Photodegradation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting steroidal hormones in aqueous systems: Progress and future challenges

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 550, Issue , 2016, Pages 209-224

  Sornalingam, Kireesan ^a   McDonagh, Andrew ^a   Zhou, John L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Advanced oxidation process; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Estrogenic activity; Photodegradation pathways; Titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; CATALYSTS; CHEMICAL STABILITY; DEGRADATION; LIGHT; MASS TRANSFER; TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES; COMMERCIAL AVAILABILITY; DEGRADATION EFFICIENCY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTERS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; ESTROGENIC ACTIVITIES; IMMOBILISED CATALYSTS; PHOTODEGRADATION PATHWAY;

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS;

DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ESTRADIOL; ESTRIOL; ESTRONE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; ESTROGEN; WATER POLLUTANT;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; CATALYSIS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; HORMONE; MASS TRANSFER; OXIDATION; PHOTODEGRADATION; STEROID; TITANIUM;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; LIGHT; LIGHT INTENSITY; OXIDATION; PH; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTODEGRADATION; PHOTOLYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; WATER POLLUTANT;

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ESTRIOL; ESTROGENS; ESTRONE; ETHINYL ESTRADIOL; KINETICS; PHOTOLYSIS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84955124139     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.086     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Arnold S.F., Collins B.M., Robinson M.K., Guillette L.J., McLachlan J.A. Differential interaction of natural and synthetic estrogens with extracellular binding proteins in a yeast estrogen screen. Steroids 1996, 61:642-646.
2. Atkinson S.K., Marlatt V.L., Kimpe L.E., Lean D.R.S., Trudeau V.L., Blais J.M. Environmental factors affecting ultraviolet photodegradation rates and estrogenicity of estrone and ethinylestradiol in natural waters. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2011, 60:1-7.
3. Behnajady M.A., Modirshahla N., Hamzavi R. Kinetic study on photocatalytic degradation of CI acid yellow 23 by ZnO photocatalyst. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 133:226-232.
4. Belhaj D., Baccar R., Jaabiri I., Bouzid J., Kallel M., Ayadi H., et al. Fate of selected estrogenic hormones in an urban sewage treatment plant in Tunisia (North Africa). Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 505:154-160.
5. Benotti M.J., Stanford B.D., Wert E.C., Snyder S.A. Evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water. Water Res. 2009, 43:1513-1522.
6. Briciu R.D., Kot-Wasik A., Namiesnik J. Analytical challenges and recent advances in the determination of estrogens in water environments. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2009, 47:127-139.
7. Brienza M., Ahmed M.M., Escande A., Plantard G., Scrano L., Chiron S., et al. Relevance of a photo-Fenton like technology based on peroxymonosulphate for 17 beta-estradiol removal from wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 257:191-199.
8. Brzozowski A.M., Pike A.C.W., Dauter Z., Hubbard R.E., Bonn T., Engström O., et al. Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature 1997, 389:753-758.
9. Burkhardt-Holm P. Endocrine disruptors and water quality: a state-of-the-art review. Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng. 2010, 26:477-493.
10. Caliman F.A., Gavrilescu M. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting agents in the environment - a review. Clean 2009, 37:277-303.
11. Canonica S., Meunier L., von Gunten U. Phototransformation of selected pharmaceuticals during UV treatment of drinking water. Water Res. 2008, 42:121-128.
12. Carballa M., Omil F., Lema J.M., Llompart M., García-Jares C., Rodríguez I., et al. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Res. 2004, 38:2918-2926.
13. Caupos E., Mazellier P., Croue J.P. Photodegradation of estrone enhanced by dissolved organic matter under simulated sunlight. Water Res. 2011, 45:3341-3350.
14. Chen H.C., Kuo H.W., Ding W.H. Determination of estrogenic compounds in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization following desalting extraction. Chemosphere 2009, 74:508-514.
15. 2 oxidation. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 376:18-26.
16. Chen Y., Zhang K., Zuo Y.G. Direct and indirect photodegradation of estriol in the presence of humic acid, nitrate and iron complexes in water solutions. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463:802-809.
