Genetic factors moderate everyday physical activity effects on executive functions in aging: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study

Neuropsychology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 6-17

  Thibeau, Sherilyn ^a   McFall, G Peggy ^a   Wiebe, Sandra A ^a   Anstey, Kaarin J ^b   Dixon, Roger A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

BDNF Val66Met; Everyday physical activity; Executive function; IDE rs6583817; Victoria Longitudinal Study

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GUANINE; INSULINASE; METHIONINE; VALINE; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR, HUMAN;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; BDNF GENE; CANADA; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EVERYDAY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE; HEREDITY; HETEROZYGOTE; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMAN; IDE GENE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TASK; PEER GROUP; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; FACTOR ANALYSIS; GENETICS; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RISK FACTOR; VERY ELDERLY; VICTORIA;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INSULYSIN; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK FACTORS; VICTORIA;

EID: 84952837813     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000217     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Alfimova, M. V., Korovaitseva, G. I., Lezheiko, T. V., & Golimbet, V. E. (2012). Effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on normal variability of executive functions. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 152, 606-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-012-1587-x
2. Anstey, K. J. (2014). Optimizing cognitive development over the life course and preventing cognitive decline: Introducing the cognitive health environment life course model (CHELM). International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413512255
3. Authier, F., Posner, B. I., & Bergeron, J. J. M. (1996). Insulin-degrading enzyme. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 19, 149-160.
4. Awad, N., Gagnon, M., & Messier, C. (2004). The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 1044-1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390490514875
5. Bielak, A. A. M., Cherbuin, N., Bunce, D., & Anstey, K. J. (2014). Preserved differentiation between physical activity and cognitive performance across young, middle, and older adulthood over 8 years. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 523-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu016
6. Bielak, A. A. M., Mansueti, L., Strauss, E., & Dixon, R. A. (2006). Performance on the Hayling and Brixton tests in older adults: Norms and correlates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.08.006
7. Blasko, I., Jungwirth, S., Kemmler, G., Weissgram, S., Tragl, K. H., & Fischer, P. (2014). Leisure time activities and cognitive functioning in middle European population-based study. European Geriatric Medicine, 5, 200-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2013.09.003
8. Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton tests. Thurston, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
9. Carrasquillo, M. M., Belbin, O., Zou, F., Allen, M., Ertekin-Taner, N., Ansari, M., Morgan, K. (2010). Concordant association of insulin degrading enzyme gene (IDE) variants with IDE mRNA, Abeta, and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS ONE, 5(1), e8764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008764
10. Carro, E., Nuñez, A., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2000). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 2926-2933.
11. Chen, Z. Y., Bath, K., McEwen, B., Hempstead, B., & Lee, F. (2008). Impact of genetic variant BDNF (Val66Met) on brain structure and function. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 289, 180-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470751251.ch14.
12. Coelho, F. G. D. M., Vital, T. M., Stein, A. M., Arantes, F. J., Rueda, A. V., Camarini, R., Santos-Galduróz, R. F. (2014). Acute aerobic exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 39, 401-408.
13. Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. Journal of Gerontology, 61, 1166-1170.
14. Cotman, C. W., & Berchtold, N. C. (2007). Physical activity and the maintenance of cognition: Learning from animal models. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 3 (2, Suppl.), S30-S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.01.013
15. Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C., & Christie, L. A. (2007). Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences, 30, 464-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011.
16. Das, D., Tan, X., Bielak, A. A. M., Cherbuin, N., Easteal, S., & Anstey, K. J. (2014). Cognitive ability, intraindividual variability, and common genetic variants of catechol-O-methyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A longitudinal study in a population-based sample of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 29, 393-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035702
17. de Frias, C. M., & Dixon, R. A. (2014). Lifestyle engagement affects cognitive status differences and trajectories on executive functions in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 16-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act089
18. de Frias, C. M., Dixon, R. A., & Strauss, E. (2006). Structure of four executive functioning tests in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology, 20, 206-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.206
19. de Frias, C. M., Dixon, R. A., & Strauss, E. (2009). Characterizing executive functioning in older special populations: From cognitively elite to cognitively impaired. Neuropsychology, 23, 778-791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016743.
20. D'Elia, L. A., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C. L., & White, T. (1996). Color Trails Test: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
21. Dincheva, I., Glatt, C. E., & Lee, F. S. (2012). Impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on cognition: Implications for behavioral genetics. The Neuroscientist, 18, 439-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858411431646
22. Ding, Q., Vaynman, S., Akhavan, M., Ying, Z., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006). Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience, 140, 823-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.084
23. Dixon, R. A., & de Frias, C. M. (2004). The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From characterizing cognitive aging to illustrating changes in memory compensation. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 11, 346-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825580490511161
24. Dixon, R. A., Small, B. J., MacDonald, S. W. S., & McArdle, J. J. (2012). Yes, memory declines with aging-but when, how, and why? In M. Naveh-Benjamin & N. Ohta (Eds.), Memory and aging (pp. 325-347). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
25. Egan, M. F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J. H., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Bertolino, A., Weinberger, D. R. (2003). The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell, 112, 257-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00035-7.
