Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 151-165

  Goldstein, Benjamin ^a   Birkved, Morten ^a   Fernández, John ^a   Hauschild, Michael ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

agriculture; cities; food consumption; foodprint; industrial ecology; urban metabolism

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOOD SUPPLY; GLOBAL WARMING; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION STATISTICS; URBAN GROWTH;

CITIES; FOOD CONSUMPTION; FOODPRINT; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; URBAN METABOLISMS;

URBAN TRANSPORTATION;

ASSESSMENT METHOD; BENCHMARKING; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; ENERGY FLOW; FOOD CONSUMPTION; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; URBAN POLICY; URBAN POPULATION; URBAN SYSTEM;

EID: 84953923394     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: 15309290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jiec.12384     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Adhikari, B. K., S. Barrington, and J. Martinez. 2006. Predicted growth of world urban food waste and methane production. Waste Management & Research: The Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA 24(5): 421–433.
2. Alfonso Piña, W. H. and C. I. Pardo Martínez. 2014. Urban material flow analysis: An approach for Bogotá, Colombia. Ecological Indicators 42: 32–42.
3. Algert, S. J., A. Agrawal, and D. S. Lewis. 2006. Disparities in access to fresh produce in low-income neighborhoods in Los Angeles. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30(5): 365–370.
4. Baccini, P. and P. H. Brunner. 2014. Metabolism of the anthrophosphere, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
5. Barles, S. 2007. Feeding the city: Food consumption and flow of nitrogen, Paris, 1801–1914. The Science of the Total Environment 375(1–3): 48–58.
6. Barles, S. 2009. Urban metabolism of Paris and its region. Journal of Industrial Ecology 13(6): 898–913.
7. Barles, S. 2010. Society, energy and materials: The contribution of urban metabolism studies to sustainable urban development issues. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 53(4): 439–455.
8. Berners-Lee, M., C. Hoolohan, H. Cammack, and C. N. Hewitt. 2012. The relative greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices. Energy Policy 43: 184–190.
9. Best Foot Forward Ltd. 2002. City limits—A resource flow and ecological footprint analysis of Greater London. London, UK: Best Foot Forward Ltd. www.citylimitslondon.com/downloads/Completereport.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2014.
10. Bettencourt, L. and G. West. 2010. A unified theory of urban living. Nature 467(7318): 912–913.
11. Billen, G., S. Barles, J. Garnier, J. Rouillard, and P. Benoit. 2008. The food-print of Paris: Long-term reconstruction of the nitrogen flows imported into the city from its rural hinterland. Regional Environmental Change 9(1): 13–24.
12. Born, B. and M. Purcell. 2006. Avoiding the local trap: Scale and food systems in planning research. Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(2): 195–207.
13. Brunori, G. and F. Di Iacovo. 2014. Urban food security and landscape change: A demand-side approach. Landscape Research 39(2): 141–157.
14. Burstrom, F., N. Brandt, B. Frostell, and U. Mohlander. 1998. Material flow accounting and information for environmental policies in the City of Stockholm. In Analysis for action: Support for policy towards sustainability by material flow accounting, edited by S. Bringezu et al. pp. 136–145. Proceeding of the ConAccount workshop, Wuppertal, 11–12 September 1997. Wuppertal, Germany: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.
15. C40 (C40 Cities). 2014. Climate action in megacities version 2. http://issuu.com/c40cities/docs/c40_climate_action_in_megacities#download. Accessed 13 September 2014.
16. Calcott, A. and J. Bull. 2007. Ecological footprint of British city residents. http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/city_footprint2.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2014.
17. Castán Broto, V. and H. Bulkeley. 2013. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23(1): 92–102.
18. Chatzimpiros, P. and S. Barles. 2013. Nitrogen food-print: N use related to meat and dairy consumption in France. Biogeosciences 10(1): 471–481.
