Emergy and end-point impact assessment of agricultural and food production in the United States: A supply chain-linked Ecologically-based Life Cycle Assessment

Ecological Indicators

Volumn 62, Issue , 2016, Pages 117-137

  Park, Yong Shin ^a   Egilmez, Gokhan ^b   Kucukvar, Murat ^c  

^a NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAVEN   (United States)

^c ISTANBUL SEHIR UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Agri food industry; Eco efficiency; Ecologically based Life Cycle Assessment; End point impacts; Mid point; Nonrenewable resource; Renewable resource

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGY; EFFICIENCY; FOOD SUPPLY; GRAIN (AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT); LINEAR PROGRAMMING; MANUFACTURE; POINT CONTACTS; SUPPLY CHAINS;

AGRI-FOOD INDUSTRY; ECO-EFFICIENCY; END POINTS; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); MID-POINT; NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE; RENEWABLE RESOURCE;

LIFE CYCLE;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; EMERGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; FOOD PRODUCTION; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE; RENEWABLE RESOURCE;

UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; BOS;

EID: 84949544884     PISSN: 1470160X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.045     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. J. Ahamed, R. Saidur, H. Masjuki, and S. Mekhilef An application of energy and exergy analysis in agricultural sector of Malaysia Energy Policy 39 12 2011 7922 7929
2. K. Andersson, T. Ohlsson, and P. Olsson Life cycle assessment (LCA) of food products and production systems Trends Food Sci. Technol. 5 5 1994 134 138
3. F. Ardente, G. Beccali, and M. Cellura Eco-sustainable energy and environmental strategies in Design for recycling: the software "ENDLESS" Ecol. Model. 163 1 2003 101 118
4. F. Ardente, M. Beccali, and M. Cellura FALCADE: a fuzzy software for the energy and environmental balances of products Ecol. Model. 176 3 2004 359 379
5. F. Ardente, G. Beccali, M. Cellura, and A. Marvuglia POEMS: a case study of an Italian wine-producing firm Environ. Manage. 38 3 2006 350 364
6. F. Ardente, M. Cellura, V. Lo Brano, and M. Mistretta Life cycle assessment-driven selection of industrial ecology strategies Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 6 1 2010 52 60
7. I. Arvanitoyannis Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040) implementation in foods of animal and plant origin: review Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 54 10 2014 1253 1282
8. I.S. Arvanitoyannis, K.V. Kotsanopoulos, and A. Veikou Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040) implementation in foods of animal and plant origin: review Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 54 10 2014 1253 1282
9. Á. Avadí, I. Vázquez-rowe, and P. Fréon Eco-effi ciency assessment of the Peruvian anchoveta steel and wooden fleets using the LCA + DEA framework J. Clean. Prod. 70 2014 118 131
10. J. Baker, and M. Lepech Treatment of uncertainties in life cycle assessment Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Structural Safety and Reliability 2009 13 17
11. A. Baral, and B.R. Bakshi Thermodynamic metrics for aggregation of natural resources in life cycle analysis: insight via application to some transportation fuels Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 2 2010 800 807
12. A. Baral, B.R. Bakshi, and R. Smith Assessing resource intensity and renewability of cellulosic ethanol technologies using Eco-LCA Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 4 2012 2436 2444
13. J.C. Bare, G.A. Norris, and D.W. Pennington The tool for the reduction and assessment impacts J. Ind. Ecol. 6 3 2003 49 78
14. M. Beccali, M. Cellura, M. Iudicello, and M. Mistretta Resource consumption and environmental impacts of the agro food sector: life cycle assessment of Italian citrus-based products Environ. Manage. 43 4 2009 707 724
15. M. Beccali, M. Cellura, M. Iudicello, and M. Mistretta Life cycle assessment of Italian citrus-based products Sensitivity analysis and improvement scenarios J. Environ. Manage. 91 7 2010 1415 1428
16. J. Beddington, and M. Asaduzzaman What next for agriculture after Durban Science 335 6066 2012 289 290
17. C. Benoît Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products 2010 UNEP/Earthprint
18. J. Berlin Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese Int. Dairy J. 12 11 2002 939 953
19. T. Blankendaal, P. Schuur, and H. Voordijk Reducing the environmental impact of concrete and asphalt: a scenario approach J. Clean. Prod. 66 2014 27 36
