Membrane processes for removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from water and wastewaters

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 547, Issue , 2016, Pages 60-77

  Taheran, Mehrdad ^a   Brar, Satinder K ^a   Verma, M ^b   Surampalli, R Y ^c   Zhang, T C ^c   Valero, J R ^a  

^a CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^b CO Solutions Inc ^*  (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

Membrane bioreactor; Membrane separation; Nanofiltration; Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs); Reverse osmosis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS; BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT; BIOREACTORS; CARBON; CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; HYDROPHOBICITY; MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY; MEMBRANES; NANOFILTRATION; NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES; POTABLE WATER; REVERSE OSMOSIS; SEPARATION; SURFACE TREATMENT; WATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS; MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR; MEMBRANE SEPARATION; MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESS; PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS; WATER AND WASTEWATER;

OSMOSIS MEMBRANES;

ATENOLOL; BEZAFIBRATE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHEMICAL COMPOUND; CLOFIBRIC ACID; DIAZEPAM; DICLOFENAC; DRINKING WATER; FENOPROFEN; FLUOXETINE; GEMFIBROZIL; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; KETOPROFEN; LORATADINE; MEFENAMIC ACID; METRONIDAZOLE; NAPROXEN; OFLOXACIN; PARACETAMOL; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PRIMIDONE; PROPRANOLOL; PROPYPHENAZONE; RANITIDINE; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TRICLOSAN; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNINDEXED DRUG; DRUG; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

DRINKING WATER; FILTRATION; MEMBRANE; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; REVERSE OSMOSIS; WASTEWATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

BIOFOULING; FORWARD OSMOSIS; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; MEMBRANE REACTOR; MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY; NANOFILTRATION; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; OSMOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE OSMOSIS; REVIEW; WASTE COMPONENT REMOVAL; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; FILTRATION; PROCEDURES; SEWAGE; WASTE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER POLLUTANT;

FILTRATION; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84953791861     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.139     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Agenson K.O., Oh J.I., Urase T. Retention of a wide variety of organic pollutants by different nanofiltration/reverse osmosis membranes: controlling parameters of process. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 225:91-103.
2. Al-Rifai J.H., Khabbaz H., Schafer A.I. Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in a water recycling process using reverse osmosis systems. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 77:60-67.
3. Alturki A.A., Tadkaew N., McDonald J.A., Khan S.J., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 365:206-215.
4. Anon. Pharmaceuticals in Drinking-Water 2011, World Health Organization.
5. Aouni A., Fersi C., Uribe B.C., Pía A.B., Miranda M.I.A., Dhahbi M. Reactive dyes rejection and textile effluent treatment study using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration processes. Desalination 2012, 297:87-96.
6. Arnal J.M., Fayos B.G., Sancho M. Membrane cleaning. Expanding Issues in Desalination 2011, 63-84. InTech. N. PRY (Ed.).
7. Auriol M., Meknassi Y.F., Tyagi R.D., Adams C.D., Surampalli R.Y. Endocrine disrupting compounds removal from wastewater, a new challenge. Process Biochem. 2006, 41:525-539.
8. Auriol M., Meknassi Y.F., Tyagi R.D., Adams C.D. Laccase-catalyzed conversion of natural and synthetic hormones from a municipal wastewater. Water Res. 2007, 41:3281-3288.
9. Auriol M., Meknassi Y.F., Adams C.D., Tyagi R.D., Noguerol T.N., Pina B. Removal of estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic hormones from a municipal wastewater: efficiency of horseradish peroxidase and laccase from Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 2008, 70.
10. Bell K.Y., Bandy J., Beck S., Keen O., Kolankowsky N., Parker A.M., Linden K. Emerging pollutants - part II: treatment. Water Environ. Res. 2012, 84:1909-1940.
11. Bernhard M., Müller J., Knepper T.P. Biodegradation of persistent polar pollutants in wastewater: comparison of an optimised lab-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge treatment. Water Res. 2006, 40:3419-3428.
12. Bolong N., Ismail A.F., Salim M.R., Matsuura T. A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 2009, 239:229-246.
13. Bosc F., Ayral A., Guizard C. Mesoporous anatase coatings for coupling membrane separation and photocatalyzed reactions. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 265:13-19.