19. Chrisafis, A. 2015. France to force big supermarkets to give unsold food to charities. The Guardian, 22 May.
20. Chrysoulakis, N., M. Lopes, R. San José, C. S. B. Grimmond, M. B. Jones, V. Magliulo, J. E. M. Klostermann, et al. 2013. Sustainable urban metabolism as a link between bio-physical sciences and urban planning: The BRIDGE project. Landscape and Urban Planning 112: 100–117.
21. Cirera, X. and E. Masset. 2010. Income distribution trends and future food demand. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365(1554): 2821–2834.
22. Codoban, N. and C. A. Kennedy. 2008. Metabolism of neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 134(1): 21–31.
23. Cribb, J. 2010. The coming famine. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.
24. Darmon, N. and A. Drewnowski. 2008. Does social class predict diet quality? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87(5): 1107–1117.
25. Darrel Jenerette, G. and L. Larsen. 2006. A global perspective on changing sustainable urban water supplies. Global and Planetary Change 50(3–4): 202–211.
26. Davis, J., U. Sonesson, D. U. Baumgartner, and T. Nemecek. 2010. Environmental impact of four meals with different protein sources: Case studies in Spain and Sweden. Food Research International 43(7): 1874–1884.
27. Decker, E. H., S. Elliott, F. A. Smith, D. R. Blake, and F. S. Rowland. 2000. Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 25(1): 685–740.
28. Dias, A. C., D. Lemos, X. Gabarrell, and L. Arroja. 2014. Environmentally extended input-output analysis on a city scale—Application to Aveiro (Portugal). Journal of Cleaner Production 75: 118–129.
29. Edwards-Jones, G., L. Milà i Canals, N. Hounsome, M. Truninger, G. Koerber, B. Hounsome, P. Cross, et al. 2008. Testing the assertion that “local food is best”: The challenges of an evidence-based approach. Trends in Food Science & Technology 19(5): 265–274.
30. Færge, J., J. Magid, and F. W. T. Penning de Vries. 2001. Urban nutrient balance for Bangkok. Ecological Modelling 139(1): 63–74.
31. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2006. Livestock's long shadow. Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM. Accessed 9 April 2014.
32. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2013. Food waste footprint—Impacts on natural resources—Summary report. Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf. Accessed 7 March 2015.
33. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2014. FaoStat. Rome: FAO. http://faostat3.fao.org. Accessed 12 April 2014.
34. Ferrão, P. and J. E. Fernández. 2013. Sustainable urban metabolism. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
35. Foley, J. A., N. Ramankutty, K. A. Brauman, E. S. Cassidy, J. S. Gerber, M. Johnston, N. D. Mueller, et al. 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478(7369): 337–342.
36. Forkes, J. 2007. Nitrogen balance for the urban food metabolism of Toronto, Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52(1): 74–94.
37. Forman, R. 2014. Urban ecology: Science of cities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
38. Galle, B. 2014. Tax, command…or nudge?: Evaluating the new regulation. Texas Law Review 92(4): 837–894.
39. Garnett, T. 2010. Foresight Project: SR32: Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Food Policy 36: S23–S32.
40. Geng, Y., L. Zhang, X. Chen, B. Xue, T. Fujita, and H. Dong. 2014. Urban ecological footprint analysis: A comparative study between Shenyang in China and Kawasaki in Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production 75: 130–142.
41. Gliessman, S. 2015. Agroecology: The ecology of sustainable food systems, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC.
42. Goldstein, B., M. Birkved, M.-B. Quitzau, and M. Hauschild. 2013. Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: Concept development and case study. Environmental Research Letters 8(3): 035024.
43. Gordon, C., M. Purciel-Hill, N. R. Ghai, L. Kaufman, R. Graham, and G. van Wye. 2011. Measuring food deserts in New York City's low-income neighborhoods. Health and Place 17(2): 696–700.