20. G. Blengini, and M. Busto The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) J. Environ. Manage. 90 3 2009 1512 1522
21. J. Braschkat, A. Patyk, M. Quirin, and G. Reinhardt Life cycle assessment of bread production - a comparison of eight different scenarios DIAS Rep. 2004 9
22. Bureau of Economic Analysis Benchmark input-output data 2002 Retrieved from http://www.bea.gov/industry/io-benchmark.html
23. M. Cellura, F. Ardente, and S. Longo From the LCA of food products to the environmental assessment of protected crops districts: a case-study in the south of Italy J. Environ. Manage. 93 1 2012 194 208
24. M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta The energy and environmental impacts of Italian households consumptions: an input-output approach Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 8 2011 3897 3908
25. M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta Application of the structural decomposition analysis to assess the indirect energy consumption and air emission changes related to Italian households consumption Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 2 2012 1135 1145
26. M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of protected crops: an Italian case study J. Clean. Prod. 28 2012 56 62
27. Center for Resilience Ecologically Based Life Cycle Assessment 2009 Retrieved from http://resilience.eng.ohio-state.edu/eco-lca/index.htm (15.02.15)
28. A. Charnes, S. Haag, P. Jaska, and J. Semple Sensitivity of efficiency classifications in the additive model of data envelopment analysis Int. J. Syst. Sci. 23 5 1992 789 798 10.1080/00207729208949248
29. A. Charnes, J.J. Rousseau, and J.H. Semple Sensitivity and stability of efficiency classifications in data envelopment analysis J. Prod. Anal. 7 1 1996 5 18 10.1007/BF00158473
30. W. Cooper, L. Seiford, and K. Tone Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications References and DEA-solver Software 2007 Springer Science & Business Media
31. M. Curran Environmental life-cycle assessment Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 1 3 1996 179
32. G. Daily, and S. Polasky Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver Front. Ecol. Environ. 7 1 2009 21 28
33. J. Dewulf, H. Van Langenhove, and B. Van De Velde Exergy-based efficiency and renewability assessment of biofuel production Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 10 2005 3878 3882
34. B. Duquesne, S. Matendo, and P. Lebailly Profiling Food Consumption: Comparison Between USA and EU Competitiveness in Agriculture in the Food Industry: US and EU Perspectives. Bologna 2006
35. G. Egilmez, M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Sustainability assessment of US manufacturing sectors: an economic input output-based frontier approach J. Clean. Prod. 53 2013 91 102
36. G. Egilmez, M. Kucukvar, O. Tatari, and M.K.S. Bhutta Supply chain sustainability assessment of the U.S. food manufacturing sectors: a life cycle-based frontier approach Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 82 2014 8 20
37. G. Egilmez, M. Kucukvar, and Y.S. Park Supply chain-linked sustainability assessment of the US manufacturing: an ecosystem perspective Sustain. Prod. Consump. 2015 10.1016/j.spc.2015.10.001 (in press)
38. G. Egilmez, and Y.S. Park Transportation related carbon, energy and water footprint analysis of US manufacturing: an eco-efficiency assessment Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 32 2014 143 159
39. G. Egilmez, and Y.S. Park TRACI assessment of transportation manufacturing nexus in the U.S.: a supply chain-linked cradle-to-gate LCA Environ. Manag. Sustain. Dev. 4 2 2015 51 68
40. G. Egilmez, and O. Tatari A dynamic modeling approach to highway sustainability: strategies to reduce the overall impact Transp. Res. D: Policy Pract. 46 7 2012 1086 1096
41. M.H. Eide Life cycle assessment (LCA) of industrial milk production Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 7 2 2002 115 126 10.1007/BF02978855
42. G. Finnveden, M. Hauschild, and T. Ekvall Recent developments in life cycle assessment J. Environ. Manage. 91 1 2009 1 21
43. C. Foster, C. Guében, and M. Holmes The environmental effects of seasonal food purchase: a raspberry case study J. Clean. Prod. 73 2014 269 274
44. S. Foteinis, V. Kouloumpis, and T. Tsoutsos Life cycle analysis for bioethanol production from sugar beet crops in Greece Energy Policy 39 9 2011 4838 4841
45. R. Frischknecht, and et al. The Ecoinvent Database: Overview and Methodological Framework (7 pp.) Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 10 1 2004 3 9
