Removal of natural estrogens and their conjugates in municipal wastewater treatment plants: A critical review

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 5288-5300

  Liu, Ze Hua ^a,b   Lu, Gui Ning ^a,b   Yin, Hua ^a,b   Dang, Zhi ^a,b   Rittmann, Bruce ^c  

^a SOUTH CHINA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS   (China)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; EFFLUENTS; SEWAGE PUMPING PLANTS; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

INSUFFICIENT REST; MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS; MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS; NATURAL ESTROGEN; REMOVAL PERFORMANCE; SLUDGE RETENTION TIME; SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS; TREATED EFFLUENT;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

EFFLUENT; ESTROGENIC COMPOUND; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; SLUDGE; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; MITOGENICITY; RATE CONSTANT; REVIEW; SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; SEWAGE; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ESTROGENS; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84928914587     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00399     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment-Physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: A review Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 731-748
2. Ankley, G. T.; Bencic, D. C.; Breen, M. S.; Colletle, T. W. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish: Developing exposure indicators and predictive models of effects based on mechanisms of action Aquat. Toxicol. 2009, 92 (3) 168-178
3. Guillette, L. J.; Crain, P. A.; Rooney, H. A.; Pickford, D. B. Organization versus activation: The role of endocrine-disrupting contaminants (EDCs) during embryonic development in wildlife Environ. Health Perspect. 1995, 163 (suppl 7) 157-164
4. Khanal, S. K.; Xie, B.; Thompson, M. L.; Sung, S. W.; Ong, S. K.; Van Leeuwen, J. Fate, transport, and biodegradation of natural estrogens in the environment and engineered systems Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (6) 6537-6546
5. Auriol, M.; Filali-Meknassi, Y.; Tyagi, R. D.; Adams, C. D.; Surampalli, R. Y. Endocrine disrupting compounds removal from wastewater, a new challenge Process Biochem. 2006, 41 (3) 525-539
6. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. A review of phytoestrogens: Their occurrence and fate in the environment Water Res. 2010, 44, 567-577
7. Liu, Z. H.; Ogejo, J. A.; Pruden, A.; Knowlton, K. F. Occurrence, fate and removal of synthetic oral contraceptives (SOCs) in the natural environment: A review Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 5149-5161
8. Liu, Z. H.; Lu, G. N.; Yin, H.; Dang, Z. Do we underestimate the concentration of estriol in raw municipal wastewater Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 4753-4758
9. D'Ascenzo, G.; Di Corcia, A.; Gentili, A.; Mancini, R.; Mastropasqua, R.; Nazzari, M. Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 302, 199-209
10. Kumar, V.; Nakada, N.; Yasojima, M.; Yamashita, N.; Johnson, A. C.; Tanaka, H. Rapid determination of free and conjugated estrogen in different water matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Chemosphere 2009, 77, 1440-1446
11. Kumar, V.; Johnson, A. C.; Nakada, N.; Yamashita, N.; Tanaka, H. De-conjugation behavior of conjugated estrogens in the raw sewage, activated sludge and river water J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 227-228, 49-54
12. Johnson, A. C.; Williams, R. J.; Simpson, P.; Kanda, R. What difference might sewage treatment performance make to endocrine disruption in rivers Environ. Pollut. 2007, 147, 194-202
13. Gabet-Giraud, V.; Miège, C.; Choubert, J. M.; Ruel, S. M.; Coquery, M. Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 4257-4269
14. Hashimoto, T.; Onda, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Tada, K.; Miya, A.; Murakami, T. Comparison of natural estrogen removal efficiency in the conventional activated sludge process and the oxidation ditch process Water Res. 2007, 41, 2117-2126
15. Nakada, N.; Yasojima, M.; Okayasu, Y.; Komori, K.; Tanaka, H.; Suzuki, Y. Fate of oestrogenic compounds and identification of oestrogenicity in a wastewater treatment process Water Sci. Technol. 2006, 53, 51-63
