Biodelignification of lignocellulose substrates: An intrinsic and sustainable pretreatment strategy for clean energy production

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 281-293

  Chandel, Anuj K ^a   Gonçalves, Bruna C M ^a   Strap, Janice L ^b   Da Silva, Silvio S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioethanol; Biomass hydrolysis; Integrated bioprocessing; Lignocellulosic biomass; Microbial delignification; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

BIOETHANOL; BIOFUELS; BIOMASS; DELIGNIFICATION; ETHANOL; HYDROLYSIS; LIGNIN; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; SACCHARIFICATION; SUGARS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BIOMASS HYDROLYSIS; BIOPROCESSING; CELLULASE PRODUCTION; CERIPORIOPSIS SUBVERMISPORA; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTRATES; PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM; PROCESS INTENSIFICATION;

SUBSTRATES;

BIOFUEL; LIGNIN; LIGNOCELLULOSE;

BIOMASS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; HYDROLYSIS; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES;

BIOFUELS; BIOMASS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; HYDROLYSIS; LIGNIN;

EID: 84954201004     PISSN: 07388551     EISSN: 15497801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.841638     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Abedinifar S, Karimi K, Khanahmadi M, Taherzadeh MJ. (2009). Ethanol production by Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae from rice straw by separate hydrolysis and fermentation. Biomass Bioener, 33, 828-33.
2. Adhi TP, Korus RA, Crawford DL. (1989). Production of major extracellular enzymes during lignocellulose degradation by two Streptomycetes in agitated submerged culture. Appl Environ Microbiol, 55, 1165-8.
3. Agbor VB, Cicek N, Sparling R, et al. (2011). Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnol Adv, 29, 675-85.
4. Ahmad M, Taylor CR, Pink D, et al. (2010). Development of novel assays for lignin degradation: comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal lignin degraders. Mol Bio Syst, 6, 815-21.
5. Arias ME, Rodríguez J, Pérez MI, et al. (2009). Analysis of chemical changes in Picea abies wood decayed by different Streptomyces strains showing evidence for biopulping procedures. Wood Sci Technol, 44, 179-88.
6. Arora DS, Sharma RK. (2009). Enhancement in vitro digestibility of wheat straw obtained from different geographical regions during solid state fermentation by white rot fungi. BioRes, 4, 909-20.
7. Ayala Aceves M, Baratto MC, Basosi R, et al. (2001). Spectroscopic characterization of a manganese-lignin peroxidase hybrid isozyme produced by Bjerkandera adusta in the absence of manganese: evidence of a protein centred radical by hydrogen peroxide. J Mol Catal B: Enz, 16, 159-67.
8. Babu PR, Pinnamaneni R, Koona K. (2012). Occurrences, physical and biochemical properties of laccase. Universal J Environ Res Technol, 2, 1-13.
9. Bak JS, Ko JK, Choi IG, et al. (2009). Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulose by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to produce ethanol from rice straw. Biotechnol Bioeng, 104, 471-82.
10. Barta Z, Kovacs K, Reczey K, Zacchi G. (2010). Process design and economics of on-site cellulase production on various carbon sources in a softwood-based ethanol plant. Enzyme Res, 28, 1-8.
11. Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, et al. (2012). Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. Biores Technol, 128, 751-9.
12. Blanchette RA, Held BW, Jurgens JA, et al. (2004). Wood-destroying soft rot fungi in the historic expedition huts of Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, 1328-35.
13. Camarero S, Sarkar S, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez M. (1999). Description of a versatile peroxidase involved in the natural degradation of lignin that has both manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase substrate interaction sites. J Biol Chem, 274, 10324-30.
14. Canilha L, Chandel AK, Milessi TSS et al. (2013). Bioconversion of sugarcane biomass into ethanol: An overview about composition, pretreatment methods, detoxification of hydrolysates, enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation. J Biomed Biotechnol. Doi:10.1155/2012/989572 (In Press).
15. Chandel AK, Kapoor RK, Singh AK, Kuhad RC. (2007). Detoxification of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate improves ethanol production by Candida shehatae NCIM 3501. Bioresour Technol, 98, 1947-50.