46. M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. Schryver, J. De Struijs, and R. van Zelm ReCiPe: A Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonised Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level 2012 Retrieved from http://www.lcia-recipe.net/
47. L.J. Gordon, C.M. Finlayson, and M. Falkenmark Managing water in agriculture for food production and other ecosystem services Agric. Water Manag. 97 4 2010 512 519 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.017
48. Hau Toward Environmentally Conscious Process Systems Engineering via Joint Thermodynamic Accounting of Industrial and Ecological Systems (Ph.D. Dissertation) 2005 Ohio State University
49. A. Halog, and Y. Manik Advancing integrated systems modelling framework for life cycle sustainability assessment Sustainability 3 2 2011 469 499
50. J. Hau, and B. Bakshi Expanding exergy analysis to account for ecosystem products and services Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 13 2004 3768 3777
51. M.Z. Hauschild, M. Goedkoop, J. Guinée, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, and O. Jolliet S. Sala Identifying best existing practice for characterization modeling in life cycle impact assessment Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2013 683 697 10.1007/s11367-012-0489-5
52. S. Hellweg, and L.M. i Canals Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment Science 344 6188 2014 1109 1113
53. C. Hendrickson, L. Lave, and H. Matthews Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input-Output Approach 2006 Routledge p. 272
54. S. Hokazono, and K. Hayashi Variability in environmental impacts during conversion from conventional to organic farming: a comparison among three rice production systems in Japan J. Clean. Prod. 28 2012 101 112
55. G. Huppes, and M. Ishikawa A framework for quantified eco-efficiency analysis J. Ind. Ecol. 9 4 2005 25 41
56. D. Iribarren, A. Hospido, M.T. Moreira, and G. Feijoo Benchmarking environmental and operational parameters through eco-efficiency criteria for dairy farms Sci. Total Environ. 409 10 2011 1786 1798 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.013
57. D. Iribarren, M.T. Moreira, and G. Feijoo Life Cycle Assessment of fresh and canned mussel processing and consumption in Galicia (NW Spain) Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 55 2 2010 106 117
58. D. Iribarren, I. Vázquez-Rowe, B. Rugani, and E. Benetto On the feasibility of using emergy analysis as a source of benchmarking criteria through data envelopment analysis: a case study for wind energy Energy 67 2014 527 537 10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.109
59. ISO 14040 Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment. Principles and Framework 2006 International Organisation for Standardisation. October
60. ISO 14044 Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment. Requirements and Guidelines 2006 International Organisation for Standardisation. October
61. ISO 14045 Environmental Management: Eco-efficiency Assessment of Product System. Principles, Requirements and Guidelines. October 2012
62. H. Jeswani, and A. Azapagic Options for broadening and deepening the LCA approaches J. Clean. Prod. 18 2 2010 120 127
63. N. Jollands, J. Lermit, and M. Patterson Aggregate eco-efficiency indices for New Zealand - a principal components analysis J. Environ. Manag. 73 4 2004 293 305
64. N. Jordan, and K.D. Warner Enhancing the multifunctionality of US agriculture Bioscience 60 1 2010 60 66 10.1525/bio.2010.60.1.10
65. B. Keating, A. Carberry, P.S. Bindraban, P.S. Asseng, S. Meinke, and H.J. Dixon Eco-efficient agriculture: concepts, challenges, and opportunities Crop Sci. 50 Suppl. 1 2010 S-109 S-119 10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0594
66. B. Khoshnevisan, and S. Rafiee Environmental impact assessment of tomato and cucumber cultivation in greenhouses using life cycle assessment and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system J. Clean. Prod. 73 2014 183 192
67. D. Kim, G. Thoma, D. Nutter, F. Milani, R. Ulrich, and G. Norris Life cycle assessment of cheese and whey production in the USA Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18 5 2013 1019 1035 10.1007/s11367-013-0553-9
68. M. Kortelainen Dynamic environmental performance analysis: a Malmquist index approach Ecol. Econ. 64 4 2008 701 715
69. M. Kucukvar, and H. Samadi Linking national food production to global supply chain impacts for the energy-climate challenge: the cases of the EU-27 and Turkey J. Clean. Prod. 108 2015 395 408
70. M. Kucukvar, G. Egilmez, N.C. Onat, and H. Samadi A global, scope-based carbon footprint modeling for effective carbon reduction policies: lessons from the Turkish manufacturing Sustain. Prod. Consump. 1 2015 47 66
