Intergroup contact

The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 544-560

  Tausch, Nicole ^a   Hewstone, Miles ^b  

^a University of Oxford ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949784806     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781446200919.n33     Document Type: Chapter

References (109)

1. Aberson, C. L., andHaag, S. C. Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10,179-201. (2007).
2. Allport, G. W.(1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
3. Ajzen, I.(1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Chicago:Dorsey.
4. Amichai-Hamburger, Y., andMcKenna, K. Y. A. The contact hypothesis reconsidered: Interacting via the internet. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 11,825-843. (2006).
5. Amir, Y.(1976). The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and intergroup relations. In P. A.Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 245-280).New York:Pergamon.
6. Aron, A. Aron, E. N. Tudor, M., andNelson, G. Close relationships as including the other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60,241-253. (1991).
7. Aronson, E., andPatnoe, S.(1997). The jigsaw classroom. New York:Longman.
8. Baron, R., andKenny, D. A. The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51,1173-1182. (1986).
9. Batson, C. D. Polycarpou, M. P. Harmon-Jones, E., andImhoff, H. J. Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72,105-118. (1997).
10. Bettencourt, B. A. Brewer, M. B. Croak, M. R., andMiller, N. Cooperation and reduction of intergroup bias: The role of reward structure and social interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28,301-319. (1992).
11. Bettencourt, B. A. Charlton, K., andKernahan, C. Numerical representation of groups in cooperative settings: Social orientation effects on ingroup bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33,630-659. (1997).
12. Blascovich, J. Mendes, W. B. Hunter, S. B. Lickel, B., andKowai-Bell, N. Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80,253-267. (2001).
13. Bornstein, R. F. Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106,265-289. (1989).
14. Brewer, M. B., andGaertner, S. L.(2001). Toward reduction of prejudice: Intergroup contact and social categorization. In R.Brown and S.Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 451-474).Oxford:Blackwell.
15. Brewer, M. B., andKramer, R. M. The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behaviour. Annual Review of Social Psychology, 36,219-243. (1985).
16. Brewer, M. B., andMiller, N.(1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N.Miller and M. B.Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302).Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
17. Brown, R., andAbrams, D. The effects of intergroup similarity and goal interdependence on intergroup attitudes and task performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22,78-92. (1986).
18. Brown, R. J., andHewstone, M.(2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M.Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255-331).San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
19. Brown, R. J., andWade, G. S. Superordinate goals and intergroup behaviour: The effects of role ambiguity and status on intergroup attitudes and task performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17,131-142. (1987).
20. Cairns, E., Tam, T., Hewstone, M., andNiens, U.(2005). Intergroup forgiveness and intergroup conflict: Northern Ireland, a case study. In E. L.Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness (pp. 461-476).New York:Brunner/Routledge.
21. Cameron, L., andRutland, A. Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice towards the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62,469-488. (2006).
22. Christ, O., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Wagner, U., Voci, A., Hughes, J., andCairns, E.(2009). Direct contact as a moderator of extended contact effects: Cross-sectional and longitudinal impact on attitudes and attitude strength. Manuscript submitted for publication.
23. Cohen, E. G., andLothan, R. A. Producing equal status interaction in the heterogeneous classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 32,99-120. (1995).
24. Cook, S. W. Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes in cooperating interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 12,97-113. (1978).
25. Deutsch, M., andCollins, M.(1951). Interracial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment. Minneapolis, MI:Univ. of Minnesota Press.
26. Dixon, J. Durrheim, K., andTredoux, C. Intergroup contact and attitudes toward the principle and practice of racial equality. Psychological Science, 18,867-872. (2007).
27. Dovidio, J. F. Gaertner, S. L., andKawakami, K. Intergroup contact: the past, present and future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6,5-21. (2003).
28. Dovidio, J. F. Gaertner, S. L., andSaguy, T. Another view of 'we': Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. In W.Stroebe andM.Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 18, pp. z296-330). Hove, E. Sussex: Psychology Press.(2008).