16. Kumar, V.; Nakada, N.; Yasojima, M.; Yamashita, N.; Johnson, A. C.; Tanaka, H. The arrival and discharge of conjugated estrogens from a range of different sewage treatment plants in the UK Chemosphere 2011, 82, 1124-1128
17. Nie, Y.; Qiang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Ben, W. Fate and seasonal variation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in a sewage treatment plant with A/A/O process Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 84, 9-15
18. Johnson, A. C.; Belfroid, A.; Di Corcia, A. Estimating steroid oestrogen inputs into activated sludge treatment works and observations on their removal from the effluent Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 256, 163-173
19. Clara, M.; Kreuzinger, N.; Strenn, B.; Gans, O.; Kroiss, H. The solids retention time-A suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants Water Res. 2005, 39, 97-106
20. McAdam, E. J.; Bagnall, J. P.; Koh, Y. K. K.; Chiu, T. Y.; Pollard, S.; Scrimshaw, M. D. Removal of steroid estrogens in carbonaceous and nitrifying activated sludge processes Chemosphere 2010, 81, 1-6
21. Petrie, B.; McAdam, E. J.; Hassard, F.; Stephenson, T.; Lester, J. N.; Cartmell, E. Diagnostic investigation of steroid estrogen removal by activated sludge at varying solids retention time Chemosphere 2014, 113, 101-108
22. Ternes, T. A.; Stumpf, M.; Mueller, J.; Haberer, K.; Wilken, R. D.; Servos, M. Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants-I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil Sci. Total Environ. 1999, 225, 81-90
23. Zuehlke, S.; Duennbier, U.; Heberer, T. Determination of estrogenic steroids in surface water and wastewater by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry J. Sep. Sci. 2005, 28, 52-58
24. Schlüsener, M. P.; Bester, K. Behavior of steroid hormones and conjugates during wastewater treatment-A comparison of three sewage treatment plants Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2008, 36, 25-33
25. Baronti, C.; Curini, R.; D'Ascenzo, G.; Di Corcia, A.; Gentili, A.; Samperi, R. Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 5059-5066
26. Laganà, A.; Bacaloni, A.; De Leva, I.; Faberi, A.; Fago, G.; Marino, A. Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 501, 79-88
27. Lee, H. B.; Peart, T. E.; Chan, J.; Gris, G. Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge samples in Toronto, Canada Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 2004, 39, 57-63
28. Lee, H. B.; Peart, T. E.; Svoboda, M. L. Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols, acidic pharmaceuticals, and personal-care products in sewage by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr., A 2005, 1094, 122-129
29. Cicek, N.; Londry, K.; Oleszkiewicz, J. A.; Wong, D.; Lee, Y. Removal of selected natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in a Canadian full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant Water Environ. Res. 2007, 79, 795-800
30. Fernandez, M. P.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Buchanan, I. An assessment of estrogenic organic contaminants in Canadian wastewaters Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 373, 250-269
31. Atkinson, S. K.; Marlatt, V. L.; Kimpe, L. E.; Lean, D. R. S.; Trudeau, V. L.; Blais, J. M. The occurrence of steroidal estrogens in south-eastern Ontario wastewater treatment plants Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 430, 119-125
32. Kanda, R.; Churchley, J. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds during conventional wastewater treatment Environ. Technol. 2008, 29, 315-323
33. Carballa, M.; Omil, F.; Lema, J. M.; Llompart, M.; García-Jares, C.; Rodríguez, I. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant Water Res. 2004, 38, 2918-2926
34. Pedrouzo, M.; Borrull, F.; Pocurull, E.; Marcé, R. M. Presence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in waters from sewage treatment plants Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 2011, 217, 267-281
35. Braga, O.; Smythe, G. A.; Schafer, A. I.; Feitz, A. J. Steroid estrogens in primary and tertiary wastewater treatment plants Water Sci. Technol. 2005, 52, 273-278
