The role of emotion regulation in the development of psychopathology

Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 49-74

  Chaplin, Tara M ^a   Cole, Pamela M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84951192958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781452231655.n3     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Abe, J. A., & Izard, C. E. (1999). The developmental functions of emotions: An analysis in terms of differential emotions theory. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 523-549. doi:10.1080/026999399379177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379177
2. Abela, J. R. Z. (2001). The hopelessness theory of depression: A test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 241-261. doi:10.1023/A:1010333815728 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010333815728
3. Abraham, K. (1968). The influence of oral-eroticism on character-formation. In Selected papers of Karl Abraham (D. Bryan & A. Strachey, Trans.). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1924).
4. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, L. B., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
5. Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., Eickholt, C, Bell, K. L., & O’Connor, T. (1994). Autonomy and relatedness in family interactions as predictors of expressions of negative adolescent affect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 535-552. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0404_6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0404_6
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
8. Arsenio, W. F., Cooperman, S., & Lover, A. (2000). Affective predictors of preschoolers’ aggression and peer acceptance: Direct and indirect effects. Developmental Psychology, 36, 438-448. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.438 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.438
9. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
10. Barkley, R. A. (2003). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 75-143). New York: Guilford Press.
11. Barkley, R. A. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and self-regulation: Taking an evolutionary perspective on executive functioning. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 301-323). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Barrett, K. C., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: II. A functionalist approach to emotions. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 555-578). New York: Wiley.
13. Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Ridge, B. (1998). The interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34, 51-67. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.982 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.982
14. Biaggio, M. K., & Godwin, W. H. (1987). Relation of depression to anger and hostility constructs. Psychological Reports, 61, 87-90. doi:10.2466/pr0.1987.61.1.87 http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.1.87
15. Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, S., Bouldec, E. A., Gersten, M., et al. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 21-26. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130023004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130023004
16. Block, J., Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. H. (1991). Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year-olds: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 726-738. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.726 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.726
17. Blumberg, S., & Izard, C. E. (1985). Affective and cognitive characteristics of depression in 10- and 11-year-old children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 194-202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.194 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.194
18. Broderick, P. C. (1998). Early adolescent gender differences in the use of ruminative and distracting coping strategies. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 173-191. doi:10.1177/0272431698018002003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431698018002003
19. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447-460). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Brooks-Gunn, J. (1988). Antecedents and consequences of variations in girls’ maturational timing. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9, 365-373. doi:10.1016/0197-0070(88)90030-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070%2888%2990030-7
21. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179-192. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179
22. Burhans, K. K., & Dweck, C. S. (1991). Helplessness in early childhood: The role of contingent worth. Child Development, 66, 1719-1738. doi:10.2307/1131906 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131906
23. Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermonian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial № 240), 7-24. doi:10.2307/1166150 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166150
24. Carey, T. C., Finch, A. J., & Carey, M. P. (1991). Relation between differential emotions and depression in emotionally disturbed children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 594-597. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.594 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.594
25. Casey, R. J. (1996). Emotional competence in children with externalizing and internalizing disorders. In M. Lewis & M. W. Sullivan (Eds.), Emotional development in atypical children (pp. 161-183). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
26. Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to fifteen. Child Development, 66, 55-68. doi:10.2307/1131190 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131190
27. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial № 240), 73-100. doi:10.2307/1166148 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166148
28. Chaplin, T. M. (2004). Relations between emotional style and depressive symptoms in older adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.
29. Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (in press). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion.
30. Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 74-85. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.74 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.74
31. Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 1-10. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006301 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006301
32. Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15-48). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511663963.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663963.003
33. Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (Eds.). (1997). Rochester symposium on developmental psychology: Vol. 8. Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
34. Cimbora, D. M., & McIntosh, D. N. (2003). Emotional responses to antisocial acts in adolescent males with conduct disorder: A link to affective morality. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 296-301. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3202_16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3202_16
35. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
36. Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103-116. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103
37. Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. B. (2004). Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 183-218. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.007
38. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial № 240), 73-100. doi:10.2307/1166139 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166139
39. Cole, P. M., Teti, L. O., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). Mutual emotion regulation and the stability of conduct problems between preschool and early school age. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 1-18. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579403000014
40. Cole, P. M., Zahn-Waxler, C, Fox, N. A., Usher, B. A., & Welsh, J. D. (1996). Individual differences in emotion regulation and behavior problems in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 518-529. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.4.518 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.4.518
41. Cole, P. M., Zahn-Waxler, C, & Smith, K. D. (1994). Expressive control during a disappointment: Variations related to preschoolers’ behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 30, 835-846. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.835 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.835
42. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., & Hetherington, E. M. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218-232. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218
43. Crick, N., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
44. Crick, N., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in males and females: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719-742. doi:10.1017/S095457940300035X http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457940300035X
45. Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (Eds.). (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications. New York: Guilford Press.
46. Dadds, M. R., Sanders, M. R., Morrison, M., & Rebgetz, M. (1992). Childhood depression and conduct disorder: II. An analysis of family interaction patterns in the home. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 505-513. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.505 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.505
47. Damon, W. (1988). Socialization and individuation. In G. Handel (Ed.), Childhood socialization (pp. 3-10). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
48. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.1037/10001-000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10001-000
49. Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 307-320. doi:10.1080/026999398379628 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999398379628
50. Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1196-1214. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1196 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1196
51. Davidson, R. J., & Fox, N. A. (1988). Cerebral asymmetry and emotion: Development and individual differences. In S. Segalowitz & D. Molfese (Eds.), Developmental implications of brain lateralization (pp. 191-206). New York: Guilford Press.
52. Davidson, R. J., Marshall, J. R., Tomraken, A. J., & Henriques, J. B. (2000). While a phobic waits: Regional brain electrical and autonomic activity in social phobics during anticipation of public speaking. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 85-95. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00222-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223%2899%2900222-X
53. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2003). Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
54. Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387-411. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387
55. Davis, B., Sheeber, L., Hops, H., & Tildesley, E. (2000). Adolescent responses to depressive parental behaviors in problem-solving interactions: Implications for depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 451-465. doi:10.1023/A:1005183622729 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005183622729
56. Dawson, G., Ashman, S. B., Hessl, D., Spieker, S., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., et al. (2001). Autonomic and brain electrical activity in securely- and insecurely-attached infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 135-149. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00075-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383%2801%2900075-3
57. Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Yamada, E., Hessl, D., & Osterling, J. (1999). Infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal electrical brain activity during interactions with mother and with a familiar, nondepressed adult. Child Development, 70, 1058-1066. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00078 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00078
58. Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C, Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: The role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 23-45. doi:10.1017/S0954579400001024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400001024
59. Dumas, J. E., LaFreniere, P. J., & Serketich, W. J. (1995). "Balance of power": A transactional analysis of control in mother-child dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 104-113. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.104 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.104
60. Eccles, J., Midgley, C, Buchanan, C. M., Wigfield, A., Reuman, D., & MacIver, D. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage/environment fit. American Psychologist, 48, 90-101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90
61. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., et al. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112-1134. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00337
62. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Minore, D., Mathy, R., Hanish, L. D., & Brown, B. (1994). Children's enacted interpersonal strategies: Their relations to social behavior and negative emotionality. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 212-232.
63. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Guthrie, I. K., Jones, S., et al. (1997). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's social functioning from regulation and emotionality. Child Development, 68, 642-664. doi:10.2307/1132116 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1132116
64. Eisenberg, N., Schaller, M., Fabes, R., Bustamante, D., Mathy, R., Shell, R., et al. (1988). Differentiation of personal distress and sympathy in children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 24, 766-775. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.766 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.766
65. Eisikovits, Z., & Sagi, A. (1982). Moral development and discipline encounter in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 217-230. doi:10.1007/BF01537468 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01537468
66. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200. doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
67. Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1969). The relationship between empathy and aggression in two age groups. Developmental Psychology, 1, 102-107. doi:10.1037/h0027016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027016
68. Field, T., Fox, N., Pickens, J., & Nawrocki, R. (1995). Relative right frontal activation in 3- to 6-month-old infants of "depressed" mothers. Developmental Psychology, 31, 358-363. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.358 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.358
69. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 115-118. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00073 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00073
70. Fowles, D. C. (1980). The three arousal model: Implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 17, 87-104. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00117.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00117.x
71. Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457-470. doi:10.1023/A:1023899703866 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023899703866
72. Frijda, N. (1986). The emotions: Studies in emotion and social interaction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
73. Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (1991). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511663963 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663963
74. Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (Eds.). (1984). Stress, coping, and development in children. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
75. Geller, B., Williams, M., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., Beringer, L., & Warner, K. L. (1998). Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 81-91. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00175-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327%2898%2900175-X
76. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., DelBello, M. P., Frazier, J., & Beringer, L. (2002). Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder: Examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviors, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psycho-pharmacology, 12, 3-9. doi:10.1089/10445460252943524 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10445460252943524
77. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
78. Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., & Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38, 222-235. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222
79. Glasberg, R., & Aboud, F. E. (1982). Keeping one's distance from sadness: Children's self-reports of emotional experience. Developmental Psychology, 18, 287-293. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.287 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.287
80. Goleman, D. (2003). Destructive emotions: How we can overcome them. New York: Bantam.
81. Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458-490. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458
82. Gray, J. A. (1987). The neuropsychology of emotion and personality. In S. M. Stahl & S. D. Iverson (Eds.), Cognitive neurochemistry (pp. 171-190). London: Oxford University Press.
83. Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1987). Emotion in psychotherapy: Affect, cognition, and the process of change. New York: Guilford Press.
84. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present and future. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 551-573. doi:10.1080/026999399379186 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379186
85. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
86. Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social competence. Social Development, 10, 79-119. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00150 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00150
87. Hammen, C, & Rudolph, K. (1996). Childhood depression. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 153-195). New York: Guilford Press.
88. Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773-796. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773
89. Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995-1005. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00313-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2802%2900313-6
90. Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C, Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531-546. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.531
91. Hay, D. F., & Pawlby, S. (2003). Prosocial development in relation to children's and mothers’ psychological problems. Child Development, 74, 1314-1327. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00609 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00609
92. Henriques, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 535-545. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.535 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.535
93. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
94. Hirschfeld, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., & Snidman, N. (1992). Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 103-111. doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199201000-00016
95. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
96. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281-313). New York: Academic Press.
97. Hughes, C, White, A., Sharpen, J., & Dunn, J. (2000). Antisocial, angry, and unsympathetic: "Hard-to-manage" preschoolers’ peer problems and possible cognitive influences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 169-179. doi:10.1017/S0021963099005193 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021963099005193
98. Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.
99. Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
100. Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Motivational, organizational and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 253-264). New York: Guilford Press.
101. Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: I. Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 494-554). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
102. Jamison, K. R. (1993). Touched with fire: Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament. New York: Free Press.
103. Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N. A., Davalos, M., & Gomez, C. (2001). EEG during different emotions in 10-month-old infants of depressed mothers. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 19, 295-312.
104. Jouriles, E. N., Norwood, W. D., McDonald, R., & Peters, B. (2001). Domestic violence and child adjustment. In J. H. Grych & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 315-336). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527838.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527838.014
105. Kagan, J. (1994). On the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial № 240), 7-24. doi:10.2307/1166136 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166136
106. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459-1473. doi:10.2307/1130685 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130685
107. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167-171. doi:10.1126/science.3353713 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3353713
108. Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 589-597. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.589 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.589
109. Keenan, K. (2000). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 418-434. doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.4.418 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.7.4.418
110. Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95
111. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467-480. doi:10.1080/026999399379140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379140
112. Keltner, D., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion and psychopathology in adolescent boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 644-652. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.4.644 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.4.644
113. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Culture, self, and emotion: A cultural perspective on "self-conscious" emotions. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 439-464). New York: Guilford Press.