16. Chandel AK, Singh OV, Chandrasekhar G, et al. (2010). Key-drivers influencing the commercialization of ethanol based biorefineries. J Comm Biotechnol, 16, 239-57.
17. Chandel AK, Chandrasekhar G, Radhika K, et al. (2011b). Bioconversion of pentose sugars into ethanol: a review and future directions. Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev, 6, 8-20.
18. Chandel AK, Chandrasekhar G, Silva MB, Silva SS. (2012a). The realm of cellulases in biorefinery development. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 32, 187-202.
19. Chandel AK, Giese EC, Antunes FAFA, et al. (2012b). Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and leaves: unlocking the treasury of ''Green currency''. In: Fang Z, ed. Pretreatment techniques for biofuels and biorefineries. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 369-91.
20. Chandel AK, Antunes FAF, Anjos V, et al. (2013a). Ultra-structural mapping of sugarcane bagasse by oxalic acid fiber expansion (OAFEX) and enzymatic hydrolysis for ethanol production by Candida shehatae UFMG HM52.2 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 174. Biotechnol Biofuels, 6, 1-15.
21. Chandel AK, Silva SS, Singh OV. (2013b). Detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates: Biochemical and metabolic engineering towards white biotechnology. BioEn Res, 6, 388-401.
22. Chandra R, Singh S, Krishna Reddy MM, et al. (2008). Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains Paenibacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. for kraft lignin decolorization from pulp paper mill waste. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 54, 399-407.
23. Chang AJ, Fan J, Wen X. (2012). Screening of fungi capable of highly selective degradation of lignin in rice straw. Int Biodet Biodeg, 72, 26-30.
24. Claus H. (2004). Laccases: structure, reactions, distribution. Micron, 35, 93-6.
25. Costa SM, Gonçalves AR, Esposito E. (2005). Ceriporiopsis subvermispora used in delignification of sugarcane bagasse prior to soda/anthraquinone pulping. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1-3, 695-706.
26. Cullen D, Kersten PJ. (2004). Enzymology and molecular biology of lignin degradation. In: Brambl R, Marzluf GA, eds. The Mycota III; biochemistry and molecular biology, 2nd ed. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 249-73.
27. Dale BE, Ong RG. (2012). Energy, wealth, and human development: why and how biomass pretreatment research must improve. Biotechnol Prog, 28, 893-98.
28. Dari K, Bãchet M, Blondeau R. (2006). Isolation of soil Streptomyces strains capable of degrading humic acids and analysis of their peroxidase activity. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 16, 115-22.
29. Dashtban M, Schraft H, Qin W. (2009). Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities & perspectives. Int J Biol Sci, 5, 578-95.
30. Dashtban M, Schraft H, Syed TA, Qin W. (2010). Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin. Int J Biochem Mol Biol, 1, 36-50.
31. Dekker RFH, Barbosa AM. (2001). Effect of aeration & veratryl alcohol on the production of two laccases by the ascomycete Botryosphaeria sp. Enzyme Microb Technol, 28, 81-8.
32. Dias AA, Freitas GS, Marques GSM, et al. (2010). Enzymatic saccharification of biologically pre-treated wheat straw with whiterot fungi. Biores Technol, 101, 6045-50.
33. Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Cavalett O, et al. (2012). Integrated versus stand-Alone second generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse and trash. Bioresour Technol, 103, 152-61.
34. Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Rossell CEV, et al. (2013). Evaluation of process configurations for second generation integrated with first generation bioethanol production from sugarcane. Fuel Proc Technol, 109, 84-9.
35. Dhawan S, Kuhad RC. (2002). Effect of amino acids and vitamins on laccase production by the bird's nest fungus Cyathus bulleri. Bioresour Technol, 84, 35-8.
36. Erdei B, FrankóB, Galbe M, Zacchi G. (2012). Separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation for improved xylose utilization in integrated ethanol production from wheat meal and wheat straw. Biotechnol Biofuels, 5, 1-12.
