How do chocolate lovers balance taste and ethical considerations?

British Food Journal

Volumn 118, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 343-361

  Poelmans, Eline ^a   Rousseau, Sandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Chocolate consumption; Choice experiment; Fairtrade; Willingness to pay

Indexed keywords

EID: 84954408442     PISSN: 0007070X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/BFJ-06-2015-0208     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Amaya-Amaya, M., Gerard, K. and Ryan, M. (2008), “Discrete choice experiments in a nutshell”, in Ryan, M., Gerard, K. and Amaya-Amaya, M. (Eds), Using Discrete Choice Experiments to Value Health and Health Care, Springer, pp. 13-46.
2. Andorfer, V.A. and Liebe, U. (2012), “Research on fair trade consumption-a review”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 106 No. 4, pp. 415-435.
3. Annunziata, A. and Scarpato, D. (2014), “Factors affecting consumer attitudes towards food products with sustainable attributes”, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 60 No. 8, pp. 353-363.
4. Annunziata, A., Ianuario, S. and Pascale, P. (2011), “Consumers’ attitudes towards labelling of ethical products: the case of organic and fair trade products”, Journal of Food Products Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 518-535.
5. Barrientos, S. (2016), “Beyond fair trade: why are mainstream chocolate companies pursuing social and economic sustainability in cocoa sourcing?”, in Squicciarini, M. and Swinnen, J. (Eds), The Economics of Chocolate, Oxford University Press, Oxford (forthcoming).
6. Basu, A.K. and Hicks, R.L. (2008), “Label performance and the willingness to pay for fair trade coffee: a cross-national perspective”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 470-478.
7. Boxall, P.C. and Adamowicz, W.L. (2002), “Understanding heterogeneous preferences in random utility models: a latent class approach”, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 421-446.
8. CAOBISCO (2013), “Statistical bulletin”, available at: www.mah.se/PageFiles/55093/caobisco-statistical%20bulletin%202013.pdf
9. Carrigan, M. and Attalla, A. (2001), “The myth of the ethical consumer: do ethics matter in purchase behavior”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 560-577.
10. Caswell, J.A. (1998), “Valuing the benefits and costs of improved food safety and nutrition”, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 409-424.
11. Christie, M., Warren, J., Hanley, N., Murphy, K., Wright, R., Hyde, T. and Lyons, N. (2004), “Developing measures for valuing changes in biodiversity: final report”, report to DEFRA, London.
12. Cidell, J.L. and Alberts, H.C. (2006), “Chocolate consumption, manufacturing and quality in Western Europe and the United States”, Geography, Vol. 91 No. 3, pp. 218-226.
13. Clough, Y., Faust, H. and Tscharntke, T. (2009), “Cacao boom and bust: sustainability of agroforests and opportunities for biodiversity conservation”, Conservation Letters, Vol. 2 No. 5, pp. 197-205.
14. De Pelsmacker, P., Driesen, L. and Rayp, G. (2005), “Do consumers care about ethics? Willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee”, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 363-385.
15. Deshpandé, R. (2010), “Why you aren’t buying Venezuelan chocolate”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 88 No. 12, pp. 25-27.
16. Douce, S. and Jeantet, F. (2014), “Salon du Chocolat, success story”, available at: www.salon-du-chocolat.com/evenement.aspx?event_id=97
17. Dragusanu, R., Giovannucci, D. and Nunn, N. (2014), “The economics of fair trade”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 217-236.
18. Fairtrade Foundation (2011), “Commodity briefing: fairtrade and cocoa”, available at: www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2011_Fairtrade_and_cocoa_briefing.pdf
19. Fairtrade Foundation (2012), “Tracking fairtrade cocoa”, available at: www.fairtrade.org.uk/en/media-centre/news/archive/tracking-fairtrade-cocoa
20. Fairtrade Foundation (2014), “Farmer-owned chocolate company beats big brands in poll of nation’s favourite faitrade product”, available at: www.fairtrade.org.uk/en/media-centre/news/october-2014/farmer-owned-chocolate-brand-named-nations-favourite-fairtrade-product (accessed October 16, 2014).
21. Fairtrade International (2012), “Fairtrade by the numbers: key data for 2009-11”, available at: www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2012-02_Fairtrade_ByTheNumbers_2009-11.pdf (accessed September 4, 2014).
22. Fairtrade International (2014), “Year report 2013-2014: strong producers, strong future”, available at: www.fairtrade.net/annual-reports.html
23. Fold, N. (2002), “Lead firms and competition in ‘bi-polar’ commodity chains: grinders and branders in the global cocoa-chocolate industry”, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 228-247.
24. Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2007), “Sweetness follows: a rough guide towards a sustainable cocoa sector”, available at: www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/ (accessed November 11, 2014).
25. Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2010), “Cocoa Barometer 2010”, available at: www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/ (accessed November 11, 2014).
26. Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2012), “Cocoa Barometer 2012”, available at: www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/ (accessed November 11, 2014).
27. Garcia-Yi, J. (2015), “Willingness to pay for organic and fairtrade certified yellow chili peppers”, British Food Journal, Vol. 117 No. 2, pp. 929-942.
28. Haight, C. (2011), “The problem with fair trade coffee”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Vol. 3, pp. 74-79.
29. Hanley, N., Mourato, S. and Wright, R.E. (2001), “Choice modeling approaches: a superior alternative for environmental valuation?”, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 435-462.
30. Hensher, D., Louviere, J. and Swait, J. (1998), “Combining sources of preference data”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 89 No. 1, pp. 197-222.
31. ICCO (2007a), “Cocoa Resources in consuming countries”, Report No. MC/10/6, ICCO London, available at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.icco.org/ContentPages/16291656.pdf
32. ICCO (2007b), “Sustainable cocoa economy: a comprehensive and participatory approach”, Report No. CB/14/2, International Cocoa Organization, London.
33. ICCO (2009), “Towards a sustainable cocoa economy: overview of farming systems and challenges facing cocoa farmers worldwide”, Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy 2/6, International Cocoa Organization, London.
34. ICCO (2012), “The World Cocoa Economy: past and present”, EX/146/7, available at: www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/cat_view/30-related-documents/45-statistics-other-statistics.html (accessed December 28, 2015).
35. ICCO (2014), “The Chocolate Industry: who are the main manufacturers of chocolate in the world?”, available at: www.icco.org/about-cocoa/chocolate-industry.html (accessed December 28, 2015).
36. IDH (2014), “Cocoa: strong business case creates unprecedented drive for mainstream market transformation”, available at: www.idhsustainabletrade.com/cocoa (accessed August 20, 2014).
37. Januszewska, R. and Viaene, J. (2001), “Sensory segments in preference for plain chocolate across Belgium and Poland”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 97-107.
38. Januszewska, R., Viaene, J. and Verbeke, W. (2000), “Market segmentation for chocolate in Belgium and Poland”, Journal of Euromarketing, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 1-25.
39. Jawtusch, J., Oehen, B. and Niggli, U. (2012), “Environmental, social, and economic impacts of sustainability certification in the agricultural sector – the current state of empirical research”, in FIBL and IFOAM (Eds), The World of Organic Agriculture − Statistics & Emerging Trends 2011, IFOAM, Bonn, pp. 88-91.
40. KPMG (2012a), “Cocoa Certification: study on the costs, advantages and disadvantages of cocoa certification”, commissioned by the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO).
41. KPMG (2012b), “The chocolate of tomorrow: state of the market”, Publication No. 120788, available at: www.kpmg.com/be/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/pages/chocolate-of-tomorrow.aspx
42. Le Mare, A. (2008), “The impact of fair trade on social and economic development: a review of the literature”, Geography Compass, Vol. 2 No. 6, pp. 1922-1942.
43. List, J.A. and Gallet, C.A. (2001), “What experimental protocol influence disparities between actual and hypothetical stated values?”, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 241-254.
44. List, J.A. and Shogren, J.F. (1999), “Price information and bidding behavior in repeated second – price auctions”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 81 No. 4, pp. 942-949.
45. Loureiro, M.L. and Lotade, J. (2005), “Do fair trade and eco-labels in coffee wake up the consumer conscience?”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 129-138.
46. Louviere, J.J. and Hensher, D.A. (1982), “On the design and analysis of simulated choice or allocation experiments in travel choice modelling”, Transportation Research Record, Vol. 890, pp. 11-17.
47. Louviere, J.J. and Woodworth, G. (1983), “Design and analysis of stimulated choice experiments or allocation experiments: an approach based on aggregate data”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 350-367.
48. Lusk, J.L. and Shogren, J.F. (2007), Experimental Auctions: Methods and Applications in Economic and Marketing Research, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
49. Lybeck, A., Holmlund-Rytkönen, M. and Sääksjärvi, M. (2006), “Store brands vs manufacturer brands: consumer perceptions and buying of chocolate bars in Finland”, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 471-492.