14. Braeken L., Ramaekers R., Zhang Y., Maes G., Bruggen B.V.D., Vandecasteele C. Influence of hydrophobicity on retention in nanofiltration of aqueous solutions containing organic compounds. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 252:195-203.
15. Bruggen B.V., Vandecasteele C. Removal of pollutants from surface water and groundwater by nanofiltration: overview of possible applications in the drinking water industry. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 122:435-445.
16. Chang S., Waite T.D., Schsfer A.I., Fane A.G. Adsorption of trace steroid estrogens to hollow fibre membranes. Desalination 2002, 146:381-386.
17. Chang C.Y., Chang J.S., Vigneswaran S., Kandasamy J. Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor process - a case study in southern Taiwan. Desalination 2008, 234:393-401.
18. Chang H.S., Choo K.H., Lee B., Choi S.J. The methods of identification, analysis, and removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 172:1-12.
19. Chellam S.J., Taylor S. Simplified analysis of contaminant rejection during ground- and surface water nanofiltration under the information collection rule. Water Res. 2001, 35:2460-2474.
20. Cirja M., Ivashechkin P., Schaffer A., Corvini P.F.X. Factors affecting the removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater in conventional treatment plants (CTP) and membrane bioreactors (MBR). Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2008, 7:61-78.
21. Clara M., Strenn B., Gans O., Martinez E., Kreuzinger N., Kroiss H. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 2005, 39:4797-4807.
22. Comerton A.M., Andrews R.C., Bagley D.M., Yang P. Membrane adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceutically active compounds. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 303:267-277.
23. Comerton A.M., Andrews R.C., Bagley D.M., Hao C. The rejection of endocrine disrupting and pharmaceutically active compounds by NF and RO membranes as a function of compound and water matrix properties. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 313:323-335.
24. Comerton A.M., Andrews R.C., Bagley D.M. The influence of natural organic matter and cations on the rejection of endocrine disrupting and pharmaceutically active compounds by nanofiltration. Water Res. 2009, 43:613-622.
25. Daigger G.T., Rittmann B.E., Adham S., Andreottola G. Are membrane bioreactors ready for widespread application?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:399-406.
26. Dolar D., Vukovi A., Asperger D., Kosuti K. Effect of water matrices on removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. J. Environ. Sci. 2011, 23:1299-1307.
27. Edwards W., Leukes W.D., Bezuidenhout J.J. Ultrafiltration of petrochemical industrial wastewater using immobilised manganese peroxidase and lactase: application in the defouling of polysulphone membranes. Desalination 2002, 149:275-278.
28. Eibes G., Debernardi G., Feijoo G., Moreira M.T., Lema J.M. Oxidation of pharmaceutically active compounds by a ligninolytic fungal peroxidase. Biodegradation 2011, 22:539-550.
29. Elazhar F., Touir J., Elazhar M., Belhamidi S., El Harrak N., Zdeg A., et al. Techno-economic comparison of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration in desalination of a Moroccan brackish groundwater. Desalin. Water Treat. 2015, 55:2471-2477.
30. Esplugas S., Bila D.M., Krause L.G.T., Dezotti M. Ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 149:631-642.
31. Gao B., Wang P., Zhou H., Zhang Z., Wu F., Jin J., et al. Sorption of phthalic acid esters in two kinds of landfill leachates by the carbonaceous sorbents. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 136:295-301.
32. Geaniyu S.O., Hullebusch E.D.V., Cretin M., Esposito G., Oturan M.A. Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: a critical review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 156(Part 3):891-914.
33. Georgieva S., Godjevargova T., Mita D.G., Diano N., Menale C., Nicolucci C., et al. Non-isothermal bioremediation of waters polluted by phenol and some of its derivatives by laccase covalently immobilized on polypropylene membranes. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 2010, 66:210-218.
34. Göbel A., McArdell C.S., Joss A., Siegrist H., Giger W. Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 372:361-371.
35. Hai F.I., Tessmer K., Nguyen L.N., Kang J., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Removal of micropollutants by membrane bioreactor under temperature variation. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 383:144-151.
36. Hata T., Shintate H., Kawai S., Okamura H., Nishida T. Elimination of carbamazepine by repeated treatment with laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 181:1175-1178.