29. Eller, A., andAbrams, D. Come together: longitudinal comparisons of Pettigrew's reformulated intergroup contact model and the common ingroup identity model in Anglo-French and Mexican-American contexts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34,1-28. (2004).
30. Ensari, N., andMiller, N. The outgroup must not be so bad after all: The effects of disclosure, typicality, and salience on intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83,313-329. (2002).
31. Finlay, K. A., andStephan, W. G. Improving intergroup relations: The effects of empathy on racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30,1720-1737. (2000).
32. Gaertner, S., andDovidio, J.(2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Hove, E. Sussex:Psychology Press.
33. Gaertner, S. L. Dovidio, J. F. Rust, M. C. Nier, J. Banker, B. Ward, C. M. et al. Reducing intergroup bias: Elements of intergroup cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76,388-402. (1999).
34. Gaertner, S. L. Mann, J. A. Murrell, A. J., andDovidio, J. F. Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57,239-249. (1989).
35. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., andAnastasio, P. A.(1996). The Contact Hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias among majority and minoritygroup members. In J. L.Nye and A. M.Brower (Eds.), What's social about social cognition? (pp. 230-260).Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications.
36. Gonzalez, R., andBrown, R. Dual identities in intergroup contact: Group status and size moderate the generalization of positive attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42,753-767. (2006).
37. Greenland, K., andBrown, R. J. Categorization and intergroup anxiety in contact between British and Japanese nationals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29,503-521. (1999).
38. Greenwald, A. G. McGee, D. E., andSchwartz, J. L. K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,1464-1480. (1998).
39. Harwood, J. Hewstone, M. Paolini, S., andVoci, A. Grandparent-grandchild contact and attitudes towards older adults: Moderator and mediator effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31,393-406. (2005).
40. Hewstone, M.(1996). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In C. N.Macrae, C.Stangor, and M.Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 323-368).New York:Guildford.
41. Hewstone, M., andBrown, R.(1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the 'contact hypothesis'. In M.Hewstone and R.Brown (Ed.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44).Oxford:Blackwell.
42. Hewstone, M. Cairns, E. Voci, A. Hamberger, J., andNiens, U. Intergroup contact, forgiveness, and experience of 'The Troubles' in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 62,99-120. (2006).
43. Islam, M. R., andHewstone, M. Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability, and outgroup attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19,700-710. (1993).
44. Jackman, M. R., andCrane, M. 'Some of my best friends are black …': Interracial friendship and whites' racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50,459-486. (1986).
45. Kramer, R. M., andCarnevale, P. J.(2001). Trust and intergroup negotiation. In R.Brown and S.Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 431-450).Oxford, UK:Blackwell.
46. Krosnick, J. A., andPetty, R. E.(1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E.Petty and J. A.Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1-24).Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
47. Landis, D., Hope, R. O., andDay, H. R.(1984). Training for desegregation in the military. In N.Miller and M. B.Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 257-278).Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
48. Leippe, M. R., andEisenstadt, D. Generalization of dissonance reduction: Decreasing prejudice through induced compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,395-413. (1994).
49. Levin, S. van Laar, C., andSidanius, J. The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6,76-92. (2003).
50. Liebkind, K., andMcAlister, A. L. Extended contact through peer modelling to promote tolerance in Finland. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29,765-780. (1999).
51. Malhotra, D., andLiyanage, S. Long-term effects of peace workshops in protracted conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49,908-924. (2005).
52. Maoz, I. Peace-building with the hawks: Attitude change of Jewish-Israeli hawks and doves following dialogue encounters with Palestinians. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27,701-714. (2003).