114. Kobak, R., & Ferenz-Gillies, R. (1995). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A functionalist perspective. Development & Psychopathology, 7, 183-192. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006416 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006416
115. Kochanska, G. (1995). Children's temperament, mothers’ discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597-615. doi:10.2307/1131937 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131937
116. Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852-868. doi:10.2307/1131423 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131423
117. Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., de Wilde, E. J., Dijkstra, A., Gebhardt, W., Maes, S., et al. (2003). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 185-193. doi:10.1023/A:1022543419747 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022543419747
118. Kring, A. M., & Bachorowski, J. (1999). Emotions and psychopathology. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 575-599. doi:10.1080/026999399379195 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999399379195
119. Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., Pliszka, S., Applegate, B., & McBurnett, K. (1993). Neurophysiological correlates of conduct disorder: A rationale and a review of research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 141-153. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2202_2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2202_2
120. Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1268-1282. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1268 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1268
121. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
122. Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
123. Lewis, M. (2000). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 573-691). New York: Guilford Press.
124. Liew, J., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (2003). Children's physiological indices of empathy and their socioemotional adjustment: Does caregivers’ expressivity matter? Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 584-597. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.584
125. Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-relevant stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 8-20. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_2
126. Lundy, B., Field, T., Cigales, M., & Cuadra, A. (1997). Vocal and facial expression matching in infants of mothers with depressive symptoms. Infant Mental Health Journal, 18, 265-273. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199723)18:3<265::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-M http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0355%28199723%2918:3%3C265::AID-IMHJ3%3E3.0.CO;2-M
127. Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
128. Magai, C, & McFadden, S. (1995). The role of emotion in social and personality development. New York: Plenum.
129. Malatesta, C. Z., & Wilson, A. (1988). Emotion cognition interaction in personality development: A discrete emotions functionalist analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 91-112. doi:10.1111/bjso.1988.27.issue-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.1988.27.issue-1
130. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
131. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185-204. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.185 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.185
132. Melnick, S. M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2000). Emotion regulation and parenting in ADHD and comparison boys: Linkages with social behaviors and peer preference. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 73-86. doi:10.1023/A:1005174102794 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005174102794
133. Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324
134. Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377-412. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377
135. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424-443. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424
136. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1061-1072. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061
137. Nottelmann, E. D., Biederman, J., Birmaher, B., Carlson, G. A., Chang, K. D., Fenton, W. S., et al. (2001). National Institute of Mental Health Research Roundtable on Prepubertal Bipolar Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 871-878. doi:10.1097/00004583-200108000-00007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200108000-00007
138. Ollendick, T. H., Yule, W., & Ollier, K. (1991). Fears in British children and their relationship to manifest anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 32, 321-331. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00310.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00310.x
139. Ornitz, E. M., Gabikian, P., Russel, A. T., Guthrie, D., Hirano, C, & Gehricke, J. (1997). Affective valence and arousal in ADHD and normal boys during a startle habituation experiment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1698-1705. doi:10.1097/00004583-199712000-00018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199712000-00018
140. Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00012759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00012759
141. Parke, R. D. (2004). Development in the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 365-399. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141528 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141528
142. Patterson, G. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432-444. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.4.432 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.4.432
143. Plutchik, R. (1962). The emotions: Facts, theories, and a new model. New York: Random House.
144. Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 323-338. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323
145. Quiggle, N. L., Garber, J., Panak, W. F., & Dodge, K. A. (1992). Social information processing in aggressive and depressed children. Child Development, 63, 1305-1320. doi:10.2307/1131557 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131557
146. Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Low resting heart rate at age 3 years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1457-1465. doi:10.1097/00004583-199710000-00029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199710000-00029
147. Rauch, S. L., van der Kolk, B. A., Fisler, R. E., Alpert, N. M., Orr, S. P., Savage, C. R., et al. (1996). A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 380-387. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003
148. Reimer, M. S. (1996). "Sinking into the ground": The development and consequences of shame in adolescence. Developmental Review, 16, 321-363. doi:10.1006/drev.1996.0015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/drev.1996.0015
149. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
150. Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Hershey, K. (1995). Temperament, attention, and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & J. D. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of developmental psychopathology (Vol. 1, pp. 315-340). New York: Wiley.
151. Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., Wilhelm, F. H., Najmi, S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Crying threshold and intensity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 302-312. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.302 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.302
152. Russell, R. L., & Shirk, S. R. (1998). Child psychotherapy process research. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 93-124.
153. Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press.
154. Sameroff, A. J. (1975). Transactional models in early social relations. Human Development, 18, 65-69. doi:10.1159/000271476 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000271476
155. Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297-312. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003035 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003035
156. Sanders, M. R., Dadds, M. R., Johnston, B. M., & Cash, R. (1992). Childhood depression and conduct disorder: I. Behavioral, affective, and cognitive aspects of family problem-solving interactions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 495-504. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.495 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.495
157. Sanftner, J. L., Barlow, D. H., Marschall, D. E., & Tangney, J. P. (1995). The relation of shame and guilt to eating disorder symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 315-324. doi:10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.315 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.315
158. Sheeber, L., Allen, N., Davis, B., & Sorenson, E. (2000). Regulation of negative affect during mother-child problem-solving interactions: Adolescent depressive status and family processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 467-479. doi:10.1023/A:1005135706799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005135706799
159. Shields, S. (2002). Speaking from the heart: Gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
160. Sroufe, A. L. (1996). Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527661 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527661
161. Stapley, J. C., & Haviland, J. M. (1989). Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents’ emotional experiences. Sex Roles, 20, 295-308. doi:10.1007/BF00287726 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287726
162. Tangney, J. P. (1993). Shame and guilt. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression (pp. 161-180). Oxford, UK: Wiley.
163. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C, & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669-675. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.669
164. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469-478. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.469 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.469
165. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. Oxford, UK: Brunner/Mazel.
166. Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163-182. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007021 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007021
167. Tomkins, S. S. (1962-1991). Affect, imagery, and consciousness (Vols. 1-3). New York: Springer.
168. Vasey, M. W., & Dadds, M. R. (2001). The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. London: Oxford University Press.
169. Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1985). The social worlds of hyperactive children. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 447-478. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(85)90004-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358%2885%2990004-2
170. Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C., & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 25-39. doi:10.1007/BF00992963 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992963
171. Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2002). Moderators of the relation between substance use level and problems: Test of a self-regulation model in middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 3-21. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.3
172. World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
173. Wright, F., O’Leary, J., & Balkin, J. (1989). Shame, guilt, narcissism, and depression: Correlates and sex differences. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6, 217-230. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.217
174. Zahn-Waxler, C. (2001). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress: Implications for gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Anxiety, depression, and emotion: Wisconsin Symposium on Emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 222-265). New York: Oxford Press.
175. Zahn-Waxler, C, Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991). Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 243-272). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511663963.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663963.012
176. Zahn-Waxler, C, Cole, P. M., Welsh, J. D., & Fox, N. A. (1995). Psychophysiological correlates of empathy and prosocial behaviors in preschool children with behavior problems. Development & Psychopathology, 7, 27-48. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006325
177. Zahn-Waxler, C, Klimes Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443-466. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003102 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003102
178. Zahn-Waxler, C, Kochanska, G., Krupnick, J., & McKnew, D. (1990). Patterns of guilt in children of depressed and well mothers. Developmental Psychology, 26, 51-59. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.51
179. Zahn-Waxler, C, & Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt: Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 143-173). New York: Guilford Press.
180. Zeman, J., Shipman, K., & Suveg, C. (2002). Anger and sadness regulation: Predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 393-398.