37. Endo K, Hayashi Y, Hibi T, et al. (2003). Enzymological characterization of EpoA, a laccase-like phenol oxidase produced by Streptomyces griseus. J Biochem, 133, 671-7.
38. Freeman JC, Nayar PG, Begley TP, Villafranca JJ. (1993). Stoichiometry and spectroscopic identity of copper centers in phenoxazinone synthase: a new addition to the blue copper oxidase family. Biochem, 32, 4826-30.
39. Flavell R, de Brito Cruz CH, Christie M, et al. (2011). Moving forward with biofuels. Nature Outlook Biofuels, 474, S44-8.
40. Geng X, Li K. (2002). Degradation of non-phenolic lignin by the whiterot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Microb Biotechnol, 60, 342-6.
41. Giardina P, Faraco V, Pezzella C, et al. (2009). Laccases: a never-ending story. Cell Mol Life Sci, 67, 369-85.
42. Gnansounou E, Dauriat A. (2010). Techno-economic analysis of lignocellulosic ethanol: a review. Bioresour Technol, 101, 4980-91.
43. Godden B, Ball AS, Helvenstein P, et al. (1992). Towards elucidation of the lignin degradation pathway in actinomycetes. J Gen Microbiol, 138, 2441-8.
44. Goldemberg J. (2008). The Brazilian biofuels industry. Biotechnol Biofuels, 1, 1-6.
45. Goyal G, Tsai S-L, Madan B, et al. (2011). Simultaneous cell growth and ethanol production from cellulose by an engineered yeast consortium displaying a functional mini-cellulosome. Microb Cell Fact, 10, 1-8.
46. Guerra A, Mendonça R, Ferraz A, et al. (2004). Structural characterization of lignin during Pinus taeda wood treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, 4073-8.
47. Gupta R, Mehta G, Khasa YP, Kuhad RC. (2011). Fungal delignification of lignocellulosic biomass improves the saccharification of cellulosics. Biodeg, 22, 797-804.
48. Hammel KE, Cullen D. (2008). Role of fungal peroxidases in biological ligninolysis. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 11, 349-55.
49. Hastrup ACS, Howell C, Larsen FH, et al. (2012). Differences in crystalline cellulose modification due to degradation by brown and white rot fungi. Fungal Biol, 116, 1052-63.
50. Hong Y, Nizami A-S, Pour Bafrani M, et al. (2013). Impact of cellulase production on environmental and financial metrics for lignocellulosic ethanol. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref, 7, 303-13.
51. Hu F, Ragauskas A. (2012). Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioeng Res, 5, 1043-66.
52. Jensen KA, Bao W, Kawai S, et al. (1996). Manganese-dependent cleavage of nonphenolic lignin structures by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in the absence of lignin peroxidase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 3679-86.
53. Jing D. (2010). Improving the simultaneous production of laccase and lignin peroxidase from Streptomyces lavendulae by medium optimization. Biores Technol, 101, 7592-7.
54. Jing D, Wang J. (2012). Controling the simultaneous production of laccase and lignin peroxidase from Streptomyces cinnamomensis by medium formulation. Biotechnol Biofuels, 5, 1-15.
55. Jin M, Gunawan C, Balan V, Dale BE. (2012). Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of AFEXTM-pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using Clostridium phytofermentans at a high solids loading. Biotechnol Bioeng, 109, 1929-36.
56. Kamei I, Hirota Y, Meguro S. (2012). Integrated delignification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hard wood by a white-rot fungus, Phlebia sp. MG-60. Biores Technol, 126, 137-41.
57. Kamitsuji H, Honda Y, Watanabe T, Kuwahara M. (2004). Production and induction of manganese peroxidase isozymes in a white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 65, 287-94.
58. Karp SG, Faraco V, Amore A, et al. (2012). Characterization of laccase isoforms produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse. Biores Technol, 114, 735-9.
59. Kapich AN, Korneichik TV, Hatakka A, Hammel KE. (2010). Oxidizability of unsaturated fatty acids and of a non-phenolic lignin structure in the manganese peroxidase-dependent lipid peroxidation system. Enzyme Microb Technol, 46, 136-40.