36. Leusch, F. D. L.; Chapman, H. F.; Korner, W.; Gooneratne, S. R.; Tremblay, L. A. Efficacy of an advanced sewage treatment plant in southeast Queensland, Australia, to remove estrogenic chemicals Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5781-5786
37. Reddy, S.; Iden, C. R.; Brownawell, B. J. Analysis of steroid conjugates in sewage influent and effluent by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 7032-7038
38. Chimchirian, R. F.; Suri, R. P. S.; Fu, H. Free synthetic and natural estrogen hormones in influent and effluent of three municipal wastewater treatment plants Water Environ. Res. 2007, 79, 969-974
39. Filali-Meknassi, Y.; Auriol, M.; Adams, C. D.; Surampalli, R. Y. Quantification of steroid sex hormones using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Water Environ. Res. 2007, 79, 687-696
40. Sapozhnikova, Y.; Hedgespeth, M.; Wirth, E.; Fulton, M. Analysis of selected natural and synthetic hormones by LC-MS-MS using the US EPA method 1694 Anal. Methods 201, 3, 1079-1086
41. Phillips, P. J.; Chalmers, A. T.; Gray, J. L.; Kolpin, D. W.; Foreman, W. T.; Wall, G. R. Combined sewer overflows: An environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 5336-5343
42. Nakada, N.; Tanishima, T.; Shinohara, H.; Kiri, K.; Takada, H. Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment Water Res. 2006, 40, 3297-3303
43. Pauwels, B.; Noppe, H.; De Brabander, H.; Verstraete, W. Comparison of steroid hormone concentrations in domestic and hospital wastewater treatment plants J. Environ. Eng. 2008, 134, 933-936
44. Jin, S.; Yang, F.; Liao, T.; Hui, Y.; Xu, Y. Seasonal variations of estrogenic compounds and their estrogenicities in influent and effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant in China Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27, 146-153
45. Shao, X. L.; Ma, J. Fate and mass balance of 13 kinds of endocrine disrupting chemicals in a sewage treatment plant. 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, iCBBE 2009, 2009.
46. Zhou, H.; Huang, X.; Wang, X.; Zhi, X.; Yang, C.; Wen, X. Behaviour of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals in three sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 161, 107-121
47. Fan, Z.; Wu, S.; Chang, H.; Hu, J. Behaviors of glucocorticoids, androgens and progestogens in a municipal sewage treatment plant: Comparison to estrogens Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 2725-2733
48. Liu, S.; Ying, G. G.; Zhao, J. L.; Chen, F.; Yang, B.; Zhou, L. J. Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr., A 2011, 1218, 1367-1378
49. Liu, S.; Ying, G. G.; Zhou, L. J.; Zhang, R. Q.; Chen, Z. F.; Lai, H. J. Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment Water Res. 2012, 46, 3754-3768
50. Zhang, Z.; Feng, Y.; Gao, P.; Wang, C.; Ren, N. Occurrence and removal efficiencies of eight EDCs and estrogenicity in a STP J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13, 1366-1373
51. Ye, X.; Guo, X.; Cui, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Wang, M. K. Occurrence and removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Chongqing, China J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14, 2204-2211
52. Zhou, Y.; Zha, J.; Wang, Z. Occurrence and fate of steroid estrogens in the largest wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China Environ. Monit. Assess. 2012, 184, 6799-6813
53. Zhou, H.; Zhou, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, F. Fate and removal of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds in sewage using activated sludge treatment Water Environ. J. 2012, 26, 435-444
54. Sim, W. J.; Lee, J. W.; Shin, S. K.; Song, K. B.; Oh, J. E. Assessment of fates of estrogens in wastewater and sludge from various types of wastewater treatment plants Chemosphere 2011, 82, 1448-1453
55. Martín, J.; Camacho-Munoz, D.; Santos, J. L.; Aparicio, I.; Alonso, E. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: Removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 239-240, 40-47
56. Andersen, H.; Siegrist, H.; Halling-Sørensen, B.; Ternes, T. A. Fate of estrogens in a municipal sewage treatment plant Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4021-4026
57. Andersen, H.; Kjqlholt, J.; Hansen, M.; Stuer-Lauridsen, F.; Blicher, T. D.; Ingerslev, F.; Halling-Sqrensen, B. Degradation of Estrgoens in Sewage Treatment Processes, Environmental Project, No 899, 2004.
