The role of physical formidability in human social status allocation

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 385-406

  Lukaszewski, Aaron W ^a   Simmons, Zachary L ^b   Anderson, Cameron ^c   Roney, James R ^d  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cooperation; Dominance; Hierarchy; Prestige; Status

Indexed keywords

CASE REPORT; EMPIRICISM; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HEIGHT; HUMAN; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; LEADERSHIP; MALE; PERCEPTION; PRIMATE; PSYCINFO; SOCIAL STATUS; YOUNG ADULT; ADULT; BODY HEIGHT; FEMALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSICAL APPEARANCE; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL HIERARCHY;

ADULT; BODY HEIGHT; FEMALE; HIERARCHY, SOCIAL; HUMANS; LEADERSHIP; MALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSICAL APPEARANCE, BODY; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84949844333     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000042     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V.,.. Schaller, M. (2006). They all look the same to me (unless they're angry): From out-group homogeneity to out-group heterogeneity. Psychological Science, 17, 836-840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01790.x
2. Anderson, C., Ames, D. R., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Punishing hubris: The perils of overestimating one's status in a group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 90 -101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0146167207307489
3. Anderson, C., Hildreth, J. A. D., & Howland, L. (2015). Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 574 - 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038781
4. Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 116-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.116
5. Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. J. (2009a). The pursuit of status in social groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 295-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01655.x
6. Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. J. (2009b). Why do dominant personalities attain influence in face-to-face groups? The competence-signaling effects of trait dominance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 491-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014201
7. Anderson, C., & Willer, R. (2014). Do status hierarchies benefit groups? A bounded functionalist account. In J. Cheng, J. Tracy, & C. Anderson (Eds.), The psychology of social status (pp. 47-70). New York, NY:Springerw.
8. Anderson, C., Willer, R., Kilduff, G. J., & Brown, C. E. (2012). The origins of deference: When do people prefer lower status? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1077-1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027409
9. Barclay, P. (2004). Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the "tragedy of the commons." Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 209-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.002
10. Barclay, P. (2006). Reputational benefits of altruistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 325-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .evolhumbehav.2006.01.003
11. Barclay, P. (2013). Strategies for cooperation in biological markets, especially for humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34, 164-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.02.002
12. Blaker, N. M., Rompa, I., Dessing, I. H., Vriend, A. F., Herschberg, C., & van Vugt, M. (2013). The height leadership advantage in men and women: Testing evolutionary psychology predictions about the perceptions of tall leaders. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16, 17-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430212437211
13. Blaker, N. M., & van Vugt, M. (2014). The status-size hypothesis: How cues of physical size and status influence each other. In J. Cheng, J. Tracy, & C. Anderson (Eds.), The psychology of social status (pp. 119-138). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_6
14. Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. London, UK: Harvard University Press.
15. Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1992). Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizeable groups. Ethology & Sociobiology, 13, 171-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y
16. Brown, D. E. (1991). Human universals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
17. Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204
18. Carré, J. M., McCormick, C. M., & Mondloch, C. J. (2009). Facial structure is a reliable cue of aggressive behavior. Psychological Science, 20, 1194-1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02423.x
19. Chagnon, N. (1983). Yanomamo (4th ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace.
20. Chagnon, N. A. (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239, 985-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4843.985
21. Chapais, B. (2015). Competence and the evolutionary origins of status and power in humans. Human Nature, 26, 161-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-015-9227-6
22. Cheng, J. T., & Tracy, J. L. (2014). Toward a unified science of hierarchy:Dominance and prestige are two fundamental pathways to human social rank. In J. Cheng, J. Tracy, & C. Anderson (Eds.), The psychology of social status. New York, NY: Springer.
23. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Foulsham, T., Kingstone, A., & Henrich, J. (2013). Two ways to the top: Evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 103-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030398
24. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., & Henrich, J. (2010). Pride, personality, and the evolutionary foundations of human social status. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 334-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.004
25. Cimino, A., & Delton, A. W. (2010). On the perception of newcomers:Toward an evolved psychology of intergenerational coalitions. Human Nature, 21, 186-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-010-9088-y
26. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
27. Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to "prejudice." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
28. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, UK: John Murray. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10001-000
29. Delton, A. W., Cosmides, L., Guemo, M., Robertson, T. E., & Tooby, J. (2012). The psychosemantics of free riding: Dissecting the architecture of a moral concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1252-1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027026
30. Delton, A. W., Krasnow, M. M., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2011). Evolution of direct reciprocity under uncertainty can explain human generosity in one-shot encounters. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 13335-13340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102131108