53. McCauley, C.(2002). Head-first versus feet-first in peace education. In G.Salomon and B.Nevo (Eds.), Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world (pp. 247-257).Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
54. Miller, N. Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58,387-410. (2002).
55. Minard, R. D. Race relationships in the Pocahontas coal field. Journal of Social Issues, 8,29-44. (1952).
56. Nesdale, D., andTodd, P. Intergroup ratio and the contact hypothesis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28,1196-1217. (1998).
57. Paolini, S. Hewstone, M., andCairns, E. Direct and indirect intergroup friendship effects: Testing the moderating role of the affective and cognitive bases of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33,1406-1420. (2007).
58. Paolini, S. Hewstone, M. Cairns, E., andVoci, A. Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30,770-786. (2004).
59. Pettigrew, T. F. Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23,173-185. (1997).
60. Pettigrew, T. F. Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49,65-85. (1998).
61. Pettigrew, T. F.(2005). Intergroup contact: Theory, research and new perspectives. In J. A.BanksandC. A.Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 770-781).New York:Jossey-Bass.
62. Pettigrew, T. F., andTropp, L. R. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90,751-783. (2006).
63. Pettigrew, T. F., andTropp, L. R. How does contact reduce prejudice? A meta-analytic test of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38,922-934. (2008).
64. Plant, E. A., andDevine, P. G. Responses to other-imposed pro-Black pressure: Acceptance or backlash? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37,486-501. (2001).
65. Plant, E. A., andDevine, P. G. The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29,790-801. (2003).
66. Richeson, J. A., andShelton, J. N. When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science, 14,287-290. (2003).
67. Saguy, T. Dovidio, J. F., andPratto, F. Beyond contact: Intergroup contact in the context of power relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34,432-445. (2008).
68. Saguy, T. Tausch, N. Dovidio, J. F., andPratto, F. The irony of harmony: Positive intergroup contact produces false expectations for equality. Psychological Science, 20,114-121(2009).
69. Schiappa, E. Gregg, P. B., andHewes, D. E. The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72,92-115. (2005).
70. Seta, C. Seta, J. J., andCulver, J. Recategorization as a method for promoting intergroup cooperation: Group status matters. Social Cognition, 18,354-376. (2000).
71. Shelton, J. N. Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6,171-185. (2003).
72. Shelton, J.N., andRicheson, J.A. Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88,91-107. (2005).
73. Sherif, M.(1966). Group conflict and cooperation: Their social psychology. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
74. Sims, V. M., andPatrick, J. R. Attitude toward the Negro of northern and southern college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 7,192-204. (1936).
75. Smith, F. T.(1943). An experiment in modifying attitudes towards the Negro. NewYork:Columbia University.
76. Stephan, W. G.(1987). The contact hypothesis in intergroup relations. In C.Hendrick (Ed.), Group processes and intergroup relations. Review of personality and social psychology, Vol.9 (pp. 13-40).Thousand Oaks, CA, US:Sage Publications.
77. Stephan, W. G., andStephan, C. W.(1984). The role of ignorance in intergroup relations. In N.Miller and M. B.Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 229-255).Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
78. Stephan, W. G., andStephan, C. W. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41,157-175. (1985).
79. Stephan, W. G., andStephan, C. W.(2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S.Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23-46).Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
80. Tajfel, H., andTurner, J. C.(1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G.Austin and S.Worchel (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48).Monterey, CA:Brooks/Cole.
81. Tam, T. Hewstone, M. Cairns, E. Tausch, N. Maio, G., andKenworthy, J.B. The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10,119-135. (2007).
82. Tam, T. Hewstone, M. Harwood, J. Voci, A., andKenworthy, J. Intergroup contact and grandparent-grandchild communication: The effects of self-disclosure on implicit and explicit biases against older people. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9,413-429. (2005).
83. Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J. B., Psaltis, C., Schmid, K., Popan, J. R., Cairns, E., &Hughes, J. (in press). 'Secondary transfer' effects of intergroup contact: Alternative accounts and underlying processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
84. Tausch, N. Tam, T. Hewstone, M. Kenworthy, J. B., andCairns, E. Individual-level and group-level mediators of contact effects in Northern Ireland: The moderating role of social identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46,541-556. (2007).
