Metabolism of neighborhoods

Journal of Urban Planning and Development

Volumn 134, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 21-31

  Codoban, Natalia ^a   Kennedy, Christopher A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Community development; Sustainable development; Urban development

Indexed keywords

ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY UTILIZATION; SOCIAL ASPECTS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORTATION;

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN METABOLISM;

URBAN PLANNING;

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; ENERGY USE; FOOD CONSUMPTION; NEIGHBORHOOD; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN PLANNING; WATER USE;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO [CANADA]; TORONTO;

EID: 39549089929     PISSN: 07339488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2008)134:1(21)     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. References ASPI Publications. (1990). "Appalachia - Science in the public interest. Making science & technology responsive to the need of underserved communities in Appalachia." 〈http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp2.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
2. Baccini, P. (1997). "A city's metabolism: Towards the sustainable development of urban systems." J. Urban Technology, 4(2), 27-39.
3. Baccini, P., and Brunner, P. H. (1991). Metabolism of the anthroposphere, Springer, Berlin.
4. Baer, D. J., Rumpler, W. V., Miles, C. W., and Fahey, Jr., G. C. (1996). "Dietary fibre decreases the metabolizable energy content and nutrient digestibility of mixed diets fed to humans." J. Nutr. JONUAI0022-3166, 127(4), 579-786.
5. Berg, P. G., and Nycander, G. (1997). "Sustainable neighbourhoods-A qualitative model for resource management in communities." Landsc. Urban Plann. LUPLEZ0169-2046, 39(2), 117-135.
6. Billings, T. (1998). "What a raw-fooder should know about nuts." Nut processing: Notes, Vol. 3, 〈http://www.living-foods.com/articles/nuts.html〉 (May 01, 2006).
7. Brunner, P. H., and Rechberger, H. (2003). Practical handbook of material flow analysis, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
8. Burnbrae Farms database. (2006). "Josephine's egg facts." 〈http://www.burnbraefarms.com/j_facts.html〉 (May 01, 2006).
9. Churchill, C. J., and Baetz, B. W. (1999). "Development of decision support system for sustainable community design." J. Urban Plann. Dev. JUPDDM0733-948810.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(1999)125:1(17), 125(1), 17-35.
10. City of Toronto. (1999). "City status bulletin." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/torontoplan/citystatus_5.htm〉 (Dec. 22, 2005).
11. City of Toronto. (2001a). "Beyond landfill: A diverting future. Report of the City of Toronto Solid Waste Resources Diversion Task Force. Task Force 2010." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/taskforce2010/ 2010_report.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
12. City of Toronto. (2001b). "Taking care of our own waste: A made in Toronto solution. Task force 2010." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/ taskforce2010/2010.pdf〉 (May 1, 2006).
13. City of Toronto. (2004a). "Green bin organics program fast facts." 〈http://wx.toronto.ca/inter/it/newsrel.nsf/〉 (May 1, 2006).
14. City of Toronto. (2004b). "Immigration, ethnicity & language and households & income. Demographic information for the City of Toronto." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/ profiles_map_and_index.htm〉 (May 01, 2006).
15. City of Toronto. (2005a). "Apartments are going green." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/garbage/multi/aptsgreen.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
16. City of Toronto. (2005b). "Flush with savings: Residential toilet replacement program." 〈http://www.toronto.ca./watereff/flush/ index.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
17. City of Toronto. (2005c). "Saving money and water around your house. Indoor water use." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/watereff/ home.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
18. City of Toronto. (2005d). "Wastewater treatment plants." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/water/wastewater_treatment/ treatment_plants/index.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
19. City of Toronto, Works and Emergency Services. (2002). "Toronto's water efficiency plan." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/watereff/ plan.htm〉 (May 01, 2006).