31. De Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics. London, UK: Johns Hopkins University Press.
32. Duguid, M. M., & Goncalo, J. A. (2012). Living large: The powerful overestimate their own height. Psychological Science, 23, 36-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611422915
33. Ellison, P. T. (2001). On fertile ground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415, 137-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415137a
35. Fessler, D. M. T., Holbrook, C., & Gervais, M. M. (2014). Men's physical strength moderates conceptualizations of prospective foes in two disparate societies. Human Nature, 25, 393-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-014-9205-4
36. Fessler, D. M. T., Holbrook, C., & Snyder, J. K. (2012). Weapons make the man (larger): Formidability is represented as size and strength in humans. PLoS ONE, 7, e32751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone .0032751
37. Flack, J. C., de Waal, F. B., & Krakauer, D. C. (2005). Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species. American Naturalist, 165, E126 -E139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ 429277
38. Flack, J. C., Girvan, M., de Waal, F. B., & Krakauer, D. C. (2006). Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates. Nature, 439, 426-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04326
39. Flack, J. C., Krakauer, D. C., & de Waal, F. B. (2005). Robustness mechanisms in primate societies: A perturbation study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 272, 1091-1099.
40. Flynn, F. J., Reagans, R. E., Amanatullah, E. T., & Ames, D. R. (2006). Helping one's way to the top: Self-monitors achieve status by helping others and knowing who helps whom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1123-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1123
41. Geary, D. C., Byrd-Craven, J., Hoard, M. K., Vigil, J., & Numtee, C. (2003). Evolution and development of boys' social behavior. Developmental Review, 23, 444-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2003.08.001
42. Gintis, H., van Schaik, C., & Boehm, C. (2015). Zoon politikon: The evolutionary origins of human political systems. Current Anthropology, 56, 327-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681217
43. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Gangestad, S. W., Perea, E. F., Shapiro, J. R., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009). Aggress to impress: Hostility as an evolved context-dependent strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 980-994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013907
44. Gurven, M., & von Rueden, C. (2006). Hunting, social status and biological fitness. Social Biology, 53, 81-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 19485565.2006.9989118
45. Halevy, N., Chou, E. Y., Cohen, T. R., & Livingston, R. W. (2012). Status conferral in intergroup social dilemmas: Behavioral antecedents and consequences of prestige and dominance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 351-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025515
46. Hardy, C. L., & Van Vugt, M. (2006). Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1402-1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167206291006
47. Henrich, J., & Gil-White, F. J. (2001). The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 165-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00071-4
48. Holbrook, C., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2013). Sizing up the threat: The envisioned physical formidability of terrorists tracks their leaders' failures and successes. Cognition, 127, 46-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .cognition.2012.12.002
49. Holbrook, C., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2015). The same, only different: Threat management systems as homologues in the tree of life. In P. J. Carroll, R. M. Arkin, & A. L. Wichman (Eds.), Handbook of personal security (pp. 95-109). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
50. Holbrook, C., Piazza, J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2014). Conceptual and empirical challenges to the "Authentic" versus "Hubristic" model of pride. Emotion, 14, 17-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031711
51. Hooper, P. L., Kaplan, H. S., & Boone, J. L. (2010). A theory of leadership in human cooperative groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 265, 633-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.05.034
52. Hwang, H. C., & Matsumoto, D. (2014). Dominance threat display for victory and achievement in competition context. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 208-214.
53. Jaeggi, A. V., & Gurven, M. (2013). Natural cooperators: Food sharing in humans and other primates. Evolutionary Anthropology, 22, 186-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21364
54. Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (2004). The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: Preliminary test of a theoretical model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 428-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0021-9010.89.3.428
55. Keely, L. H. (1996). War before civilization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
56. Kelly, R. L. (1995). The foraging spectrum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
57. Krasnow, M. M., Delton, A. W., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2015). Group cooperation without group selection: Modest punishment can recruit much cooperation. PLoS ONE, 10, e0124561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124561
58. Kurzban, R., De Scioli, P., & O'Brien, E. (2007). Audience effects on moralistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.001
59. Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization:The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 187-208.
60. Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 15387-15392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251541498
61. Kyl-Heku, L. M., & Buss, D. M. (1996). Tactics as units of analysis in personality psychology: An illustration using tactics of hierarchy negotiation. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 497-517. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00103-1
62. Lassek, W. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2009). Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: Relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 322-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.04.002
63. Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. B. (2015). Does a competent leader make a good friend? Conflict, ideology, and the psychologies of friendship and followership. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36, 286-293. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.001
64. Lippold, S., Xu, H., Ko, A., Li, M., Renaud, G., Butthof, A.,.. Stoneking, M. (2014). Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: Insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences. Investigative Genetics, 5, 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-5-13
65. Little, A. C. (2014). Facial appearance and leader choice in different contexts: Evidence for task contingent selection based on implicit and learned face-behaviour/face-ability associations. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 865-874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.002
66. Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Jones, B. C., & Roberts, S. C. (2007). Facial appearance affects voting decisions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.002
67. Little, A. C., & Roberts, C. S. (2012). Evolution, appearance, and occupational success. Evolutionary Psychology, 10, 782-801. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/147470491201000503
68. Lukaszewski, A. W. (2013). Testing an adaptationist theory of trait covariation:Relative bargaining power as a common calibrator of an interpersonal syndrome. European Journal of Personality, 27, 328-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1908
69. Lukaszewski, A. W., & Roney, J. R. (2011). The origins of extraversion:Joint effects of facultative calibration and genetic polymorphism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 409-421. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/0146167210397209
70. Maner, J. K., & Mead, N. L. (2010). The essential tension between leadership and power: When leaders sacrifice group goals for the sake of self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 482-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018559
71. McDonald, M. M., Navarrete, C. D., & Van Vugt, M. (2012). Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: The male warrior hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 367, 670-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0301
72. Murray, G. R. (2014). Evolutionary preferences for physical formidability in leaders. Politics and the Life Sciences, 33, 33-53. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2990/33_1_33
73. Murray, G. R., & Schmitz, J. D. (2011). Caveman politics: Evolutionary leadership preferences and physical stature. Social Science Quarterly, 92, 1215-1235.
74. Nettle, D., Pepper, G. V., Jobling, R., & Schroeder, K. B. (2014). Being there: A brief visit to a neighbourhood induces the social attitudes of that neighbourhood. PeerJ, 2, e236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.236
75. O'Gorman, R., Henrich, J., & Van Vugt, M. (2009). Constraining free riding in public goods games: Designated solitary punishers can sustain human cooperation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 276, 323-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1082
76. Panchanathan, K., & Boyd, R. (2004). Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem. Nature, 432, 499-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02978
77. Patton, J. (2000). Reciprocal altruism and warfare. In L. Cronk, W. Irons, & N. Chagnon (Eds.), Adaptation and human behavior: An anthropological perspective (pp. 417-436). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
78. Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., Penton-Voak, I., Rowland, D., Yoshikawa, S., Burt, D. M.,.. Akamatsu, S. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394, 884-887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ 29772
79. Petersen, M. B., Sznycer, D., Sell, A., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2013). The ancestral logic of politics: Upper-body strength regulates men's assertion of self-interest over economic redistribution. Psychological Science, 24, 1098-1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612466415
80. Pietraszewski, D., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2014). The content of our cooperation, not the color of our skin: An alliance detection system regulates categorization by coalition and race, but not sex. PLoS ONE, 9, e88534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088534
81. Pietraszewski, D., & Shaw, A. (2015). Not by strength alone: Children's conflict expectations follow the logic of the asymmetric war of attrition. Human Nature, 26, 44 -72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-015-9220-0
82. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. http://dx.doi .org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
83. Price, M. E., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2002). Punitive sentiment as an anti-free rider psychological device. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 203-231.
84. Price, M. E., & Van Vugt, M. (2014). The evolution of leader-follower reciprocity: The theory of service-for-prestige. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00363
85. Puts, D. A. (2010). Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 157-175. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.005
86. Re, D. E., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., & Perrett, D. I. (2013). Facial cues to perceived height influence leadership choices in simulated war and peace contexts. Evolutionary Psychology, 11, 89-103. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/147470491301100109
87. Re, D. E., Dzhelyova, M., Holzleitner, I. J., Tigue, C. C., Feinberg, D. R., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). Apparent height and body mass index influence perceived leadership ability in three-dimensional faces. Perception, 41, 1477-1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7342
88. Re, D. E., Hunter, D. W., Coetzee, V., Tiddeman, B. P., Xiao, D., DeBruine, L. M.,.. Perrett, D. I. (2013). Looking like a leader-facial shape predicts perceived height and leadership ability. PLoS ONE, 8, e80957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080957
89. Romero, G. A., Pham, M. N., & Goetz, A. T. (2014). The implicit rules of combat. Human Nature, 25, 496-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-014-9214-3
90. Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). The face of success: Inferences from chief executive officers' appearance predict company profits. Psychological Science, 19, 109-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02054.x
91. Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2008). Monte Carlo method for assessing mediation: An interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects [Computer software]. Available from http://www .quantpsy.org/medmc/medmc.htm
92. Sell, A., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Sznycer, D., von Rueden, C., & Gurven, M. (2009). Human adaptations for the visual assessment of strength and fighting ability from the body and face. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 276, 575-584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1177
93. Sell, A., Hone, L. S., & Pound, N. (2012). The importance of physical strength to human males. Human Nature, 23, 30-44. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s12110-012-9131-2
94. Sell, A., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2009). Formidability and the logic of human anger. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 15073-15078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904312106
95. Spisak, B. R., Homan, A. C., Grabo, A., & Van Vugt, M. (2012). Facing the situation: Testing a biosocial contingency model of leadership in intergroup relations using masculine and feminine faces. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 273-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.006
96. Stirrat, M., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). Face structure predicts cooperation:Men with wider faces are more generous to their in-group when outgroup competition is salient. Psychological Science, 23, 718-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611435133
97. Stulp, G., & Barrett, L. (2015). Evolutionary perspectives on human height variation. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12165
98. Stulp, G., Buunk, A. P., Verhulst, S., & Pollet, T. V. (2013). Tall claims? Sense and nonsense about the importance of height in U.S. Presidents. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 159-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .leaqua.2012.09.002
99. Sugiyama, L. S. (2005). Physical attractiveness in adaptationist perspective. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology. New York, NY: Wiley.