60. Kazi FK, Fortman JA, Anex RP, et al. (2010). Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover. Fuel, 89, S20-8.
61. Kersten P, Cullen D. (2007). Extracellular oxidative systems of the lignin-degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fungal Gen Biol, 44, 77-87.
62. Kluczek-Turpeinen B, Tuomela M, et al. (2003). Lignin degradation in a compost environment by the deuteromycete Paecilomyces inflatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 61, 374-9.
63. Klein-Marcuschamer D, Simmons BA, Blanch HW. (2011). Technoeconomic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre-treatment. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref, 5, 562-9.
64. Kuhar S, Nair LM, Kuhad RC. (2008). Pretreatment of lignocellulosic material with fungi capable of higher lignin degradation and lower carbohydrate degradation improves substrate acid hydrolysis and eventual conversion to ethanol. Can J Microbiol, 54, 305-13.
65. la Rubia de T, Linares A, Pérez J, et al. (2002). Characterization of manganese-dependent peroxidase isoenzymes from the ligninolytic fungus Phanerochaete flavidoalba. Res Microbiol, 153, 547-54.
66. Larsson S, Cassland P, Jönsson LJ. (2001). Development of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with enhanced resistance to phenolic fermentation inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates by heterologous expression of laccase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 67, 1163-70.
67. Lee JW, Gwak KS, Park JY, et al. (2007). Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora by three whit rot fungi. J Microbiol, 45, 485-91.
68. Li L, Li XZ, Tang WZ, et al. (2008). Screening of a fungus capable of powerful and selective delignification on wheat straw. Lett Appl Microbiol, 47, 415-20.
69. Liang YS, Yuan XZ, Zeng GM, et al. (2010). Biodelignification of rice straw by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of dirhamnolipid. Biodeg, 21, 615-24.
70. Liew CY, Husaini A, Hussain H, et al. (2011). Lignin biodegradation and ligninolytic enzyme studies during biopulping of Acacia mangium wood chips by tropical white rot fungi. World J Microbiol Biochem, 27, 1457-68.
71. Lynd LR, van Zyl WH, McBride JE, Laser M. (2005). Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 16, 577-83.
72. Machczynski MC, Vijgenboom E, Samyn B, Canters GW. (2004). Characterization of SLAC: a small laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor with unprecedented activity. Prot Sci, 13, 2388-97.
73. Machuca A, Ferraz A. (2001). Hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes produced by white-And brown-rot fungi during Eucalyptus grandis decay in solid medium. Enzyme Microb Technol, 29, 386-91.
74. Martínez D, Larrondo LF, Putnam N, et al. (2004). Genome sequence of the lignocellulose degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain RP78. Nat Biotechnol, 22, 695-700.
75. Martínez FAT, Speranza M. Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, et al. (2005). Biodegradation of lignocellulosics: microbial, chemical, and enzymatic aspects of the fungal attack of lignin. Int Microbiol, 8, 195-204.
76. MacDonald J, Suzuki H, Master ER. (2012). Expression and regulation of genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading activity in the genus Phanerochaete. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 94, 339-51.
77. Mester T, Field JA. (1998). Characterization of a novel manganese peroxidase-lignin peroxidase hybrid isozyme produced by Bjerkandera species strain BOS55 in the absence of manganese. J Biol Chem, 273, 15412-17.
78. Meza JC, Sigoillot J-C, Lomascolo A, et al. (2006). New process for fungal delignification of sugar-cane bagasse and simultaneous production of laccase in a vapor phase bioreactor. J Agric Food Chem, 54, 3852-8.
79. Morozova OV, Shumakovich GP, Gorbacheva MA, et al. (2007). ''Blue'' laccases. Biochem, 72, 1136-50.
80. Nielsen J, Pronk JT. (2012). Metabolic engineering, synthetic biology and systems biology. FEMS Yeast Res, 12, 103.
81. Niladevi KN, Sukumaran RK, Prema P. (2007). Utilization of rice straw for laccase production by Streptomyces psammoticus in solid-state fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 34, 665-74.