17. Chowdhury R.R., Charpentier P., Ray M.B. Photodegradation of estrone in solar irradiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49:6923-6930.
18. Chowdhury R.R., Charpentier P.A., Ray M.B. Photodegradation of 17beta-estradiol in aquatic solution under solar irradiation: kinetics and influencing water parameters. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2011, 219:67-75.
19. Clouzot L., Marrot B., Doumenq P., Roche N. 17α-ethinylestradiol: an endocrine disrupter of great concern. Analytical methods and removal processes applied to water purification - a review. Environ. Prog. 2008, 27:383-396.
20. Coldham N.G., Dave M., Sivapathasundaram S., McDonnell D.P., Connor C., Sauer M.J. Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105:734-742.
21. Coleman H.M., Abdullah M.I., Eggins B.R., Palmer F.L. Photocatalytic degradation of 17 beta-oestradiol, oestriol and 17 alpha-ethynyloestradiol in water monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Appl. Catal. B 2005, 55:23-30.
22. Coleman H.M., Chiang K., Amal R. Effects of Ag and Pt on photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in water. Chem. Eng. J. 2005, 113:65-72.
23. 2. Appl. Catal. B 2000, 24:L1-L5.
24. Coleman H.M., Routledge E.J., Sumpter J.P., Eggins B.R., Byrne J.A. Rapid loss of estrogenicity of steroid estrogens by UVA photolysis and photocatalysis over an immobilised titanium dioxide catalyst. Water Res. 2004, 38:3233-3240.
25. Coleman H.M., Vimonses V., Leslie G., Amal R. Removal of contaminants of concern in water using advanced oxidation techniques. Water Sci. Technol. 2007, 55:301-306.
26. 2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac, metoprolol, estrone and chloramphenicol as endocrine disruptors in water. Adsorption 2013, 19:619-630.
27. D'Ascenzo G., Di Corcia A., Gentili A., Mancini R., Mastropasqua R., Nazzari M., et al. Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 302:199-209.
28. Dalrymple O.K., Yeh D.H., Trotz M.A. Removing pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds from wastewater by photocatalysis. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2007, 82:121-134.
29. de Witte B., van Langenhove H., Demeestere K., Dewulf J. Advanced oxidation of pharmaceuticals: chemical analysis and biological assessment of degradation products. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 41:215-242.
30. Díaz M., Luiz M., Alegretti P., Furlong J., Amat-Guerri F., Massad W., et al. Visible-light-mediated photodegradation of 17 beta-estradiol: kinetics, mechanism and photoproducts. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2009, 202:221-227.
31. 2 samples. Appl. Catal. B 2012, 117:283-291.
32. Union E. Directive 2013/39/EU of the European parliament and of the council of 12 august 2013 amending directives 2000/60/ec and 2008/105/ec as regards priority substances in the field of water policy 2013.
33. Fan L.F., Zhao G.H., Shi H.J., Liu M.C., Wang Y.B., Ke H.Y. A femtomolar level and highly selective 17 beta-estradiol photoelectrochemical aptasensor applied in environmental water samples analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48:5754-5761.
34. 2 system. J. Hazard. Mater. 2005, 127:129-133.
35. Fernández R.L., Coleman H.M., Le-Clech P. Impact of operating conditions on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by membrane photocatalytic reactor. Environ. Technol. 2014, 35:2068-2074.
36. Fonseca A.P., Lima D.L.D., Esteves V.I. Degradation by solar radiation of estrogenic hormones monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011, 215:441-447.
37. 2) degradation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in environmental matrices: experimental studies and artificial neural network modeling. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2012, 240:33-41.
38. 2 suspensions under simulated solar radiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51:16552-16563.
39. Frontistis Z., Fatta-Kassinos D., Mantzavinos D., Xekoukoulotakis N.P. Photocatalytic degradation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in environmental samples by ZnO under simulated solar radiation. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2012, 87:1051-1058.
40. Frontistis Z., Kouramanos M., Moraitis S., Chatzisymeon E., Hapeshi E., Fatta-Kassinos D., et al. UV and simulated solar photodegradation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in secondary-treated wastewater by hydrogen peroxide or iron addition. Catal. Today 2015, 252:84-92.