44. Grewal, S. S. and P. S. Grewal. 2012. Can cities become self-reliant in food? Cities 29(1): 1–11.
45. Grubler, A., X. Bai, T. Buettner, S. Dhakal, D. J. Fisk, T. Ichinose, J. E. Keirstead, et al. 2012. Urban energy systems. In Global energy assessment—Toward a sustainable future, pp. 1307–1400. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press; Laxenburg, Austria: the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
46. Hara, Y., K. Tsuchiya, H. Matsuda, Y. Yamamoto, and Y. Sampei. 2013. Quantitative assessment of the Japanese “local production for local consumption” movement: A case study of growth of vegetables in the Osaka city region. Sustainability Science 8(4): 515–527.
47. Hargreaves, J.C., M. S. Adl, and P. R. Warman. 2008. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 123(1–3): 1–14
48. Hasan, S. and G. Mulamoottil. 1994. Environmental problems of Dhaka city—A study of mismanagement. Cities 11(3): 195–200.
49. Hazra, T. and S. Goel. 2009. Solid waste management in Kolkata, India: Practices and challenges. Waste Management 29(1): 470–478.
50. Heller, M. C. and G. A. Keoleian. 2003. Assessing the sustainability of the US food system: A life cycle perspective. Agricultural Systems 76(3): 1007–1041.
51. Hodson, M., S. Marvin, B. Robinson, and M. Swilling. 2012. Reshaping urban infrastructure. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(6): 789–800.
52. Hoornweg, D. A., G. Campillo, and D. Linders. 2012. Mainstreaming urban metabolism: Advances and challenges in city participation. Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium 8–10 October, Barcelona, Spain.
53. Hoornweg, D., P. Bhada-Tata, and C. Kennedy. 2015. Peak waste - when is it likely to occur? Journal of Industrial Ecology 19(1): 117–128.
54. Hörtenhuber, S., G. Piringer, W. Zollitsch, T. Lindenthal, and W. Winiwarter. 2014. Land use and land use change in agricultural life cycle assessments and carbon footprints—The case for regionally specific land use change versus other methods. Journal of Cleaner Production 73: 31–39.
55. Huang, S.-L. and W.-L. Hsu. 2003. Materials flow analysis and emergy evaluation of Taipei's urban construction. Landscape and Urban Planning 63(2): 61–74.
56. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014a. IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Working Group II, chapter 8: Urban areas. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/. Accessed 15 May 2014.
57. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014b. IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Working Group III, chapter 1: Introductory chapter. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/. Accessed 15 May 2015.
58. Jansson, Å. 2013. Reaching for a sustainable, resilient urban future using the lens of ecosystem services. Ecological Economics 86: 285–291.
59. Jones, D. L., P. Cross, P. J. A. Withers, T. H. DeLuca, D. A. Robinson, R. S. Quilliam, I. M. Harris, D. R. Chadwick, and G. Edwards-Jones. 2013. Nutrient stripping: The global disparity between food security and soil nutrient stocks. Journal of Applied Ecology 50(4): 851–862.
60. Kalmykova, Y., R. Harder, H. Borgestedt, and I. Svanäng. 2012. Pathways and management of phosphorus in urban areas. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(6): 928–939.
61. Kennedy, C., J. Cuddihy, and J. Engel-yan. 2007. The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology 11(2): 43–59.
62. Kennedy, C., S. Pincetl, and P. Bunje. 2011. The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution 159(8–9): 1965–1973.
63. Kennedy, C., N. Ibrahim, I. Stewart, A. Facchini, and R. Mele. 2014a. An urban metabolism survey design for megacities. http://tinyurl.com/pnb9m7x. Accessed 10 March 2015.
64. Kennedy, C., I. D. Stewart, N. Ibrahim, A. Facchini, and R. Mele. 2014b. Developing a multi-layered indicator set for urban metabolism studies in megacities. Ecological Indicators 47: 7–15.
65. Kennedy, C. A., I. Stewart, A. Facchini, I. Cersosimo, R. Mele, B. Chen, M. Uda, et al. 2015. Energy and material flows of megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(19): 5985–5990.
66. Kenworthy, J. and F. Laube. 1996. Automobile dependence in cities: An international comparison of urban transport and land use patterns with implications for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 16(4–6): 279–308.