82. Niladevi KN. (2009). Ligninolytic enzymes. In: Singh-Nee N, Pandey A, ed. Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues utilization. Dordrecht: Springer, 397-414.
83. Olson DG, McBride JE, Shaw J, Lynd LR. (2012). Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 23, 396-405.
84. Olofsson K, Bertilsson M, Liden G. (2008). A short review on SSF-An interesting process option for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Biotechnol Biofuels, 1, 1-7.
85. Pan X, Xie D, Gilkes N, et al. (2005). Strategies to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated softwood with high residual lignin content. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 124, 1069-80.
86. Rahikainen J, Mikander S, Marjamaa K, et al. (2011). Inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis by residual lignins from softwood-study of enzyme binding and inactivation on lignin-rich surface. Biotechnol Bioeng, 108, 2823-34.
87. Ramachandra M, Crawford DL, Pometto AL. (1987). Extracellular enzyme activities during lignocellulose degradation by Streptomyces spp.: a comparative study of wild-type and genetically manipulated strains. Appl Environ Microbiol, 53, 2754-60.
88. Ramos J, Rojas T, Navarro F, et al. (2004). Enzymatic and fungal treatments on sugarcane bagasse for the production of mechanical pulps. J Agric Food Chem, 52, 5057-62.
89. Rude MA, Schirmer A. (2009). New microbial fuels: a biotech perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol, 12, 274-81.
90. Ruiz Dueñas FJ, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT. (1999). Molecular characterization of a novel peroxidase isolated from the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii. Mol Microbiol, 31, 223-35.
91. Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. (2009). Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recalcitrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microb Biotechnol, 2, 164-77.
92. Saha BC, Nichols NN, Qureshi N, Cotta MA. (2011). Comparison of separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes for ethanol production from wheat straw by recombinant Escherichia coli strain FBR5. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 92, 865-74.
93. Sánchez C. (2009). Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. Biotechnol Adv, 27, 185-94.
94. Sánchez O, Sierra R, Alméciga-Dáz CJ. (2011). Delignification process of agro-industrial wastes an alternative to obtain fermentable carbohydrates for producing fuel, alternative fuel. In: Manzanera M, ed. InTech. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/alternative-fuel/delignification-process-of-Agro-industrial-wastes-Analternative-toobtain-fermentable-carbohydrates [last accessed 26 Sep 2013].
95. Santos VTO, Esteves PJ, Milagres AMF, Carvalho W. (2011). Characterization of commercial cellulases and their use in the saccharification of a sugarcane bagasse sample pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 38, 1089-98.
96. Sasaki C, Takada R, Watanabe T, et al. (2011). Surface carbohydrate analysis and bioethanol production of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with the white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and microwave hydrothermolysis. Bioresour Technol, 102, 9942-9.
97. Schilling JS, Ai J, Blanchette RA, et al. (2012). Lignocellulose modifications by brown rot fungi and their effects, as pretreatments, on cellulolysis. Bioresour Technol, 116, 147-54.
98. Seo SW, Yang J, Min BE et al. (2013). Synthetic biology: tools to design microbes for the production of chemicals and fuels. Biotechnol Adv, 31, 811-17.
99. Silva SS, Chandel AK, Wickramasinghe SR, González JMD. (2012). Fermentative production of value-Added products from lignocellulosic biomass. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012, 1-2.
100. Singh D, Chen S. (2008). The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: conditions for the production of lignin-degrading enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 81, 399-417.
101. Singh P, Suman A, Tiwari P, et al. (2008). Biological pretreatment of sugarcane trash for its conversion to fermentable sugars. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 24, 667-3.
102. Somerville C, Youngs H, Taylor C, et al. (2010). Feedstocks for lignocellulosic biofuels. Science, 329, 790-2.
103. Srinivasan C, D'Souza TM, Boominathan K, Reddy CA. (1995). Demonstration of laccase in the white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F1767. Appl Environ Microbiol, 61, 4274-7.
104. Smeets EMW, Faaij APC, Lewandowski IM, Turkenburg WC. (2007). A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050. Prog Energ Combust, 33, 56-106.