100. Sugiyama, L. S., & Sugiyama, M. S. (2003). Social roles, prestige, and health risk: Social niche specialization as a risk-buffering strategy. Human Nature, 14, 165-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1002-4
101. Tiedens, L. Z. (2001). Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation:The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 86-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86
102. Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes. Science, 308, 1623-1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110589
103. Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129
104. Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., & Price, M. E. (2006). Cognitive adaptations for n-person exchange: The evolutionary roots of organizational behavior. Managerial & Decision Economics, 27, 103-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1287
105. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago, IL: Aldine.
106. Van Vugt, M., De Cremer, D., & Janssen, D. P. (2007). Gender differences in cooperation and competition: The male-warrior hypothesis. Psychological Science, 18, 19-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x
107. Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63, 182-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182
108. Van Vugt, M., & Tybur, J. M. (2015). The evolutionary foundations of hierarchy: Status, dominance, prestige, and leadership. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
109. von Rohr, C. R., Koski, S. E., Burkart, J. M., Caws, C., Fraser, O. N., Ziltener, A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2012). Impartial third-party interventions in captive chimpanzees: A reflection of community concern. PLoS ONE, 7, e32494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032494
110. von Rueden, C. (2014). The roots and fruits of social status in small-scale human societies. In J. Cheng, J. Tracy, & C. Anderson (Eds.) The psychology of social status (pp. 179-200). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_9
111. von Rueden, C. R., & Gurven, M. (2012). When the strong punish: Why net costs of punishment are often negligible. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 43-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11001427
112. von Rueden, C., Gurven, M., & Kaplan, H. (2008). The multiple dimensions of male social status in an Amazonian society. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 402-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav. 2008.05.001
113. von Rueden, C., Gurven, M., & Kaplan, H. (2011). Why do men seek status? Fitness payoffs to dominance and prestige. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 278, 2223-2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2145
114. von Rueden, C., Gurven, M., Kaplan, H., & Stieglitz, J. (2014). Leadership in an egalitarian society. Human Nature, 25, 538-566. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s12110-014-9213-4
115. von Rueden, C., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Gurven, M. (2015). Adaptive personality calibration in a human society: Effects of embodied capital on prosocial traits. Behavioral Ecology, 26, 1071-1082. http://dx.doi .org/10.1093/beheco/arv051
116. Walker, R., Gurven, M., Hill, K., Migliano, A., Chagnon, N., De Souza, R., .. Yamauchi, T. (2006). Growth rates and life histories in twenty-two small-scale societies. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 295-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20510
117. Willer, R. (2009). Groups reward individual sacrifice: The status solution to the collective action problem. American Sociological Review, 74, 23-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400102
118. Wood, D., & Furr, R. M. (2015). The correlates of similarity estimates are often misleadingly positive: The nature and scope of the problem, and some solutions. [Advance online publication]. Personality and Social Psychology Review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868315581119
119. Wrangham, R., & Peterson, D. (1996). Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.
120. Yamagishi, T. (1986). The provision of a sanctioning system as a public good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 110-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.110
121. Yap, A. J., Mason, M. F., & Ames, D. R. (2013). The powerful size others down: The link between power and estimates of others' size. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 591-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.003
122. Zanolie, K., Dantzig, S., Boot, I., Wijnen, J., Schubert, T. W., Giessner, S. R., & Pecher, D. (2012). Mighty metaphors: Behavioral and ERP evidence that power shifts attention on a vertical dimension. Brain and Cognition, 78, 50-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2011.10.006