85. Tropp, L.R.(2006). Stigma and intergroup contact among members of minority and majority status groups. In S.Levin and C.van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 171-191).Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
86. Tropp, L. R., andPettigrew, T. F. Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science, 16,951-957. (2005a).
87. Tropp, L. R., andPettigrew, T. F. Differential relationships between intergroup contact and affective and cognitive dimensions of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31,1145-1158. (2005b).
88. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., andWetherell, M. S.(1987). Rediscovering the socialgroup: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
89. Turner, R. N. Crisp, R. J., andLambert, E. Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10,427-441. (2007).
90. Turner, R. N. Hewstone, M., andVoci, A. Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93,369-388. (2007).
91. Turner, R. N. Hewstone, M. Voci, A., andVonofakou, C. A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis: The mediating role of perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, intergroup anxiety and inclusion of the outgroup in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95,843-860. (2008a).
92. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., Christ, O.(2008b). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship. In W.Stroebe and M.Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 212-255).Hove, E. Sussex:Psychology Press.
93. van Oudenhoven, J. P. Groenewald, J. T., andHewstone, M. Cooperation, ethnic salience and generalization of inter ethnic attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26,649-662. (1996).
94. Voci, A., andHewstone, M. Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6,37-54. (2003).
95. Vonofakou, C. Hewstone, M., andVoci, A. Contact with outgroup friends as a predictor of meta-attitudinal strength and accessibility of attitudes towards gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92,804-820(2007).
96. Vorauer, J. D., andKumhyr, S. M. Is this about you or me? Self-versus other-directed judgements and feelings in response to intergroup interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27,706-719. (2001).
97. Wagner, U., andMachleit, U.(1986). 'Gastarbeiter' in the Federal Republic of Germany: Contact between Germans and migrant populations. In M.Hewstone and R.Brown (Ed.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 59-78).Oxford:Blackwell.
98. Walker, P. M. Silvert, L. Hewstone, M., andNobre, A. C. Social contact and other-race face processing in the human brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3,16-25. (2008).
99. Wenzel, M. Mummendey, A. Weber, U., andWaldzus, S. The ingroup as pars pro toto: Projection from the ingroup onto the inclusive category as a precursor to social discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29,461-473. (2003).
100. Williams, R. M., Jr.(1947). The reduction of intergroup tensions. New York, NY:Social Science Research Council.
101. Wilder, D. A. Intergroup contact: The typical member and the exception to the rule. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20,177-194. (1984).
102. Wilder, D. A.(1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 291-355).Orlando, FL:Academic Press.
103. Wilder, D. A., andShapiro, P. N. The role of competition-induced anxiety in limiting the beneficial impact of positive behaviour by an out-group member. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56,60-69. (1989).
104. Wilner, D. M., Walkley, R. P., andCook, S. W.(1952). Human relations in interracial housing: A study of the contact hypothesis. Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.
105. Worchel, S. Andreoli, V. A., andFolger, R. Intergroup cooperation and intergroup attraction: The effect of previous interaction and outcome of combined effort. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13,131-140. (1977).
106. Wright, S. C.(2001). Strategic collective action: Social psychology and social change. In R.Brown and S.Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 409-430).Oxford, UK:Blackwell.
107. Wright, S. C. Aron, A. McLaughlin-Volpe, T., andRopp, S. A. The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,73-90. (1997).
108. Wright, S. C., andLubensky, M.(2008). The struggle for social equality: Collective action vs. prejudice reduction. In S.Demoulin, J. P.Leyens, and J. F.Dovidio, (Eds.) Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities (pp. 291-310), NewYork:Psychology Press.
109. Yablon, Y. B., andKatz, Y. J. Internet-based group relations: A high school peace education project in Israel. Education Media International, 38,175-182. (2001).