37. Heberer T. Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 5-17:5-17.
38. Heberer T., Feldmann D., Reddersen K., Altmann H.J., Zimmermann T. Production of drinking water from highly contaminated surface waters: removal of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants applying mobile membrane filtration units. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 2002, 30:24-33.
39. Hemmati A., Dolatabad M.M., Naeimpoor F., Pak A., Mohammdi T. Effect of hydraulic retention time and temperature on submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) performance. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2012, 29:369-376.
40. Hernández F., Ibáñez M., Bade R., Bijlsma L., Sancho J.V. Investigation of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in waters by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2014, 63:140-157.
41. Holloway R.W., Regnery J., Nghiem L.D., Cath T.Y. Removal of trace organic chemicals and performance of a novel hybrid ultrafiltration-osmotic membrane bioreactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48:10859-10868.
42. 2 functionalized PES membrane and potential application for BPA removal. Proced. Eng. 2012, 44:1864-1866.
43. Hu J.Y., Jin X., Ong S.L. Rejection of estrone by nanofiltration: influence of solution chemistry. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 302:188-196.
44. Huang X.J., Yu A.G., Xu Z.K. Covalent immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa onto poly(acrylonitrile-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) electrospun fibrous membranes for potential bioreactor application. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:5459-5465.
45. Im J., Boateng L., Flora J., Her N., Zoh K., Son A., et al. Enhanced ultrasonic degradation of acetaminophen and naproxen in the presence of powdered activated carbon and biochar adsorbents. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014, 123:96-105.
46. 2 nanotube, Fenton, and CCl4 reactions for enhanced oxidation, and their applications to acetaminophen and naproxen degradation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 141:1-9.
47. Jayasiri H.B., Purushothaman C.S., Vennila A. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs): a threat for aquatic environment. J. Mar. Sci. Res. Dev. 2013, 4:1-2.
48. Jelic A., Morato C.C., Urrea E.M., Sarra M., Perez S., Vicent T., et al. Degradation of carbamazepine by Trametes versicolor in an air pulsed fluidized bed bioreactor and identification of intermediates. Water Res. 2012, 46:955-964.
49. Jin X., Shan J., Wang C., Wei J., Tang C.Y. Rejection of pharmaceuticals by forward osmosis membranes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 227:55-61.
50. Jin J., Sun K., Wu F., Gao B., Wang Z., Kang M., et al. Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and dibutyl phthalate by plant- and manure-derived biochars. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 473-474:308-316.
51. Jolivalt C., Brenon S., Caminade E., Mougin C., Pontie M. Immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor on a modified PVDF microfiltration membrane: characterization of the grafted support and application in removing a phenylurea pesticide in wastewater. J. Membr. Sci. 2000, 180:103-113.
52. Jung C., Park J., Lim K.H., Park S., Heo J., Her N., et al. Adsorption of selected endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals on activated biochars. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 263:702-710.
53. Kim J.H., Kim S., Lee C.H., Kwon H.H., Lee S. A novel nanofiltration hybrid system to control organic micro-pollutants: application of dual functional adsorbent/catalyst. Desalination 2008, 231:276-282.
54. Kim J.H., Park P.K., Lee C.H., Kwon H.H. Surface modification of nanofiltration membranes to improve the removal of organic micro-pollutants (EDCs and PhACs) in drinking water treatment: graft polymerization and cross-linking followed by functional group substitution. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 321:190-198.
55. Kim J.H., Park P.K., Lee C.H., Kwon H.H., Lee S. A novel hybrid system for the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: nanofiltration and homogeneous catalytic oxidation. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 312:66-75.
56. 2: effect of physicochemical properties of toxic chemicals. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48:1586-1592.
57. Kimura K., Amy G., Drewes J., Watanab Y. Adsorption of hydrophobic compounds onto NF/RO membranes: an artifact leading to overestimation of rejection. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 221:89-101.
58. Kimura K., Amy G., Drewes J.E., Heberer T., Kim T.U., Watanabe Y. Rejection of organic micropollutants (disinfection by-products, endocrine disrupting compounds, and pharmaceutically active compounds) by NF/RO membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 227:113-121.
59. Kimura K., Toshimaa S., Amy G., Watanabe Y. Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 245:71-78.
60. Kimura K., Hara H., Watanabe Y. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds by submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Desalination 2005, 178:135-140.