41. Frontistis Z., Xekoukoulotakis N.P., Hapeshi E., Venieri D., Fatta-Kassinos D., Mantzavinos D. Fast degradation of estrogen hormones in environmental matrices by photo-Fenton oxidation under simulated solar radiation. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 178:175-182.
42. 2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf. Sci. Rep. 2008, 63:515-582.
43. Grover D.P., Zhang Z.L., Readman J.W., Zhou J.L. A comparison of three analytical techniques for the measurement of steroidal estrogens in environmental water samples. Talanta 2009, 78:1204-1210.
44. Grover D.P., Zhou J.L., Frickers P.E., Readman J.W. Improved removal of estrogenic and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage effluent by full scale granular activated carbon: impact on receiving river water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 185:1005-1011.
45. Grzybowski W., Szydlowski J. The impact of chromophoric dissolved organic matter on the photodegradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in natural waters. Chemosphere 2014, 111:13-17.
46. Hamid H., Eskicioglu C. Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: a review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix. Water Res. 2012, 46:5813-5833.
47. 2 under artificial UVA and solar irradiation. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 213:150-162.
48. Hanselman T.A., Graetz D.A., Wilkie A.C. Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants: a review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:5471-5478.
49. 2 treatment of estrogenic chemicals in biologically treated sewage. Int. J. Photogr. 2012, 9.
50. Huang B., Wang B., Ren D., Jin W., Liu J.L., Peng J.H., et al. Occurrence, removal and bioaccumulation of steroid estrogens in dianchi lake catchment, China. Environ. Int. 2013, 59:262-273.
51. Ifelebuegu A.O. The fate and behavior of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in full scale wastewater and sludge treatment unit processes. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 8:245-254.
52. Irmak S., Erbatur O., Akgerman A. Degradation of 17 beta-estradiol and bisphenol A in aqueous medium by using ozone and ozone/UV techniques. J. Hazard. Mater. 2005, 126:54-62.
53. Jiang J.Q., Yin Q., Zhou J.L., Pearce P. Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewaters. Chemosphere 2005, 61:544-550.
54. Johnson A.C., Aerni H.R., Gerritsen A., Gibert M., Giger W., Hylland K., et al. Comparing steroid estrogen, and nonylphenol content across a range of European sewage plants with different treatment and management practices. Water Res. 2005, 39:47-58.
55. Johnson A.C., Sumpter J.P. Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:4697-4703.
56. Johnson I., Harvey P. Study on the scientific evaluation of 12 substances in the context of endocrine disrupter priority list of actions. European comission, WRc-NSF Ref UC 2002, 6052.
57. Jovic V., Smith K.E., Idriss H., Waterhouse G.I.N. Heterojunction synergies in titania-supported gold photocatalysts: implications for solar hydrogen production. ChemSusChem 2015, 8:2551-2559.
58. Jürgens M., Williams R., Johnson A. Fate and behaviour of steroid oestrogens in rivers. A scoping study: environment agency 1999.
59. Karpova T., Preis S., Kallas J. Selective photocatalytic oxidation of steroid estrogens in water treatment: urea as co-pollutant. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 146:465-471.
60. Katz A., McDonagh A., Tijing L., Shon H.K. Fouling and inactivation of titanium dioxide-based photocatalytic systems. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 45:1880-1915.
61. Kim Y., Joo H., Her N., Yoon Y., Sohn J., Kim S., et al. Simultaneously photocatalytic treatment of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) using rotating reactor under solar irradiation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 288:124-133.
62. Klavarioti M., Mantzavinos D., Kassinos D. Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:402-417.
63. Klein S. Health risks from exposure to endocrine disruptors 2012, Nova Biomedical Books, New York.
64. Koutantou V., Kostadima M., Chatzisymeon E., Frontistis Z., Binas V., Venieri D., et al. Solar photocatalytic decomposition of estrogens over immobilized zinc oxide. Catal. Today 2013, 209:66-73.