67. Korhonen, J. 2001. Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner Production 9(3): 253–259.
68. Li, J. S., G. Q. Chen, T. M. Lai, B. Ahmad, Z. M. Chen, L. Shao, and X. Ji. 2013. Embodied greenhouse gas emission by Macao. Energy Policy 59: 819–833.
69. Li, S., Y. Zhang, Z. Yang, H. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2012. Ecological relationship analysis of the urban metabolic system of Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 170: 169–176.
70. Marx, K. 1976. Capital: A critique of political economy. New York: Penguin.
71. McLaren, S. J. 2010. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of food production and processing: An introduction. In Environmental assessment and management in the food industry, pp. 37–58, edited by U. Sonesson, J. Berlin, and F. Ziegler. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
72. Metson, G., R. Aggarwal, and D. L. Childers. 2012. Efficiency through proximity. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(6): 914–927.
73. Miljøministreriet. 2005. Risikovurdering af anvendelse af lokalt opsamlet fæces i private havebrug [Risks from application of local faeces in private gardens]. Copenhagen: Ministry of Environment
74. Monteiro, C. A. and G. Cannon. 2012. The impact of transnational “big food” companies on the south: A view from Brazil. PLoS Medicine 9(7): e1001252.
75. Moore, J., M. Kissinger, and W. E. Rees. 2013. An urban metabolism and ecological footprint assessment of Metro Vancouver. Journal of Environmental Management 124: 51–61.
76. Morée, A. L., A. H. W. Beusen, A. F. Bouwman, and W. J. Willems. 2013. Exploring global nitrogen and phosphorus flows in urban wastes during the twentieth century. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 27(3): 836–846.
77. Muñoz, I., L. Milà i Canals, and A. R. Fernández-Alba. 2010. Life cycle assessment of the average Spanish diet including human excretion. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 15(8): 794–805.
78. Newman, P. and I. Jennings. 2008. Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems. London: Island Press.
79. Niza, S., L. Rosado, and P. Ferrão. 2009. Urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology 13(3): 384–405.
80. Notarnicola, B., G. Tassielli, and P. A. Renzulli. 2012. Modeling the agri-food industry with life cycle assessment. In Life cycle assessment handbook: A guide for environmentally sustainable products, pp. 159–183, edited by M. A. Curran. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Salem, MA, USA: Scrivener.
81. OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). 2015. OECD stats extracts. http://stats.oecd.org. Accessed 29 November 2014.
82. OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2015. OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2015. Paris: OECD; Rome: FAO.
83. Popkin, B. M. 2006. Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84(2): 289–298.
84. Qadir, M., D. Wichelns, L. Raschid-Sally, P. G. McCornick, P. Drechsel, A. Bahri, and P. S. Minhas. 2010. The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agricultural Water Management 97(4): 561–568.
85. Ramaswami, A., A. Chavez, J. Ewing-Thiel, and K. E. Reeve. 2011. Two approaches to greenhouse gas emissions foot-printing at the city scale. Environmental Science & Technology 45(10): 4205–4206.
86. Rees, W. and M. Wackernagel. 2008. Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable—And why they are a key to sustainability. In Urban Ecology, edited by J. Marzluff et al. pp. 537–555. New York: Springer US.
87. Rosado, L., S. Niza, and P. Ferrão. 2014. A material flow accounting case study of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area using the urban metabolism analyst model. Journal of Industrial Ecology 18(1): 84–101.
88. Roy, P., T. Orikasa, M. Thammawong, N. Nakamura, Q. Xu, and T. Shiina. 2012. Life cycle of meats: An opportunity to abate the greenhouse gas emission from meat industry in Japan. Journal of Environmental Management 93(1): 218–224. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054588. Accessed 21 March 2014.
89. Sahely, H. R., S. Dudding, and C. A. Kennedy. 2003. Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto Area case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30(2): 468–483.
90. Schmidt, J. H. and S. Merciai. 2014. Life cycle assessment of the global food consumption. In 9th International Conference LCA of Food, 8–10 October, San Francisco, CA, USA.