20. City of Toronto, Works and Emergency Services. (2004). "Water watch, 13 (2),: 1-4." 〈http://www.toronto.ca/water/water_watch/ ww_fall_04.pdf〉 (May 1, 2006).
21. CREEDAC. (2000). EnerGuide for housing database, electronic format.
22. Cuddihy, J., Kennedy, C. A., and Byer, P. H. (2005). "Energy use in Canada: Environmental impact and opportunities in relationship to infrastructure system." Can. J. Civ. Eng. CJCEB80315-146810.1139/ l04-100, 32(1), 1-15.
23. Dong, B., Kennedy, C. A., and Pressnail, K. D. (2002). "To retrofit or rebuild, that is the question: Using life-cycle energy performance for comparing construction options." Proc., Annual Conf. of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montréal.
24. Dong, B., Kennedy, C. A., and Pressnail, K. D. (2005). "Comparing life cycle implications of building retrofit and replacement options." Can. J. Civ. Eng. CJCEB80315-1468, 32(6), 1051-1063.
25. Duvigneaud, P., and Denaeyer-DeSmet, S. (1975). "Mineral cycling in terrestrial ecosystems." Proc., Productivity of World Ecosystems, D. E. Reichle, J. F. Franklin, and D. W. Goodall, eds., National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 133-154.
26. Easy-to-use Toronto region map guide. (2005). MapArt Publishing Corporation, Toronto.
27. Engel-Yan, J. B. (2005). "The integration of natural infrastructure into urban design: Evaluating the contribution of the urban forest to neighbourhood sustainability." Master of Applied Science thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
28. Engel-Yan, J. B., Kennedy, C. A., Saiz, S., and Pressnail, K. D. (2005). "Towards sustainable neighbourhoods: The need to consider infrastructure interactions." Can. J. Civ. Eng. CJCEB80315-1468, 32(1), 45-57.
29. Environment Canada. (2001). "The management of water: Did you know?" 〈http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/use/ e_facts.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
30. Fletcher Marsden, C., Smolders, J., and Tomich, S. (2000). Practices for sustainable communities, CMHC, Ottawa.
31. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2003). "Food energy - Methods of analysis and conversion factors." FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77, FAO, Rome.
32. Gasson, B. (2002). "The ecological footprint of Cape Town: Unsustainable resource use and planning implications." Proc., SAPI Int. Conf.: Planning Africa, Durban, South Africa.
33. Hanya, T., and Ambe, Y. (1976). "A study on the metabolism of cities." Science for a better environment, HSEC, Science Council of Japan, 228-233.
34. Health Canada. (2004). "Water - Facts and tips." Water quality and health 〈http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/water/ facts_tips.htm〉 (Dec. 22, 2005).
35. Hendriks, C., Obernosterer, R., Muller, D., Kytzia, S., Baccini, P., and Brunner, P. H. (2000). "Material flow analysis: A tool to support environmental policy decision making. Case studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands." Local Environment, 5(3), 311-338.
36. Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1997). Traditional neighborhood design: Street design guidelines, Washington, D.C.
37. Kennedy, C. A. (2002). "A comparison of the sustainability of public and private transportation systems: Study of the greater Toronto area." Transportation ZZZZZZ0163-1527, 29(4), 459-493.
38. Kennedy, C. A., Cuddihy, J., and Engel-Yan, J. B. (2007). "The changing metabolism of cities." J. Ind. Ecol. JINEFZ1088-1980, 11(2), 43-59.
39. Kennedy, C. A., Miller, E., Shalaby, A., MacLean, H. L., and Coleman, J. (2005). "The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation." Transport Rev. ZZZZZZ0033-8974, 25(4), 393-414.
40. MacLean, H. L., and Lave, L. B. (1998). "A life-cycle model of an automobile." Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG0013-936X, 32(7), 322-329.
41. Maple Tree Publishing. (1999). Toronto neighbourhoods, 〈http://www.torontoneighbourhoods.net/search/search.html〉 (May 1, 2006).
42. Ministry of Environment. (2004). "Ontario's 60% waste diversion goal-A discussion paper." 〈www.ene.gov.on.ca/programs/ 4651e.pdf〉 (Dec. 22, 2005).
43. Morris, M. (1997). Creating transit supportive land-use regulations, American Planning Association, Chicago.
44. National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE). (2003). State of the debate. Environmental quality in Canadian cities: The federal role, Renouf, Ottawa.
45. Newcombe, K., Kalina, J. D., and Aston, A. R. (1978). "The metabolism of a city: The case of Hong Kong." Ambio, 7(3), 3-15.