61. Kimura K., Hara H., Watanabe Y. Elimination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by an activated sludge system and membrane bioreactors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:3708-3714.
62. Lante A., Crapisi A., Krastanov A., Spettoli P. Biodegradation of phenols by laccase immobilised in a membrane reactor. Process Biochem. 2000, 36:51-58.
63. Lee J., Lee B.C., Ra J.S., Cho J., Kim I.S., Chang N.I., et al. Comparison of the removal efficiency of endocrine disrupting compounds in pilot scale sewage treatment processes. Chemosphere 2008, 71:1582-1592.
64. Lee S., Kang S.I., Lim J.L., Huh Y.J., Kim K.S., Cho J. Evaluating controllability of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in biologically engineered processes, using corresponding octanol-water distribution coefficient. Ecol. Eng. 2011, 37:1595-1600.
65. Li Z.H., Randak T. Residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environment - status, toxicity and kinetics: a review. Vet. Med. 2009, 52:295-314.
66. Li X., Hai F., Nghiem L.D. Simultaneous activated carbon adsorption within a membrane bioreactor for an enhanced micropollutant removal. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:5319-5324.
67. Li C., Cabassud C., Guigui C. Evaluation of membrane bioreactor on removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants: a review. Desalin. Water Treat. 2015, 55:845-858.
68. Linares R.V., Quintanilla V.Y., Li Z., Amy G. Rejection of micropollutants by clean and fouled forward osmosis membrane. Water Res. 2011, 45:6737-6744.
69. Liu Z.H., Kanjo Y., Mizutani S. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment - physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:731-748.
70. Liu P., Zhang H., Feng Y., Yang F., Zhang J. Removal of trace antibiotics from wastewater: a systematic study of nanofiltration combined with ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 240:211-220.
71. Lloret L., Eibes G., Chau T.A.L., Moreira M.T., Feijoo G., Lema J.M. Laccase-catalyzed degradation of anti-inflammatories and estrogens. Biochem. Eng. J. 2010, 51:124-131.
72. Lopez C., Mielgo I., Moreira M.T., Feijoo G., Lema J.M. Enzymatic membrane reactors for biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds. Application to dye decolourisation. J. Biotechnol. 2002, 99:249-257.
73. Madhavan J., Grieser F., Ashokkumar M. Combined advanced oxidation processes for the synergistic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous environments. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 178:202-208.
74. Maeng S.K., Choi B.G., Lee K.T., Song K.G. Influences of solid retention time, nitrification and microbial activity on the attenuation of pharmaceuticals and estrogens in membrane bioreactors. Water Res. 2013, 47:3151-3162.
75. Martinez F., Munoz M.J.L., Aguado J., Meler J.A., Arsuaga J., Sotto A., et al. Coupling membrane separation and photocatalytic oxidation processes for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants. Water Res. 2013, 47:5647-5658.
76. Mascolo G., Laera G., Pollice A., Cassano D., Pinto A., Salerno C., et al. Effective organics degradation from pharmaceutical wastewater by an integrated process including membrane bioreactor and ozonation. Chemosphere 2010, 78:1100-1109.
77. McGinnis R.L., Elimelech M. Energy requirements of ammonia-carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination. Desalination 2007, 207:370-382.
78. Mehta D., Gupta L., Dhingra R. Forward osmosis in India: status and comparison with other desalination technologies. Int. Sch. Res. Notices 2014, 2014:9.
79. Moeder M., Martin C., Koeller G. Degradation of hydroxylated compounds using laccase and horseradish peroxidase immobilized on microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 245:183-190.
80. Mogre A., Sengupta T., Veetil R.T., Ravi P., Seshasayee A.S.N. Genomic analysis reveals distinct concentration-dependent evolutionary trajectories for antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. DNA Res. 2014, 21:711-726.
81. Molinari R., Caruso A., Argurio P., Poerio T. Diclofenac transport through stagnant sandwich and supported liquid membrane systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45:9115-9121.
82. Moons K., Bruggen B.V. Removal of micropollutants during drinking water production from surface water with nanofiltration. Desalination 2006, 199:245-247.
83. Murugesan K., Chang Y.Y., Kim Y.M., Jeon J.R., Kim E.J., Chang Y.S. Enhanced transformation of triclosan by laccase in the presence of redox mediators. Water Res. 2010, 44:298-308.
