and disease progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112: E1480-E1489.
28. Brenchley JM, Paiardini M, Knox KS, et al. Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections. Blood 2008; 112: 2826-2835.
29. Falivene J, Ghiglione Y, Laufer N, et al. Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio at early HIV infection associate with protective HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and disease progression. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 11511.
30. Kim CJ, McKinnon LR, Kovacs C, et al. Mucosal Th17 cell function is altered during HIV infection and is an independent predictor of systemic immune activation. J Immunol 2013; 191: 2164-2173.
31. Littman DR, Rudensky AY. Th17 and regulatory T cells in mediating and restraining inflammation. Cell 2010; 140: 845-858.
32. Schuetz A, Deleage C, Sereti I, et al. Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV-related immune activation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10: e1004543.
33. Ciccone EJ, Read SW, Mannon PJ, et al. Cycling of gut mucosal CD4+T cells decreases after prolonged antiretroviral therapy and is associated with plasma LPS levels. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3: 172-181.
34. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2003; 17: 1871-1879.
35. Allers K, Puyskens A, Epple HJ, et al. The effect of timing of antiretroviral therapy on CD4 T-cell reconstitution in the intestine of HIV-infected patients. Mucosal Immunol 2015. doi: 10.1038/mi.2015.58. [Epub ahead of print].
36. Utay NSAJ, Pinyakorn S, Rupert A, et al. Inflammation persists despite early initiation of ART in acute HIV infection. In CROI; Seattle, WA: 2015.
37. Steingrover R, Pogany K, Fernandez Garcia E, et al. HIV-1 viral rebound dynamics after a single treatment interruption depends on time of initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22: 1583-1588.
38. Weiss L, Chevalier MF, Assoumou L, et al., Group ASS. T-cell activation positively correlates with cell-associated HIV-DNA level in viremic patients with primary or chronic HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2014; 28: 1683-1687.
39. Hey-Cunningham WJ, Murray JM, Natarajan V, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir generates sustained reductions in HIV reservoirs but not lower T-cell activation levels. AIDS 2015; 29: 911-919.
40. Cheret A, Bacchus-Souffan C, Avettand-Fenoel V, et al. Combined ART started during acute HIV infection protects central memory CD4+ T cells and can induce remission. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70: 2108-2120.
41. Saez-Cirion A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, et al. Posttreatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9: e1003211.
42. Jintanat Ananworanich NC, Fletcher J, Pinyakorn S, et al., Nittaya Phanuphak on behalf of the RV254/SEARCH 010 Study Group. Markers of HIV reservoir size and immune activation after treatment in acute HIV infection with and without raltegravir and maraviroc intensification. J Virus Erad 2015; 1: 116-122.
43. Grant PM, Komarow L, Sanchez A, et al. Clinical and immunologic predictors of death after an acute opportunistic infection: results from ACTG A5164. HIV Clin Trials 2014; 15: 133-139.