50. McFadden, D. (1986), “The choice theory approach to market research”, Marketing Science, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 275-297.
51. Mariel, P., De Ayala, A., Hoyos, D. and Abdullah, S. (2013), “Selecting random parameters in discrete choice experiment for environmental valuation: a simulation experiment”, Journal of Choice Modelling, Vol. 7, pp. 44-57.
52. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. and Kent, J. (2000), “Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities”, Nature, Vol. 403 No. 6772, pp. 853-858.
53. Nelson, V. and Pound, B. (2009), “The last ten years: a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of fairtrade”, commissioned by the Faitrade Foundation, available at www.fairtrade.net (accessed November 2, 2015).
54. Nieburg, O. (2014), “Fully certified cocoa ‘a prerequisite for doing business in chocolate’, Cloetta tells SMEs, Confectionery News, available at: www.confectionerynews.com (accessed August 26, 2015).
55. Norwood, F.B. and Lusk, J.L. (2011), “Social desirability bias in real, hypothetical, and inferred valuation experiments”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 93 No. 2, pp. 528-534.
56. Oxfam (2013), “Behind the brands: food justice and the ‘Big 10’ food and beverage companies”, available at: www.oxfam.org (accessed August 26, 2014).
57. Pay, E. (2009), “The market for organic and fairtrade cocoa”, study prepared in the Framework of FAO Project GCP/RAF/404/GER, September, available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/organicexports/docs/Market_Organic_FT_Cocoa.pdf
58. Poelman, A., Mojet, J., Lyon, D. and Sefah-Dedeh, S. (2008), “The influence of information about organic production and fair trade on preferences for and perception of pineapple”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 114-121.
59. Poelmans, E. and Swinnen, J. (2016), “A brief economic history of chocolate”, in Squicciarini, M. and Swinnen, J. (Eds), The Economics of Chocolate, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 11-42.
60. Redruello, F. (2012), “10 key projections for chocolate confectionery in 2013 and Beyond”, available at: www.portal.euromonitor.com
61. Rice, R.A. and Greenberg, R. (2000), “Cacao cultivation and the conservation of biological diversity”, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 167-173.
62. Rousseau, S. (2015), “The role of organic and fair trade labels when choosing chocolate”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 44, pp. 92-100.
63. Ruben, R. and Ford, R. (2012), “The impact of fair trade certification for coffee farmers in Peru”, World Development, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 570-582.
64. Smith, A.F. (Ed.) (2004), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
65. SSI (2014), “The state of sustainability initiatives review: sustainability and transparency”, available at: www.cocoaconnect.org (accessed August 18, 2014).
66. Tagbata, D. and Sirieix, L. (2008), “Measuring consumers’ willingness to pay for organic and fair trade products”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 479-490.
67. Tallontire, A., Rentsendorj, E. and Blowfield, M. (2001), “Ethical consumers and ethical trade: a review of current literature”, NRI Policy Series, Working Paper No. 12.
68. Torres-Moreno, M., Tarrega, A., Torrescasana, E. and Blanch, C. (2012), “Influence of label information on dark chocolate acceptability”, Appetite, Vol. 58 No. 2, pp. 665-671.
69. Trade for Development Center (2014), “Gedrag, attitudes en opinies van personen die in België wonen ten aanzien van producten uit eerlijke handel”, available at: http://befair.be/sites/default/files/all-files/brochure/Resultaten%20Opiniepeiling%20Eerlijke%20Handel%202014.pdf
70. Train, K.E. (2003), Discrete Choice Methods with Simulations, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Vermeir, I. and Verbeke, W. (2006), “Sustainable food consumption: exploring the consumer ‘attitude – behavioral intention’ gap”, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 169-194.
72. Vlaeminck, P., Vandoren, J. and Vranken, L. (2016), “Consumers’ willingness to pay for fair trade chocolate”, in Squicciarini, M. and Swinnen, J. (Eds), The Economics of Chocolate, Oxford University Press, Oxford (forthcoming).
73. Vossler, C.A., Doyon, M. and Rondeau, D. (2012), “Truth in consequentiality: theory and field evidence on discrete choice experiments”, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 145-171.
74. Yiridoe, E.K., Bonti-Ankomah, S. and Martin, R.C. (2005), “Comparison of consumer perceptions and preference toward organic versus conventionally produced foods: a review and update of the literature”, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 193-205.
75. Zander, K. and Hamm, U. (2010), “Consumer preferences for additional ethical attributes of organic food”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 495-503.