84. Nam S.W., Choi D.J., Kim S.K., Her N., Zoh K.D. Adsorption characteristics of selected hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropollutants in water using activated carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 270:144-152.
85. Neale P.A., Mastrup M., Borgmann T., Schafer A.I. Sorption of micropollutant estrone to a water treatment ion exchange resin. J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12:311-317.
86. Nghiem L.D., Coleman P.J. NF/RO filtration of the hydrophobic ionogenic compound triclosan: transport mechanisms and the influence of membrane fouling. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 62:709-716.
87. Nghiem L.D., Hawkes S. Effects of membrane fouling on the nanofiltration of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs): mechanisms and role of membrane pore size. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2007, 57:176-184.
88. Nghiem L.D., Schafer A.I., Elimelech M. Pharmaceutical retention mechanisms by nanofiltration membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:7698-7705.
89. Nghiem L.D., Schafer A.I., Elimelech M. Role of electrostatic interactions in the retention of pharmaceutically active contaminants by a loose nanofiltration membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 286:52-59.
90. Nghiem L.D., Coleman P.J., Espendiller C. Mechanisms underlying the effects of membrane fouling on the nanofiltration of trace organic contaminants. Desalination 2010, 250:682-687.
91. Nguyen L.N., Hai F.I., Kang J., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Removal of trace organic contaminants by a membrane bioreactor-granular activated carbon (MBR-GAC) system. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 113:169-173.
92. Nguyen L.N., Hai F.I., Kang J., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Removal of emerging trace organic contaminants by MBR-based hybrid treatment processes. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2013, 85:474-482.
93. Nguyen L.N., Hai F.I., Yang S., Kang J., Leusch F.D.L., Roddick F., et al. Removal of trace organic contaminants by an MBR comprising a mixed culture of bacteria and white-rot fungi. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 148:234-241.
94. Owens E., Patel M. RO cleaning frequency: a balance of costs. Membrane Technology. Water and Wastes Digest 2010, 8-11.
95. Park G., Lee J.H., Kim I.S., Cho J. Pharmaceutical rejection by membranes for wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50:239-244.
96. Petrovic M., Gonzalez S., Barcelo D. Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. Trends Anal. Chem. 2003, 22:685-696.
97. Petrovic M., Alda M.J.L.D., Cruz S.D., Postigo C., Radjenovic J., Gros M., et al. Fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in conventional and membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plants and by riverbank filtration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2009, 367:3979-4003.
98. Pronk W., Palmquist H., Biebow M., Boller M. Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine. Water Res. 2006, 40:1405-1412.
99. Quintana J.B., Weiss S., Reemtsm T. Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor. Water Res. 2005, 39:2654-2664.
100. Quintanilla V.Y., Sadmani A., McConville M., Kennedy M., Amy G. Rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting compounds by clean and fouled nanofiltration membranes. Water Res. 2009, 43:2349-2362.
101. Quintanilla V.Y., Sadmani A., McConville M., Kennedy M., Amy G. A QSAR model for predicting rejection of emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors) by nanofiltration membranes. Water Res. 2010, 44:373-384.
102. Radjenovic J., Petrovic M., Barcelo D. Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387:1365-1377.
103. Radjenovic J., Petrovic M., Ventura F., Barcelo D. Rejection of pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane drinking water treatment. Water Res. 2008, 42:3601-3610.
104. Radjenovic J., Petrovic M., Barcelo D. Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. Water Res. 2009, 43:831-841.
105. Rebhun M., Meir S., Laor Y. Using dissolved humic acid to remove hydrophobic contaminants from water by complexation-flocculation process. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:981-986.
106. Reif R., Suárez S., Omil F., Lema J.M. Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage. Desalination 2008, 221:511-517.
107. Reznik S.G., Menashe I.K., Grossman L.H., Rufel O., Dosoretz C.G. Influence of seasonal and operating conditions on the rejection of pharmaceutical active compounds by RO and NF membranes. Desalination 2011, 277:250-256.
108. Rosińska A., Dabrowska L. Concentrations of PCBs and heavy metals in water of the dam reservoir and use of pre-hydrolyzed coagulants to micropollutants removal from surface water. Desalin. Water Treat. 2013, 51:1657-1663.
