The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 287-293

  Appleby, Paul N ^a   Key, Timothy J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Morbidity; Mortality; Vegan; Vegetarian

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CATARACT; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY INTAKE; DIVERTICULOSIS; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EGG; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FOOD INTAKE; FRACTURE; HEALTH; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MORTALITY; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; VEGAN; VEGETARIAN; VEGETARIAN DIET; WEIGHT GAIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEALTH STATUS; NEOPLASMS; VEGAN DIET;

BODY MASS INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET, VEGAN; DIET, VEGETARIAN; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84951926337     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115004334     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (57)

1. Agrawal S, Millett CJ, Dhillon PK et al. (2014) Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Nutr J 13, 89.
2. Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L et al. (2014) Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets-the Indian Migration Study (IMS). Nutr J 13, 55.
3. (2015) Vegetarianism by country. Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vegetarianism-by-country (accessed March 2015).
4. Le LT & Sabaté J (2014) Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients 6, 2131-2147.
5. McMichael AJ, Powles JW, Butler CD et al. (2007) Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. Lancet 370, 1253-1263.
6. Craig WJ & Mangels AR (2009) Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 109, 1266-1282.
7. Pawlak R, Lester SE & Babatunde T (2014) The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 541-548.
8. Tucker KL (2014) Vegetarian diets and bone status. Am J Clin Nutr 100, Suppl., 329S-335S.
9. Obersby D, Chappell DC, Dunnett A et al. (2013) Plasma total homocysteine status of vegetarians compared with omnivores: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 109, 785-794.
10. Key TJ, Appleby PN & Rosell MS (2006) Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Proc Nutr Soc 65, 35-41.
11. Snowdon DA (1988) Animal product consumption and mortality because of all causes combined, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer in Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr 48, 739-748.
12. Beeson WL, Mills PK, Phillips RL et al. (1989) Chronic disease among Seventh-day Adventists, a low-risk group. Rationale, methodology, and description of the population. Cancer 64, 570-581.
13. Butler TL, Fraser GE, Beeson WL et al. (2008) Cohort profile: The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Int J Epidemiol 37, 260-265.
14. Burr ML & Sweetnam PM (1982) Vegetarianism, dietary fiber, and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 36, 873-877.
15. Frentzel-Beyme R, Claude J & Eilber U (1988) Mortality among German vegetarians: first results after five years of follow-up. Nutr Cancer 11, 117-126.
16. Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI et al. (1999) The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 525S-531S.
17. Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN et al. (2003) EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 6, 259-269.
18. Cade JE, Burley VJ & Greenwood DC (2004) The UK Women's Cohort Study: comparison of vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters. Public Health Nutr. 7, 871-878.
19. Smyth S & Heron A (2006) Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics. Nat Med 12, 75-80.
20. Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M et al. (1999) Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 516S-524S.
21. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R et al. (2009) Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32, 791-796.
22. Key T & Davey G (1996) Prevalence of obesity is low in people who do not eat meat. BMJ 313, 816-817.
23. Newby PK, Tucker KL & Wolk A (2005) Risk of overweight and obesity among semivegetarian, lactovegetarian, and vegan women. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 1267-1274.
24. Rosell M, Appleby P, Spencer E et al. (2006) Weight gain over 5 years in 21 966 meat-eating, fish-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Int J Obes (Lond). 30, 1389-1396.
25. Japas C, Knutsen S, Dehom S et al. (2014) Body mass index gain between ages 20 and 40 years and lifestyle characteristics of men at ages 40-60 years: the Adventist Health Study-2. Obes Res Clin Pract 8, e549-e557.
26. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND & Scialli AR (2007) A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 15, 2276-2281.
27. Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL et al. (2011) A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004. J Am Diet Assoc 111, 819-827.
28. Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U et al. (2013) A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. Eur J Clin Nutr 67, 718-724.
29. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K et al. (2013) Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 23, 292-299.
30. Barnard ND, Katcher HI, Jenkins DJA et al. (2009) Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management. Nutr Rev 67, 255-263.
31. Chiu THT, Huang H-Y, Chiu Y-F et al. (2014) Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS ONE 9, e88547.
32. Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L et al. (2014) The association between a vegetarian diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in India: the Indian Migration Study. PLoS ONE 9, e110586.
33. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L et al. (1987) Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295, 351-353.
34. Bradbury KE, Crowe FL, Appleby PN et al. (2014) Serum concentrations of cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B in a total of 1694 meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 178-183.
35. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2003) Salt and health. London: The Stationery Office.
36. Appleby PN, Davey GK & Key TJ (2002) Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr 5, 645-654.
37. Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J et al. (2012) Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr 15, 1909-1916.
38. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2014) Global, regional, and national age-sex specific allcause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 385, 117-171.
39. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC et al. (2013) Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 597-603.
40. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA et al. (2009) Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1613S-1619S.
41. Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J et al. (2013) Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med 173, 1230-1238.
42. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Crowe FL et al. (2014) Cancer in British vegetarians: updated analyses of 4998 incident cancers in a cohort of 32 491 meat eaters, 8612 fish eaters, 18 298 vegetarians, and 2246 vegans. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 378S-385S.
43. Tantamango-Bartley Y, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J et al. (2013) Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22, 286-294.
44. Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J et al. (2015) Vegetarian dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancers. JAMA Intern Med 175, 767-776.
45. Cade JE, Taylor EF, Burley VJ et al. (2010) Common dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: analysis from the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study. Nutr Cancer 62, 300-306.
46. Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N et al. (2007) Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 1400-1406.
47. Thorpe DL, Knutsen SF, Beeson WL et al. (2008) Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri-and postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutr 11, 564-572.
48. Lousuebsakul-Matthews V, Thorpe DL, Knutsen R et al. (2014) Legumes and meat analogues consumption are associated with hip fracture risk independently of meat intake among Caucasian men and women: the Adventist Health Study-2. Public Health Nutr 17, 2333-2343.
49. Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND & Nguyen TV (2009) Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 90, 943-950.
50. Ho-Pham LT, Vu BQ, Lai TQ et al. (2012) Vegetarianism, bone loss, fracture and vitamin D: a longitudinal study in Asian vegans and non-vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr 66, 75-82.
51. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE et al. (2011) Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and nonvegetarians. BMJ 343, d4131.
52. Appleby PN, Allen NE & Key TJ (2011) Diet, vegetarianism, and cataract risk. Am J Clin Nutr 93, 1128-1135.
53. Turney BW, Appleby PN, Reynard JM et al. (2014) Diet and risk of kidney stones in the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Eur J Epidemiol 29, 363-369.
54. Hailu A, Knutsen SF & Fraser GE (2006) Associations between meat consumption and the prevalence of degenerative arthritis and soft tissue disorders in the adventist health study, California U. S. A. J Nutr Health Aging 10, 7-14.
55. Rizzo NS, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K et al. (2011) Vegetarian dietary patterns are associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome: the adventist health study 2. Diabetes Care 34, 1225-1227.
56. Tonstad S, Nathan E, Oda K et al. (2014) Prevalence of hyperthyroidism according to type of vegetarian diet. Public Health Nutr 18, 1482-1487.
57. Fraser GE & Shavlik DJ (2001) Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med 161, 1645-1652.