71. M. Kucukvar, G. Egilmez, and O. Tatari Sustainability assessment of U.S. final consumption and investments: triple-bottom-line input-output analysis J. Clean. Prod. 81 2014 234 243
72. M. Kucukvar, S. Gumus, G. Egilmez, and O. Tatari Ranking the sustainability performance of pavements: an intuitionistic fuzzy decision making method Autom. Constr. 40 2014 33 43
73. M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Towards a triple bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18 5 2013 958 972
74. M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Ecologically based hybrid life cycle analysis of continuously reinforced concrete and hot-mix asphalt pavements Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 17 1 2012 86 90
75. M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari A comprehensive life cycle analysis of cofiring algae in a coal power plant as a solution for achieving sustainable energy Energy 36 11 2011 6352 6357 10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.039
76. T. Kuosmanen Measurement and analysis of eco-efficiency: an economist's perspective J. Ind. Ecol. 9 4 2005 15 18 10.1162/108819805775248025
77. M. Lenzen Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories J. Ind. Ecol. 4 4 2000 127 148
78. Y. Lorenzo-Toja, I. Vázquez-Rowe, S. Chenel, D. Marín-Navarro, M.T. Moreira, and G. Feijoo Eco-efficiency analysis of Spanish WWTPs using the LCA + DEA method Water Res. 8 2014 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.040
79. S. Lozano, D. Iribarren, M. Moreira, and G. Feijoo The link between operational efficiency and environmental impacts: a joint application of Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis Sci. Total Environ. 407 2009
80. T. Marsden Towards a real sustainable agri-food security and food policy: beyond the ecological fallacies? Polit. Q. 83 1 2012 139 145 10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02242.x
81. D. Maxime, M. Marcotte, and Y. Arcand Development of eco-efficiency indicators for the Canadian food and beverage industry J. Clean. Prod. 14 6 2006 636 678
82. C. Middelaar, and P. Van Berentsen Eco-efficiency in the production chain of Dutch semi-hard cheese Livest. Sci. 139 1 2011 91 99
83. A. Mohammadi, S. Rafiee, A. Jafari, T. Dalgaard, M.T. Knudsen, and A. Keyhani J.E. Hermansen Potential greenhouse gas emission reductions in soybean farming: a combined use of Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis J. Clean. Prod. 54 2013 89 100
84. A. Möller, and S. Schaltegger The sustainability balanced scorecard as a framework for eco-efficiency analysis J. Ind. Ecol. 9 4 2005 73 83
85. S.S. Muthu, Y. Li, J.Y. Hu, and P.Y. Mok Quantification of environmental impact and ecological sustainability for textile fibres Ecol. Indic. 13 1 2012 66 74 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.05.008
86. B. Neupane, A. Halog, and R. Lilieholm Environmental sustainability of wood-derived ethanol: a life cycle evaluation of resource intensity and emissions in Maine, USA J. Clean. Prod. 44 2013 77 84
87. B. Notarnicola, K. Hayashi, M.A. Curran, and D. Huisingh Progress in working towards a more sustainable Agri-food industry J. Clean. Prod. 28 2012 1 8 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.007
88. Y. Nunez, J. Fermoso, N. Garcia, and R. Irusta Comparative life cycle assessment of beef, pork and ostrich meat: a critical point of view Int. J. Agric. Resour. Gov. Ecol. 4 2 2005 140 151
89. H. Odum Emergy and Environmental Decision Making 1996 John Wiley Retrieved from https://www.google.com/?gws-rd=ssl#q=+Emergy+and+Environmental+Decision+Making%2C+John+Wiley%2C+1996
90. N.C. Onat, M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Scope-based carbon footprint analysis of US residential and commercial buildings: an input-output hybrid life cycle assessment approach Build. Environ. 72 2014 53 62
91. N.C. Onat, M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Towards life cycle sustainability assessment of alternative passenger vehicles Sustainability 6 12 2014 9305 9342
92. N.C. Onat, M. Kucukvar, and O. Tatari Integrating triple bottom line input-output analysis into life cycle sustainability assessment framework: the case for U.S. buildings Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 19 8 2014 1488 1505
93. N.C. Onat, G. Egilmez, and O. Tatari Towards greening the U.S. residential building stock: a system dynamics approach Build. Environ. 78 2014 68 80
94. L. Ozawa-Meida, P. Brockway, and K. Letten Measuring carbon performance in a UK University through a consumption-based carbon footprint: De Montfort University case study J. Clean. Prod. 56 2013 185 198