105. Sun FH, Li J, Yuan YX, Yan ZY, Liu XF. (2011). Effect of biological pretreatment with Tramates hirsute yj9 on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Int Biodet Biodeg, 65, 931-8.
106. Sugiura T, Mori T, Kamei I, et al. (2012). Improvement of ligninolytic properties in the hyper lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 using a novel gene promoter. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 331, 81-8.
107. Suzuki T, Endo K, Ito M, et al. (2003). A thermostable laccase from Streptomyces lavendulae REN-7: purification, characterization, nucleotide sequence, and expression. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 67, 2167-75.
108. Suzuki H, MacDonald J, Syed K, et al. (2012). Comparative genomics of the white-rot fungi, Phanerochaete carnosa and P. chrysosporium, to elucidate the genetic basis of the distinct wood types they colonize. BMC Genom, 13, 444.
109. Tanaka H, Itakura S, Enoki A. (1999). Hydroxyl radical generation by an extracellular low-molecular-weight substance and phenol oxidase activity during wood degradation by the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor. J Biotechnol, 75, 57-70.
110. Tian X-f, Fang Z, Guo F. (2012). Impact and prospective of fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 6, 335-50.
111. Tomás-PejóE, Oliva JM, Ballesteros M, Olsson L. (2008). Comparison of SHF and SSF processes from steam-exploded wheat straw for ethanol production by xylose-fermenting and robust glucosefermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Biotechnol Bioeng, 15, 1122-31.
112. Tuncer M, Kuru A, Sahin N, et al. (2009). Production and partial characterization of extracellular peroxidase produced by Streptomyces sp. F6616 isolated in Turkey. Ann Microbiol, 59, 323-34.
113. US National Petroleum Council. (2007). Facing the hard truths about energy (US National Petroleum Council, Washington, DC), pp. 110, 156-8.
114. UrzuáU, Kersten PJ, Vicuña R. (1998). Manganese peroxidasedependent oxidation of glyooxylic and oxalic acids synthesized by Ceriporopsis subvermispora produces extracellular hydrogen peroxide. Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 68-73.
115. van Zyl WH, den Haan R, la Grange DC. (2011). Developing organisms for consolidated bioprocessing of biomass to ethanol. In: Bernardes MADS ed. Biofuel production-recent developments and prospects. InTech. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/biofuelproduction-recent-developments-And prospects/developingorganismsfor-consolidated-bioprocessing-of-biomass-to-ethanol [last accessed 26 Sep 2013].
116. Wan C, Li Y. (2010). Microbial delignification of corn stover by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for improving cellulose digestibility. Enzyme Microb Biotechnol, 47, 31-6.
117. Wan C, Li Y. (2012). Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Adv, 30, 1447-57.
118. Wen F, Nair NU, Zhao H. (2009). Protein engineering in designing tailored enzymes and microorganisms for biofuels production. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 20, 412-19.
119. Wong DWS. (2009). Structure and action mechanism of ligninolytic enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 157, 174-209.
120. Wyman CE. (2007). What is (and is not) vital to advancing cellulosic ethanol. Trends Biotechnol, 25, 153-7.
121. Xu C, Ma F, Zhang X. (2009). Lignocellulose degradation and enzyme production by Irpex lacteus CD2 during solid-state fermentation of corn stover. J Biosci Bioeng, 108, 372-5.
122. Xu H, Scott G M, Jiang F, Kelly C. (2010). Recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) from Pichia pastoris. Part 1: Kraft pulp delignication. Holzforschung, 64, 137-43.
123. Xu J, Yang Q. (2010). Isolation and characterization of rice straw degrading Streptomyces griseorubens C-5. Biodeg, 21, 107-16.
124. Yang B, Wyman CE. (2008). Pretreatment; the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 2, 26-40.
125. Yang DD, François JM, de Billerbeck GM. (2012). Cloning, expression and characterization of an aryl-Alcohol dehydrogenase from the whiterot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain BKM-F-1767. BMC Microbiol, 28, 12, 126.