109. Rozen N.G., Chefetz B., Ari J.B., Geva J., Hadar Y. Transformation of the recalcitrant pharmaceutical compound carbamazepine by Pleurotus ostreatus: role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and manganese peroxidase. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:6800-6805.
110. Sakai S., Liu Y., Yamaguchi T., Watanabe R., Kawabe M., Kawakami K. Immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase onto electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers through physical adsorption and application to transesterification in nonaqueous solvent. Biotechnol. Lett. 2010, 32:1059-1062.
111. Shariati F.P., Mehrni M.R., Salmasi B.M., Heran M., Wisniewski C., Sarrafzadeh M.H. Membrane bioreactor for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing acetaminophen. Desalination 2010, 250:798-800.
112. Simon A., Nghiem L.D., Clech P.L., Khan S.J., Drewes J.E. Effects of membrane degradation on the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by NF/RO filtration processes. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 340:16-25.
113. Simon A., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Effects of chemical cleaning on the nanofiltration of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 88:208-215.
114. Sipma J., Osuna B., Collado N., Monclús H., Ferrero G., Comas J., et al. Comparison of removal of pharmaceuticals in MBR and activated sludge systems. Desalination 2010, 250:653-659.
115. Snyder S.A., Adham S., Redding A.M., Cannon F.S., Carolisb J.D., Oppenheimer J., et al. Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. Desalination 2007, 202:156-181.
116. Soltanieh M., Sahebdelfar S. Interaction effects in multicomponent separation by reverse osmosis. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 183:15-27.
117. Spina F., Cordero C., Sgorbini B., Schiliro T., Gilli G., Bicchi C., et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in municipal wastewaters: effective degradation and detoxification by fungal laccases. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2013, 32:391-397.
118. Suarez S., Carballa M., Omil F., Lema J.M. How are pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) removed from urban wastewaters. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2008, 7:125-138.
119. Sun K., Ro K., Guo M., Novak J., Mashayekhi H., Xing B. Sorption of bisphenol A, 17a-ethinyl estradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:5757-5763.
120. Tadkaew N., Sivakumar M., Khan S.J., McDonald J.A., Nghiem L.D. Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:1494-1500.
121. Tambosi J.L., Sena R.F., Favier M., Gebhardt W., Jose H.J., Schröder H.F., et al. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in membrane bioreactors (MBR) applying submerged membranes. Desalination 2010, 261:148-156.
122. Tran N.H., Urase T., Kusakabe O. Biodegradation characteristics of pharmaceutical substances by whole fungal culture Trametes versicolor and its laccase. J. Water Environ. Technol. 2010, 8:125-140.
123. Tu K.L., Nghiem L.D., Chivas A.R. Coupling effects of feed solution pH and ionic strength on the rejection of boron by NF/RO membranes. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 168:700-706.
124. Urase T. Removal of carbamazepine in an enhanced membrane bioreactor with small dose addition of powdered activated carbon. Advances in Chemical Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment 2008, 199-205. R.C. X Wang (Ed.).
125. Urase T., Sato K. The effect of deterioration of nanofiltration membrane on retention of pharmaceuticals. Desalination 2007, 202:385-391.
126. Urase T., Kagawa C., Kikuta T. Factors affecting removal of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in membrane separation bioreactors. Desalination 2005, 178:107-113.
127. Urrea E.M., Trujillo M.P., Vicent T., Caminal G. Ability of white-rot fungi to remove selected pharmaceuticals and identification of degradation products of ibuprofen by Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 2009, 74:765-772.
128. Urrea E.M., Radjenovic J., Caminal G., Petrovic M., Vicent T., Barcelo D. Oxidation of atenolol, propranolol, carbamazepine and clofibric acid by a biological Fenton-like system mediated by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Water Res. 2010, 44:521-532.
129. Verliefde A.R.D., Cornelissen E., Amy G., Bruggen B.V.D., Dijk H.V. Priority organic micropollutants in water sources in Flanders and the Netherlands and assessment of removal possibilities with nanofiltration. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 146:281-289.
130. Verliefde A.R.D., Heijman S.G.J., Cornelissen E.R., Amy G., Bruggen B.V.D., JCV D. Influence of electrostatic interactions on the rejection with NF and assessment of the removal efficiency during NF/GAC treatment of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface water. Water Res. 2007, 41:3227-3240.