95. Y. Park, G. Egilmez, and M. Kucukvar A novel life cycle-based principal component analysis framework for eco-efficiency analysis: case of the US Manufacturing and Transportation Nexus J. Clean. Prod. 2015 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.057
96. M. Parry, O. Canziani, J. Palutikof, P. Vander Linden, and C. Hanson Climate Change: Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability 2007
97. N. Pelletier, R. Pirog, and R. Rasmussen Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States Agric. Syst. 103 6 2010 380 389
98. J. Pretty Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 363 1491 2008 447 465
99. G. Rebitzer, T. Ekvall, R. Frischknecht, D. Hunkeler, G. Norris, and T. Rydberg D.W. Pennington Life cycle assessment. Part 1: framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications Environ. Int. 30 5 2004 701 720 10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005
100. M. Romero-Gámez Life cycle assessment of cultivating lettuce and escarole in Spain J. Clean. Prod. 73 2014 193 203
101. L. Rosing, and A. Nielsen When a hole matters-the story of the hole in a bread for French hotdog DIAS Rep. 2004 17
102. J.J. Rousseau, and J.H. Semple Radii of classification preservation in data envelopment analysis: a case study of "program follow-through J. Oper. Res. Soc. 46 8 1995 943 957
103. P. Roy, D. Nei, T. Orikasa, Q. Xu, H. Okadome, N. Nakamura, and T. Shiina A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products J. Food Eng. 90 1 2009 1 10
104. M. Salazar-Ordóñez Sugar beet for bioethanol production: An approach based on environmental agricultural outputs Energy Policy 55 2013 662 668
105. J.-F. Soussana Research priorities for sustainable Agri-food systems and life cycle assessment J. Clean. Prod. 73 2014 19 23 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.061
106. J. Szargut, D. Morris, and F. Steward Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes 1987 Hemisphere Publishing New York, NY
107. O. Tatari, and M. Kucukvar Eco-Efficiency of Construction Materials: A Data Envelopment Analysis 2012
108. O. Tatari, and M. Kucukvar Sustainability assessment of US construction sectors: ecosystems perspective J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 138 8 2012 918 922
109. O. Tatari, M. Nazzal, and M. Kucukvar Comparative sustainability assessment of warm-mix asphalts: a thermodynamic based hybrid life cycle analysis Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 58 2012 18 24
110. N. Ukidwe, and B. Bakshi Industrial and ecological cumulative exergy consumption of the United States via the 1997 input-output benchmark model Energy 32 9 2007 1560 1592
111. R.A. Urban, and B.R. Bakshi 1,3-Propanediol from fossils versus biomass: a life cycle evaluation of emissions and ecological resources Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48 17 2009 8068 8082
112. US EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 2012 Environmental Protection Agency Washington
113. USDA USDA Economic Research Service - Ag and Food Sectors and the Economy 2012
114. I. Vázquez-Rowe, D. Iribarren, M.T. Moreira, and G. Feijoo Combined application of life cycle assessment and data envelopment analysis as a methodological approach for the assessment of fisheries Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 15 3 2010 272 283 10.1007/s11367-010-0154-9
115. I. Vázquez-rowe, S. Rege, and A. Marvuglia Application of three independent consequential LCA approaches to the agricultural sector in Luxembourg Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2013 1593 1604 10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2
116. Y. Virtanen, and S. Kurppa Carbon footprint of food-approaches from national input-output statistics and a LCA of a food portion J. Clean. Prod. 19 16 2011 1849 1856
117. A. Williams, E. Audsley, and D. Sandars Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities: Defra project report IS0205 2006
118. R. Wood, M. Lenzen, C. Dey, and S. Lundie A comparative study of some environmental impacts of conventional and organic farming in Australia Agric. Syst. 89 2 2006 324 348
119. H. Yi, J. Hau, N. Ukidwe, and B. Bakshi Hierarchical thermodynamic metrics for evaluating the environmental sustainability of industrial processes Environ. Prog. 23 4 2004 302 314
120. Y. Zhang, A. Baral, and B.R. Bakshi Accounting for ecosystem services in Life Cycle Assessment, Part II: toward an ecologically based LCA Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 7 2010 2624 2631
121. J. Zhu Super-efficiency and DEA sensitivity analysis Eur. J. Oper. Res. 129 2 2001 443 455