65. Kozlowska-Tylingo K., Namieśnik J., Górecki T. Determination of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in environmental samples - a review of chromatographic methods. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2010, 40:194-201.
66. Laganà A., Bacaloni A., De Leva I., Faberi A., Fago G., Marino A. Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 501:79-88.
67. Lai K.M., Johnson K.L., Scrimshaw M.D., Lester J.N. Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:3890-3894.
68. Leech D.M., Snyder M.T., Wetzel R.G. Natural organic matter and sunlight accelerate the degradation of 17 beta-estradiol in water. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:2087-2092.
69. Li J., Mailhot G., Wu F., Deng N.S. Photochemical efficiency of Fe(III)-EDDS complex: (OH)-O-center dot radical production and 17 beta-estradiol degradation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2010, 212:1-7.
70. 2 oxidation of 17 alpha-ethynyestradiol in water. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2013, 41:143-147.
71. Li S., Sun W.L. Photocatalytic degradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in mono- and binary systems of fulvic acid and Fe(III): application of fluorescence excitation/emission matrixes. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 237:101-108.
72. Li Y., Wang Y.M., Liu L.H., Wang D.W., Zhang W.L. Ag/ZnO hollow sphere composites: reusable photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R 2014, 21:5177-5186.
73. Lin A.Y.C., Reinhard M. Photodegradation of common environmental pharmaceuticals and estrogens in river water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24:1303-1309.
74. Liu B., Liu X.L. Direct photolysis of estrogens in aqueous solutions. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 320:269-274.
75. Liu B., Wu F., Deng N.S. UV-light induced photodegradation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. 2003, 98:311-316.
76. Liu S., Ying G.G., Zhao J.L., Chen F., Yang B., Zhou L.J., et al. Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:1367-1378.
77. Liu X.L., Wu F., Deng N.S. Photo degradation of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in aqueous solution exposed to a high-pressure mercury lamp (250W). Environ. Pollut. 2003, 126:393-398.
78. Liu Y.S., Han J., Qiu W., Gao W. Hydrogen peroxide generation and photocatalytic degradation of estrone by microstructural controlled ZnO nanorod arrays. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 263:389-396.
79. 3 photoelectrodes under visible light. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258:5038-5045.
80. Liu Z.H., Kanjo Y., Mizutani S. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment - physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:731-748.
81. Liu Z.H., Lu G.N., Yin H., Dang Z., Rittmann B. Removal of natural estrogens and their conjugates in municipal wastewater treatment plants: a critical review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49:5288-5300.
82. 2 films. Sci. Report. 2014, 4:1-8.
83. 2 sol-gel type syntheses and its applications. J. Mater. Sci. 2011, 46:3669-3686.
84. Mai J.X., Sun W.L., Xiong L., Liu Y., Ni J.R. Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of 17 beta-estradiol in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 2008, 73:600-606.
85. Marschall R., Wang L.Z. Non-metal doping of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis. Catal. Today 2014, 225:111-135.
86. Matamoros V., Duhec A., Albaigés J., Bayona J.M. Photodegradation of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in fresh and seawater. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2009, 196:161-168.
87. Matthiessen P., Arnold D., Johnson A.C., Pepper T.J., Pottinger T.G., Pulman K.G.T. Contamination of headwater streams in the United Kingdom by oestrogenic hormones from livestock farms. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 367:616-630.
88. Mazellier P., Méité L., De Laat J. Photodegradation of the steroid hormones 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in dilute aqueous solution. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1216-1223.
89. Mboula V.M., Héquet V., Andrès Y., Gru Y., Colin R., Doña-Rodríguez J.M., et al. Photocatalytic degradation of estradiol under simulated solar light and assessment of estrogenic activity. Appl. Catal. B 2015, 162:437-444.
90. Mizuguchi T., Sadaka S., Ogasawara C., Shimada K. Determination of the effect of hydrogen peroxide on photocatalytic degradation of estrogen using HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2006, 29:903-911.
91. Murugananthan M., Yoshihara S., Rakuma T., Uehara N., Shirakashi T. Electrochemical degradation of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) at boron-doped diamond (Si/BDD) thin film electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 52:3242-3249.