58. Joss, A.; Andersen, H.; Ternes, T.; Richle, P. R.; Siegrist, H. Removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: Consequences for plant optimization Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3047-3055
59. Shi, J.; Fujisawa, S.; Nakai, S.; Hosomi, M. Biodegradation of natural and synthetic estrogens by nitrifying activated sludge and ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea Water Res. 2004, 38, 2323-2330
60. Wang, L. Y.; Zhang, X. H.; Hu, J. Y. Adsorption and biodegradation of typical estrogens in activated sludge under aerobic conditions J. Harbin Inst. Technol. 2013, 45, 117-121
61. Li, F.; Desmiarti, R.; Yuasa, A.; Horio, A. Behavior of natural estrogens in semicontinuous activated sludge biodegradation reactors Biores. Technol. 2008, 99, 2964-2971
62. Onda, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Takatoh, C.; Miya, A.; Katsu, Y. The behavior of estrogenic substances in the biological treatment process of sewage Water Sci. Technol. 2003, 47, 109-116
63. Ternes, T. A.; Kreckel, P.; Mueller, J. Behaviour and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants-II. Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge Sci. Total Environ. 1999, 225, 91-99
64. Li, F.; Yuasa, A.; Obara, A.; Mathews, A. P. Aerobic batch degradation of 17-β estradiol (E2) by activated sludge: Effects of spiking E2 concentrations, MLVSS and temperatures Water Res. 2005, 39, 2065-2075
65. Weber, S.; Leuschner, P.; Kämpfer, P.; Dott, W.; Hollender, J. Degradation of estradiol and ethinyl estradiol by activated sludge and by a defined mixed culture Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005, 67, 106-112
66. Zang, K.; Kurisu, F.; Kasuga, I.; Furumai, H.; Yagi, O. Analysis of the phylogenetic diversity of estrone-degrading bacteria in activated sewage sludge using microautoradiography-fluorescence in situ hybridization Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 31, 206-214
67. Ivanov, V.; Lim, J. J. W.; Stabnikova, O.; Gin, K. Y. H. Biodegradation of estrogens by facultative anaerobic iron-reducing bacteria Process Biochem. 2010, 45, 284-287
68. Layton, A. C.; Gregory, B. W.; Seward, J. R.; Schultz, T. W.; Sayler, G. S. Mineralization of steroidal hormones by biosolids in wastewater treatment systems in Tennessee U.S.A Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3925-3931
69. Chen, X.; Hu, J. Degradation of 17 beta-estradiol and its conjugates: Effects of initial concentration and MLSS concentration Process Biochem. 2009, 44, 1330-1334
70. Suzuki, Y.; Maruyama, T. Fate of natural estrogens in batch mixing experiments using municipal sewage and activated sludge Water Res. 2006, 40, 1061-1069
71. Johnson, A. C.; Sumpter, J. P. Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 4697-4703
72. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Urinary excretion rates of natural estrogens and androgens from humans, and their occurrence and fate in the environment: A review Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 4975-4985
73. Liu, Z. H.; Hashimoto, T.; Okumura, Y.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Simultaneous analysis of natural free estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater by GC-MS Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2010, 38, 181-188
74. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Deconjugation characteristics of natural estrogen conjugates by acid-catalyzed solvolysis and its application for wastewater samples J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12, 1594-1600
75. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Removal of natural free estrogens and their conjugates in a municipal wastewater treatment plant Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2011, 39, 128-135
76. Liu, Z. H.; Lu, G. N.; Yin, H.; Dang, Z.; Littier, H.; Liu, Y. Sample-preparation methods for direct and indirect analysis of natural estrogens TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2015, 65, 149-164
77. Koh, Y. K. K.; Chiu, T. Y.; Boobis, A.; Cartmell, E.; Lester, J. N.; Scrimshaw, M. D. Determination of steroid estrogens in wastewater by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr., A 2007, 1173, 81-87