26. Enders, C. K. (2011). Analyzing longitudinal data with missing values. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56, 267-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025579
27. Erickson, K. I., Banducci, S. E., Weinstein, A. M., Macdonald, A. W., III, Ferrell, R. E., Halder, I., Manuck, S. B. (2013). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism moderates an effect of physical activity on working memory performance. Psychological Science, 24, 1770-1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613480367
28. Erickson, K. I., Kim, J. S., Suever, B. L., Voss, M. W., Francis, B. M., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Genetic contributions to age-related decline in executive function: A 10-year longitudinal study of COMT and BDNF polymorphisms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2, 11.
29. Erickson, K. I., Miller, D. L., & Roecklein, K. A. (2012). The aging hippocampus: Interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF. The Neuroscientist, 18, 82-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858410397054
30. Erickson, K. I., Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Rosano, C., Newman, A. B., Kuller, L. H. (2010). Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology, 75, 1415-1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f88359.
31. Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3017-3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108
32. Ferencz, B., Laukka, E. J., Welmer, A. K., Kalpouzos, G., Angleman, S., Keller, L., Bäckman, L. (2014). The benefits of staying active in old age: Physical activity counteracts the negative influence of PICALM, BIN1, and CLU risk alleles on episodic memory functioning. Psychology and Aging, 29, 440-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035465
33. Ferris, L. T., Williams, J. S., & Shen, C. L. (2007). The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 728-734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04c7
34. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
35. Fotuhi, M., Hachinski, V., & Whitehouse, P. J. (2009). Changing perspectives regarding late-life dementia. Nature Reviews. Nephrology, 5, 649-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.175
36. Gajewski, P. D., Hengstler, J. G., Golka, K., Falkenstein, M., & Beste, C. (2011). The Met-allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism enhances task switching in elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 2327.e7-2327.e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.06.010
37. Gajewski, P. D., Hengstler, J. G., Golka, K., Falkenstein, M., & Beste, C. (2012). The Met-genotype of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with reduced Stroop interference in elderly. Neuropsychologia, 50, 3554-3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.042.
38. Glisky, E. L. (2007). Changes in cognitive function in human aging. In D. R. Riddle (Ed.), Brain aging: Models, methods, and mechanisms (pp. 3-20). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420005523.sec1
39. Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention Science, 8, 206-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9
40. Hamer, M., Lavoie, K. L., & Bacon, S. L. (2014). Taking up physical activity in later life and healthy ageing: The English longitudinal study of ageing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 239-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092993.
41. Harris, S. E., & Deary, I. J. (2011). The genetics of cognitive ability and cognitive ageing in healthy older people. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 388-394.
42. Harris, S. E., Fox, H., Wright, A. F., Hayward, C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2006). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism is associated with age-related change in reasoning skills. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 505-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001799
43. Hattiangady, B., Rao, M. S., Shetty, G. A., & Shetty, A. K. (2005). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein and neuropeptide Y decline as early as middle age in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Experimental Neurology, 195, 353-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.014
44. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999). Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging, 14, 245-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245.
45. Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D., Lawlor, B. A., Robertson, I. H., Walsh, C., & Brennan, S. (2014). The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 16, 12-31.
46. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
47. Laukka, E. J., Lövdén, M., Herlitz, A., Karlsson, S., Ferencz, B., Pantzar, A., Bäckman, L. (2013). Genetic effects on old-age cognitive functioning: A population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 28, 262-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030829
48. Lindenberger, U., Nagel, I. E., Chicherio, C., Li, S. C., Heekeren, H. R., & Bäckman, L. (2008). Age-related decline in brain resources modulates genetic effects on cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2, 234-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01.039.2008
49. Lindwall, M., Cimino, C. R., Gibbons, L. E., Mitchell, M. B., Benitez, A., Brown, C. L., Piccinin, A. M. (2012). Dynamic associations of change in physical activity and change in cognitive function: Coordinated analyses of four longitudinal studies. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 493598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/493598
50. Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
51. Liu, M. E., Huang, C. C., Chen, M. H., Yang, A. C., Tu, P. C., Yeh, H. L., Tsai, S. J. (2014). Effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on regional gray matter volumes and cognitive function in the Chinese population. NeuroMolecular Medicine, 16, 127-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12017-013-8265-7
52. Lommatzsch, M., Zingler, D., Schuhbaeck, K., Schloetcke, K., Zingler, C., Schuff-Werner, P., & Virchow, J. C. (2005). The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002.
53. Luszcz, M. (2011). Executive function and cognitive aging. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 59-72). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-380882-0.00004-8
54. Mandelman, S. D., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2012). BDNF Val66Met and cognition: All, none, or some? A meta-analysis of the genetic association. Genes, Brain & Behavior, 11, 127-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00738.x
55. McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J., Westaway, D., & Dixon, R. A. (2014). IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and pulse pressure are independently and interactively associated with level and change in executive function in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 29, 418-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034656
56. McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., Vergote, D., Westaway, D., Jhamandas, J., & Dixon, R. A. (2013). IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes differentially modify executive function in older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 34, 2208-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.010.