131. Verliefde A.R.D., Cornelissen E.R., Heijman S.G.J., Petrinic I., Luxbacher T., Amy G.L., et al. Influence of membrane fouling by (pretreated) surface water on rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 330:90-103.
132. Verrecht B., Maere T., Nopens I., Brepols C., Judd S. The cost of a large-scale hollow fibre MBR. Water Res. 2010, 44:5274-5283.
133. Vrijenhoek E.M., Hong S., Elimelech M. Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 188:115-128.
134. Wan L., Ke B., Xu Z. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes filled with carbon nanotubes for redox enzyme immobilization. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2008, 42:332-339.
135. Wang Y., Hsieh Y.L. Immobilization of lipase enzyme in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 309:73-81.
136. Wei X., Wang Z., Fan F., Wang J., Wang S. Advanced treatment of a complex pharmaceutical wastewater by nanofiltration: membrane foulant identification and cleaning. Desalination 2010, 251:167-175.
137. Wever H.D., Weiss S., Reemtsma T., Vereecken J., Muller J., Knepper T., et al. Comparison of sulfonated and other micropollutants removal in membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2007, 41:935-945.
138. Wijekoon K.C., Hai F.I., Kang J., Price W.E., Guo W., Ngo H.H., et al. The fate of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, UV-filters and pesticides during MBR treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 144:247-254.
139. Wu L., Yuan X., Sheng J. Immobilization of cellulase in nanofibrous PVA membranes by electrospinning. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 250:167-173.
140. Xie M., Nghiem L.D., Price W.E., Elimelech M. Comparison of the removal of hydrophobic trace organic contaminants by forward osmosis and reverse osmosis. Water Res. 2012, 46:2683-2692.
141. Xie M., Price W.E., Nghiem L.D. Rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds by forward osmosis: role of solution pH and membrane orientation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 93:107-114.
142. Xie M., Nghiem L.D., Price W.E., Elimelech M. Impact of humic acid fouling on membrane performance and transport of pharmaceutically active compounds in forward osmosis. Water Res. 2013, 47:4567-4575.
143. Yang S., Hai F.I., Nghiem L.D., Nguyen L.N., Roddick F., Price W.E. Removal of bisphenol A and diclofenac by a novel fungal membrane bioreactor operated under non-sterile conditions. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2013, 85:483-490.
144. Yao Y., Gao B., Chen H., Jiang L., Inyang M., Zimmermand A.R., et al. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on biochar and its impact on reclaimed water irrigation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 209-210:408-413.
145. Ye P., Xu Z., Wu J., Innocent C., Seta P. Nanofibrous membranes containing reactive groups: electrospinning from poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) for lipase immobilization. Macromolecules 2006, 39:1041-1045.
146. Ye P., Xu Z., Wu J., Innocent C., Seta P. Nanofibrous poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) membranes functionalized with gelatin and chitosan for lipase immobilization. Biomaterials 2006, 27:4169-4176.
147. Yoon Y., Lueptow R.M. Removal of organic contaminants by RO and NF membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 261:76-86.
148. Yoon Y., Westerhoff P., Snyder S.A., Wert E.C. Nanofiltration and ultrafiltration of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 270:88-100.
149. Yoon Y., Westerhoff P., Snyder S.A., Wert E.C., Yoon J. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 2007, 202:16-23.
150. Yüksel S., Kabay N., Yüksel M. Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from water by various nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 263:307-310.
151. Zhang Y., Geiben S.U. In vitro degradation of carbamazepine and diclofenac by crude lignin peroxidase. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 176:1089-1092.
152. Zhang Y., Geiben S.U. Elimination of carbamazepine in a non-sterile fungal bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 112:221-227.
153. Zhang J., Chua H.C., Zhou J., Fane A.G. Factors affecting the membrane performance in submerged membrane bioreactors. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 284:54-66.
154. Zhang Y., Causserand C., Aimar P., Cravedi J.P. Removal of bisphenol A by a nanofiltration membrane in view of drinking water production. Water Res. 2006, 40:3793-3799.
155. Zhang Y., GeiBen S.U., Gal C. Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1151-1161.
156. Zhou M., Wua Y.N., Qiao J., Zhang J., McDonald A., Li G., et al. The removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions by MIL-53(Al) and mesostructured MIL-53(Al). J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 405:157-163.