91. Seto, K. C., M. Fragkias, and B. Gu. 2011. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS One 6(8): e23777.
92. Shove, E. and G. Walker. 2010. Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life. Research Policy 39(4): 471–476.
93. Slater, R. and J. Frederickson. 2001. Composting municipal waste in the UK: Some lessons from Europe. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 32(3–4): 359–374.
94. Srikanth, R. and D. Naik. 2004. Prevalence of Giardiasis due to wastewater reuse for agriculture in the suburbs of Asmara City, Eritrea. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 14(1): 43–52.
95. Stanhill, G. 1977. An urban agro-ecosystem: The example of nineteenth-century Paris. Agro-Ecosystems 3: 269–284.
96. Steemers, K. 2003. Energy and the city: Density, buildings and transport. Energy and Buildings 35(1): 3–14.
97. Steffen, W., K. Richardson, J. Rockström, S. Cornell, I. Fetzer, E. Bennett, R. Biggs, et al. 2015. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347(6223): 1259855.
98. Stewart, I., C. Kennedy, and A. Facchini. 2014. Metabolism of megacities: A review and synthesis of the literature. http://tinyurl.com/ntdub3k. Accessed 27 June 2015.
99. Stringer, L. 2015. New York restaurants scramble for alternatives after city bans foam packaging. The Guardian, 22 January.
100. Swaney, D. P., R. L. Santoro, R. W. Howarth, B. Hong, and K. P. Donaghy. 2011. Historical changes in the food and water supply systems of the New York City Metropolitan Area. Regional Environmental Change 12(2): 363–380.
101. Tilman, D., C. Balzer, J. Hill, and B. L. Befort. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(50): 20260–20264.
102. Tilman, D. and M. Clark. 2014. Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Nature 515(7528): 518–522.
103. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2012. Growing greenhouse gas emissions due to meat production. www.unep.org/pdf/unep-geas_oct_2012.pdf. Accessed 9 March 2014.
104. Vanham, D. and G. Bidoglio. 2014. The water footprint of Milan. Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 69(4): 789–795.
105. Wackernagel, M. 1998. The ecological footprint of Santiago de Chile. Local Environment 3(1): 7–25.
106. Walsh, C., A. McLoone, B. O'Regan, R. Moles, and R. Curry. 2006. The application of the ecological footprint in two Irish urban areas: Limerick and Belfast. Irish Geography 39(1): 1–21.
107. Wang, H., X. Zhao, L. Tang, S. Cui, and G. Li. 2013. Changes in phosphorus consumption and its environmental loads from food by residents in Xiamen City. Acta Ecologica Sinica 33(14): 4495–4504.
108. Warren-Rhodes, K. and A. Koenig. 2001. Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971–1997. Ambio 30(7): 429–438.
109. Weisz, H. and J. K. Steinberger. 2010. Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3): 185–192.
110. Wolman, A. 1965. The metabolism of cities. Scientific American 213(3): 179–190.
111. Wu, Y., X. Wang, and F. Lu. 2012. The carbon footprint of food consumption in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica 32(5): 1570–1577.
112. WWF (World Wildlife Fund for Nature). 2005. Reducing Cardiff's ecological footprint. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
113. WWF (World Wildlife Fund for Nature). 2012. The ecological footprint of Sao Paulo—State and capital. http://bit.ly/1iibCEi. Accessed 27 February 2014.
114. WWF (World Wildlife Fund for Nature). 2013. Hong Kong ecological footprint report. http://bit.ly/QJgmfv. Accessed 27 February 2014.
115. Zhang, P. Y., C. H. Hu, M. Z. Qin, J. H. Yan, and Y. P. Zhao. 2012. The study on surveys and evaluation of living consumption level of urban residents based on the ecological footprint. Advanced Materials Research 616–618: 1249–1253.
116. Zhang, Y. 2013. Urban metabolism: A review of research methodologies. Environmental Pollution 178: 463–473.