92. 2-modified polytetrafluoroethylene mesh sheets. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2003, 160:115-120.
93. 2 photocatalysts immobilized on polytetrafluoroethylene mesh sheets. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2002, 151:207-212.
94. 2 photocatalysis: design and applications. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 2012, 13:169-189.
95. Nasuhoglu D., Berk D., Yargeau V. Photocatalytic removal of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and levonorgestrel (LNG) from contraceptive pill manufacturing plant wastewater under UVC radiation. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 185:52-60.
96. NIEHS.Endocrine disruptors National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S.A http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine.
97. 3 semiconductor nanoheterostructures. ACS Nano 2010, 4:681-688.
98. 2 photocatalysis as means of reducing estrogenic activity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36:4175-4181.
99. Ohtani B. Photocatalysis A to Z-what we know and what we do not know in a scientific sense. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 2010, 11:157-178.
100. 3 electrodes irradiated by a solar simulator. Water Res. 2015, 72:305-314.
101. Oller I., Malato S., Sánchez-Pérez J.A. Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination-a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:4141-4166.
102. Onda K., Nakamura Y., Takatoh C., Miya A., Katsu Y. The behavior of estrogenic substances in the biological treatment process of sewage. Water Sci. Technol. 2003, 47:109-116.
103. 2-doped zeolite. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 279:17-25.
104. Pereira R.O., Postigo C., de Alda M.L., Daniel L.A., Barceló D. Removal, of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products. Chemosphere 2011, 82:789-799.
105. Pereira V.J., Galinha J., Crespo M.T.B., Matos C.T., Crespo J.G. Integration of nanofiltration, UV photolysis, and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of hormones from surface water sources. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 95:89-96.
106. Pešoutová R., Stříteský L., Hlavínek P. A pilot scale comparison of advanced oxidation processes for estrogenic hormone removal from municipal wastewater effluent. Water Sci. Technol. 2014, 70:70-75.
107. Puma G.L., Puddu V., Tsang H.K., Gora A., Toepfer B. Photocatalytic oxidation of multicomponent mixtures of estrogens (estrone (El), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3)) under UVA and UVC radiation: photon absorption, quantum yields and rate constants independent of photon absorption. Appl. Catal. B 2010, 99:388-397.
108. Qiang Z.M., Nie Y.F., Ben W.W., Qu J.H., Zhang H.Q. Degradation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals during activated sludge reduction by ozone. Chemosphere 2013, 91:366-373.
109. Ribeiro A.R., Nunes O.C., Pereira M.F.R., Silva A.M.T. An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched directive 2013/39/EU. Environ. Int. 2015, 75:33-51.
110. 2 - implications in solar water disinfection. Appl. Catal. B 2004, 51:283-302.
111. Rosenfeldt E.J., Chen P.J., Kullman S., Linden K.G. Destruction of estrogenic activity in water using UV advanced oxidation. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 377:105-113.
112. Rosenfeldt E.J., Linden K.G. Degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals bisphenol A, ethinyl estradiol, and estradiol during UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:5476-5483.
113. Routledge E.J., Sumpter J.P. Estrogenic activity of surfactants and some of their degradation products assessed using a recombinant yeast screen. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1996, 15:241-248.
114. Rutishauser B.V., Pesonen M., Escher B.I., Ackermann G.E., Aerni H.R., Suter M.J.F., et al. Comparative analysis of estrogenic activity in sewage treatment plant effluents involving three in vitro assays and chemical analysis of steroids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23:857-864.
115. Sharma M., Jain T., Singh S., Pandey O.P. Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under UV-visible light using capped ZnS nanoparticles. sol. Energy 2012, 86:626-633.
116. Silva C.P., Otero M., Esteves V. Processes for the elimination of estrogenic steroid hormones from water: a review. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 165:38-58.
117. Snyder S.A., Westerhoff P., Yoon Y., Sedlak D.L. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20:449-469.
118. So C.M., Cheng M.Y., Yu J.C., Wong P.K. Degradation of azo dye procion red MX-5B by photocatalytic oxidation. Chemosphere 2002, 46:905-912.