46. Newman, P. W. G. (1999). "Sustainability and cities: Extending the metabolism model." Landsc. Urban Plann. LUPLEZ0169-2046, 44, 219-226.
47. Norman, J., MacLean, H. L., and Kennedy, C. A. (2006). "Comparing high and low residential density: Life-cycle analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emission." J. Urban Plann. Dev. JUPDDM0733-948810.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10), 132(1), 10-21.
48. NYC WasteLe$$. (2006). "New York City waste prevention and recycling resource." 〈http://www.nyc.gov/html/ nycwasteless/html/home/home.shtml〉 (May 1, 2006).
49. Oke, T. R. (1987). Boundary layer climates, 2nd Ed., Methuen.
50. Oswald, F., and Baccini, P. (2003). Netzstadt: Designing the urban, Basel, Birkhäuser, Boston.
51. Sahely, H. R., Dudding, S., and Kennedy, C. A. (2003). "Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto Area case study." Can. J. Civ. Eng. CJCEB80315-146810.1139/l02-105, 30(2), 468-483.
52. Schwartz, R. P. (2003). "Soft drinks taste good, but the calories count." J. Pediatr. (St. Louis) JOPDAB0022-3476, 142(6), 599-611.
53. Shizas, I., and Bagley, D. M. (2004). "Experimental determination of energy content of unknown organics in municipal wastewater streams." J. Energy Eng. JLEED90733-940210.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9402(2004)130:2(45), 130(2), 45-53.
54. SImetric. (2006). "Mass, weight, density or specific gravity of liquids." 〈http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_liquids.htm〉 (May 1, 2006).
55. Statistics Canada. (1999). "Private households by size, showing structural types of dwelling, for Canada, provinces and territories, 1996 Census." Ottawa.
56. Statistics Canada. (2004). "Food statistics." Catalogue No. 21-020-XIE, Vol., 4, No. 1, Agriculture Division, Ottawa.
57. Statistics Canada. (2005). "Population (2001 Census and administrative data), by sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions and peer groups, 1996-2002." Catalogue No. 82-221-XIE, Ottawa.
58. Taha, H. (1997). "Urban climates and heat islands: Albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat." Energy Build. ENEBDR0378-7788, 25(2), 161-168.
59. Tchobanoglous, G., and Schroeder, E. D. (1985). Water quality: Characteristics, modelling, modification, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
60. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., and Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated solid waste management: Engineering principles and management issues, McGraw-Hill, New York.
61. Toronto Transit Commission. (2003). Greater Toronto ride guide Toronto, Yellow Pages, Toronto.
62. Torrie Smith and Associates Inc., and the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. (1997). Realizing Toronto's target for greenhouse has emission reductions-Current trends and outlook, Ottawa.
63. Transit Toronto. (2005). "Currently operating streetcar routes." 〈http://transit.toronto.on.ca/streetcar/ 4100.shtml〉 (May 1, 2006).
64. United Nations. (2003). "World urbanization prospects: The 2003 revision. Economic and social affairs." 〈http://www.un.org/esa/ population/publications/wup2003/WUP2003Report.pdf〉 (May 1, 2006).
65. United States Department of Agriculture. (2006). "Nutrient composition of selected crops." Plant nutrient content database, 〈http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ECS/nutrient/tbb2.html〉 (May 1, 2006).
66. University of Toronto. (2003). "The transportation tomorrow survey: 2001, 1996, and 1986 travel survey summaries for Toronto Core, East Central Toronto, North Toronto, and Town of Markham." Joint program in transportation, Data Management Group, Toronto, 〈http://www.jpint.utoronto.ca/gta01/gta_sum.html〉 (May 1, 2006).
67. Warren-Rhodes, K., and Koenig, A. (2001). "Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997." Ambio, 30(7), 429-438.
68. Warwick, P. M. (2005). "Commentary. Expression of energy: Commentary on the case for net metabolizable energy." J. Food Composition and Analysis, 18(2-3), 241-247.
69. Warwick, P. M., and Baines, J. (2000). "Point of view: Energy factors for food labelling and other purposes should be derived in a consistent fashion for all food components." Br. J. Nutr. BJNUAV0007-1145, 84(6), 897-902.
70. Wines, R. A. (1985). Fertilizer in America: From waste recycling to resource exploitation, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
71. Wolman, A. (1965). "The metabolism of cities." Sci. Am. SCAMAC0036-8733, 213(3), 179-190.
72. Wright, R. M. (2000). The evolving physical condition of the Greater Toronto area: Space, form and change, Neptis Foundation, Toronto.