78. Hu, J.; Chen, X.; Tao, G.; Kekred, K. Fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in membrane bioreactor systems Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4097-4102
79. Komori, K.; Tanaka, H.; Okayasu, Y.; Yasojima, M.; Sato, C. Analysis and occurrence of estrogen in wastewater in Japan Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50, 93-100
80. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y. An innovative analytical method for estrogen sulfates without deconjugation procedure KSCE J. Civil Eng. 2012, 16 (6) 919-924
81. Liu, Z. H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S. Simultaneous analysis of natural free estrogens and their sulfate conjugates in wastewater Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2010, 38 (12) 1146-1151
82. Gomes, R. L.; Scrimshaw, M. D.; Lester, J. N. Fate of conjugated natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in crude sewage and activated sludge batch studies Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 3612-3618
83. Zheng, W.; Zou, Y.; Li, X.; Machesky, M. L. Fate of estrogen conjugate 17α-estradiol-3-sulfate in dairy wastewater: Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic degradation and metabolite formation J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 258-259, 109-115
84. Raman, D. R.; Williams, E. L.; Layton, A. C.; Burns, R. T.; Easter, J. P.; Daugherty, A. S.; Mullen, A. D.; Sayler, G. S. Estrogen content of dairy and swine wastes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3567-3573
85. Zhang, Q. Q.; Zhao, J. L.; Ying, G. G.; Liu, Y. S.; Pan, C. G. Emission estimation and multimedia fate modeling of seven steroids at the river basin scale in China Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 7982-7992
86. Liu, Z. H.; Lu, G. N.; Yin, H.; Dang, Z. Estimated human excretion rates of natural estrogens calculated from their concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and its application. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4369-y.
87. Johnson, A. C.; Williams, R. J. A model to estimate influent and effluent concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and ethynylestradiol at sewage treatment works Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3649-3658
88. Kostich, M.; Flick, R.; Martinson, J. Comparing predicted estrogen concentrations with measurements in US waters Environ. Pollut. 2013, 178, 271-277
89. Levesques, E.; Turgeon, D.; Carrier, J. S.; Montminy, V.; Beaulieu, M.; Belanger, A. Isolation and characterization of the UGT2B28 cDNA encoding a novel human steroid conjugating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Biochemistry 2001, 40, 3869-3881
90. Gadd, J. B.; Tremblay, L. A.; Northcott, G. L. Steroid estrogens, conjugate estrogens and estrogenic activity in farm dairy effluents Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158, 730-736
91. Raftogianis, R.; Creveling, C.; Weishillboum, R.; Weisz, J. Estrogen metabolisms by conjugation J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000, 27, 113-124
92. Tay, J. A.; vom Saal, F. S.; Welshon, W. V.; Drury, B.; Rottinghaus, G.; Hunt, P. A.; Toutain, P. L.; Laffont, C. M.; Vande Voort, C. A. Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in Rhesus monkeys and mice: Relevance form human exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 422-430
93. Liao, C. Y.; Kurunthachalam, K. Determination of free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A in human urine and serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 5003-5009
94. Laha, J. O.; Behechti, A.; Severin, G. F.; Lenoir, D.; Gunther, K.; Kettrup, A.; Schramm, K. W. The bioaccumlation and fate of a branched C-14-p-nonylphenol isomer in lymnaea stagnalis L Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 1428-1436
95. Nerurkar, P. V.; Okinaka, L.; Aoki, C.; Seifried, A.; Lum-Jones, A.; Wilkens, L. R.; Le Marchand, L. CYP1A1, GSTM1, AND GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms and urinary 1-hydroxy pyrene excretion in non-occupationally exposed individuals Cancer Epidem. Biomar. 2000, 9, 1119-1122