119. Subash B., Krishnakumar B., Swaminathan M., Shanthi M. Highly efficient, solar active, and reusable photocatalyst: Zr-loaded Ag-ZnO for reactive red 120 dye degradation with synergistic effect and dye-sensitized mechanism. Langmuir 2013, 29:939-949.
120. Sun W.L., Li S., Mai J.X., Ni J.R. Initial photocatalytic degradation intermediates/pathways of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol: effect of pH and methanol. Chemosphere 2010, 81:92-99.
121. Suri R.P.S., Nayak M., Devaiah U., Helmig E. Ultrasound assisted destruction of estrogen hormones in aqueous solution: effect of power density, power intensity and reactor configuration. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 146:472-478.
122. Tanizaki T., Kadokami K., Shinohara R. Catalytic photodegradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals using titanium dioxide photosemiconductor thin films. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2002, 68:732-739.
123. Torres-Martínez C.L., Kho R., Mian O.I., Mehra R.K. Efficient photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants with mass-produced ZnS nanocrystals. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 240:525-532.
124. Trudeau V.L., Heyne B., Blais J.M., Temussi F., Atkinson S.K., Pakdel F., et al. Lumiestrone is photochemically derived from estrone and may be released to the environment without detection. Front. Endocrin. (Lausanne) 2011, 2:83.
125. 4. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2002, 148:177-182.
126. Wang J.L., Xu L.J. Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 42:251-325.
127. 2: an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of aquatic steroid estrogens under natural light irradiation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:3747-3751.
128. Westerhoff P., Yoon Y., Snyder S., Wert E. Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:6649-6663.
129. Whidbey C.M., Daumit K.E., Nguyen T.H., Ashworth D.D., Davis J.C.C., Latch D.E. Photochemical induced changes of in vitro estrogenic activity of steroid hormones. Water Res. 2012, 46:5287-5296.
130. WHO Global assessment of the state-of-the-science of endocrine disruptors. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) 2015, 2002. World Health Organization.
131. 2 nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:17893-17898.
132. 2-based photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2:12642-12661.
133. 4 nanoparticles for selective photocatalytic degradation and removal of estrone. RSC Adv 2014, 4:45266-45274.
134. Yan S.W., Song W.H. Photo-transformation of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aqueous environment: a review. Environ. Sci. Process. Impact 2014, 16:697-720.
135. Yang W.B., Zhou H.D., Cicek N. Treatment of organic micropollutants in water and wastewater by UV-based processes: a literature review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 44:1443-1476.
136. Ying G.G., Kookana R.S., Waite T.D. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in reclaimed water in Australia. Australian Water Conservation and Reuse Research Program 2004.
137. 2 oxidation processes: effects of reaction conditions and sludge matrix. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 493:307-323.
138. Zhang L.W., Zhu Y.F. A review of controllable synthesis and enhancement of performances of bismuth tungstate visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2012, 2:694-706.
139. 2 photocatalytic removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and estrogenic activity from secondary effluent. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 215:252-258.
140. 2-coated photocatalytic reactor. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2012, 29:195-201.
141. Zhang Y., Zhou J.L., Ning B. Photodegradation of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol in water. Water Res. 2007, 41:19-26.
142. 2 nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3:1528-1537.
143. Zhang Y.P., Zhou J.L. Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater. Chemosphere 2008, 73:848-853.
144. Zhang Z.H., Feng Y.J., Gao P., Wang C., Ren N.Q. Occurrence and removal efficiencies of eight EDCs and estrogenicity in a STP. J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13:1366-1373.
145. 2 technology. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 181:1127-1133.
146. 2. Appl. Catal. B 2008, 78:250-258.
147. Zuo Y.G., Zhang K., Deng Y.W. Occurrence and photochemical degradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol in Acushnet river estuary. Chemosphere 2006, 63:1583-1590.
148. Zuo Y.G., Zhang K., Zhou S. Determination of estrogenic steroids and microbial and photochemical degradation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in lake surface water, a case study. Environ. Sci. Process. Impact 2013, 15:1529-1535.