57. Mengel-From, J., Christensen, K., McGue, M., & Christiansen, L. (2011). Genetic variations in the CLU and PICALM genes are associated with cognitive function in the oldest old. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 554.e7-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.016
58. Miyajima, F., Ollier, W., Mayes, A., Jackson, A., Thacker, N., Rabbitt, P., Payton, A. (2008). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism Val66Met influences cognitive abilities in the elderly. Genes, Brain & Behavior, 7, 411-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00363.x.
59. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
60. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
61. Nagel, I. E., Chicherio, C., Li, S. C., von Oertzen, T., Sander, T., Villringer, A., Lindenberger, U. (2008). Human aging magnifies genetic effects on executive functioning and working memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.001.2008.
62. Neeper, S. A., Gómez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Research, 726, 49-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00273-9
63. Payton, A. (2009). The impact of genetic research on our understanding of normal cognitive ageing: 1995 to 2009. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 451-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9116-z
64. Phillips, C., Baktir, M. A., Srivatsan, M., & Salehi, A. (2014). Neuroprotective effects of physical activity on the brain: A closer look at trophic factor signaling. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 170.
65. Poo, M. M. (2001). Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 24-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35049004
66. Rasmussen, P., Brassard, P., Adser, H., Pedersen, M. V., Leick, L., Hart, E., Pilegaard, H. (2009). Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Experimental Physiology, 94, 1062-1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512.
67. Raz, N., Dahle, C. L., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., & Land, S. (2011). Effects of age, genes, and pulse pressure on executive functions in healthy adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 1124-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.015.
68. Raz, N., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 730-748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001.
69. Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E. L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Kivipelto, M. (2005). Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet. Neurology, 4, 705-711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70198-8
70. Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputations for nonresponse in surveys. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470316696
71. Sapkota, S., Vergote, D., Westaway, D., Jhamandas, J., & Dixon, R. A. (2015). Synergistic associations of catechol-O-methyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor with executive function in aging are selective and modified by apolipoprotein E. Neurobiology of Aging, 36, 249-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.020
72. Schaie, K. W. (2013). Developmental influences on adult intelligence (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
73. Schuh, A. F., Rieder, C. M., Rizzi, L., Chaves, M., & Roriz-Cruz, M. (2011). Mechanisms of brain aging regulation by insulin: Implications for neurodegeneration in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. ISRN Neurology, 2011, 306905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/306905
74. Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001.
75. Small, B. J., Dixon, R. A., McArdle, J. J., & Grimm, K. J. (2012). Do changes in lifestyle engagement moderate cognitive decline in normal aging? Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Neuropsychology, 26, 144-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026579
76. Smith, J. C., Nielson, K. A., Woodard, J. L., Seidenberg, M., & Rao, S. M. (2013). Physical activity and brain function in older adults at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Sciences, 3, 54-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3010054
77. Solé-Padullés, C., Bartrés-Faz, D., Junqué, C., Vendrell, P., Rami, L., Clemente, I. C., Molinuevo, J. L. (2009). Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 1114-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008
78. Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (2002). Evidence for genetic mediation of executive control: A study of aging male twins. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, P133-P143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.2.P133
79. Szabo, A. J., Alosco, M. L., Miller, L. A., McGeary, J. E., Poppas, A., Cohen, R. A., & Gunstad, J. (2013). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and cognitive function in persons with cardiovascular disease. Psychogeriatrics, 13, 206-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12013
80. Taylor, S. F., Kornblum, S., Lauber, E. J., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. A. (1997). Isolation of specific interference processing in the Stroop task: PET activation studies. NeuroImage, 6, 81-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1997.0285
81. Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Alves, H., Kramer, A. F. (2013). Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 28, 90-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.021
82. Voss, M. W., Nagamatsu, L. S., Liu-Ambrose, T., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise, brain, and cognition across the life span. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 1505-1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2011.
83. Voss, M. W., Vivar, C., Kramer, A. F., & van Praag, H. (2013). Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 525-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001.
84. Wang, H. X., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H. C., Liang, C., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Gao, S. (2013). Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68, 205-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls153
85. Weinstein, A. M., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Chaddock, L., Szabo, A., White, S. M., Erickson, K. I. (2012). The association between aerobic fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26, 811-819.
86. West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 256-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.256
87. Whalley, L. J., Deary, I. J., Appleton, C. L., & Starr, J. M. (2004). Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 3, 369-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001.
88. Woodard, J. L., Sugarman, M. A., Nielson, K. A., Smith, J. C., Seidenberg, M., Durgerian, S., Rao, S. M. (2012). Lifestyle and genetic contributions to cognitive decline and hippocampal structure and function in healthy aging. Current Alzheimer Research, 9, 436-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720512800492477.
89. Ziegenhorn, A. A., Schulte-Herbrüggen, O., Danker-Hopfe, H., Malbranc, M., Hartung, H. D., Anders, D., Hellweg, R. (2007). Serum neurotrophins-A study on the time course and influencing factors in a large old age sample. Neurobiology of Aging, 28, 1436-1445.