메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue November, 2015, Pages 1-17

Learning to push and learning to move: The adaptive control of contact forces

Author keywords

Dynamics of manual skill; Force control; Impedance; Kinematics; Modularity; Motor learning

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATION THEORY; CONCURRENCY CONTROL; CONTROL SYSTEMS; CONTROL THEORY; DYNAMICS; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; FORCE CONTROL; KINEMATICS; MOTION CONTROL;

EID: 84948761276     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16625188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00118     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 0021714344 scopus 로고
    • Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement
    • Bizzi, E., Accornero, N., Chapple, W., and Hogan, N. (1984). Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement. J. Neurosci. 4, 2738-2744.
    • (1984) J. Neurosc , vol.4 , pp. 2738-2744
    • Bizzi, E.1    Accornero, N.2    Chapple, W.3    Hogan, N.4
  • 2
    • 33748684967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning and online control of visually guided movements
    • Buneo, C. A., and Andersen, R. A. (2006). The posterior parietal cortex: sensorimotor interface for the planning and online control of visually guided movements. Neuropsychologia 44, 2594-2606. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.011
    • (2006) Neuropsychologi , vol.44 , pp. 2594-2606
    • Buneo, C.A.1    Andersen, R.A.2
  • 4
    • 0027647066 scopus 로고
    • The parallel approach to force/position control ofrobotic manipulators
    • Chiaverini, S., and Sciavicco, L. (1993). The parallel approach to force/position control ofrobotic manipulators. Rob. Autom. IEEETrans. 9, 361-373.
    • (1993) Rob. Autom. Ieeetran , vol.9 , pp. 361-373
    • Chiaverini, S.1    Sciavicco, L.2
  • 5
    • 64849090759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The separate neural control of hand movements and contact forces
    • Chib, V. S., Krutky, M. A., Lynch, K. M., and Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. (2009). The separate neural control of hand movements and contact forces. J. Neurosci. 29, 3939-3947. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5856-08.2009
    • (2009) J. Neurosc , vol.29 , pp. 3
    • Chib, V.S.1    Krutky, M.A.2    Lynch, K.M.3    Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.4
  • 6
    • 0030792333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motor system does not learn the dynamics of the arm by rote memorization of past experience
    • Conditt, M. A., Gandolfo, F., and Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. (1997). The motor system does not learn the dynamics of the arm by rote memorization of past experience. J. Neurophysiol 78, 554-560.
    • (1997) J. Neurophysio , vol.78 , pp. 554-560
    • Conditt, M.A.1    Gandolfo, F.2    Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.3
  • 7
    • 0037250828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learned dynamics ofreachingmovements generalize fromdominant to nondominant arm
    • Criscimagna-Hemminger, S. E., Donchin, O., Gazzaniga, M. S., and Shadmehr, R. (2003). Learned dynamics ofreachingmovements generalize fromdominant to nondominant arm. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 168-176. doi: 10.1152/jn.00622.2002
    • (2003) J. Neurophysio , vol.89 , pp. 168-176
    • Criscimagna-Hemminger, S.E.1    Donchin, O.2    Gazzaniga, M.S.3    Shadmehr, R.4
  • 8
    • 57049093856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological basis of limb-impedance modulation during free and constrained movements
    • Damm, L., and McIntyre, J. (2008). Physiological basis of limb-impedance modulation during free and constrained movements. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2577-2588. doi: 10.1152/jn.90471.2008
    • (2008) J. Neurophysio , vol.100 , pp. 2577-2588
    • Damm, L.1    McIntyre, J.2
  • 9
    • 0141988732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying generalization from trial-by-trial behavior of adaptive systems that learn with basis functions: Theory and experiments in human motor control
    • onchin, O., Francis, J. T., and Shadmehr, R. (2003). Quantifying generalization from trial-by-trial behavior of adaptive systems that learn with basis functions: theory and experiments in human motor control. J. Neurosci. 23, 9032-9045.
    • (2003) J. Neurosc , vol.23 , pp. 9032-9045
    • Donchin, O.1    Francis, J.T.2    Shadmehr, R.3
  • 10
    • 16344383854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robot-enhanced motor learning: Accelerating internal model formation during locomotion by transient dynamic amplification
    • Emken, J. L., and Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2005). Robot-enhanced motor learning: accelerating internal model formation during locomotion by transient dynamic amplification. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 13, 33-39. doi:10.1109/TNSRE.2004.843173
    • (2005) IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. En , vol.13 , pp. 33-39
    • Emken, J.L.1    Reinkensmeyer, D.J.2
  • 11
    • 0000956549 scopus 로고
    • Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor task
    • eldman, A. (1966). Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor task. Biophysics 11, 565-578, 766-755.
    • (1966) Biophysic , pp. 755-766
    • Feldman, A.1
  • 12
    • 0022616533 scopus 로고
    • Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (Lambda model) for motor control
    • Feldman, A. G. (1986). Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (lambda model) for motor control. J. Mot. Behav. 18, 17-54.
    • (1986) J. Mot. Beha , vol.18 , pp. 17-54
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 13
    • 0026384996 scopus 로고
    • Arm stiffness and movement adaptation to external loads
    • Flash, T., and Gurevich, I. (1992). Arm stiffness and movement adaptation to external loads. Proc. Annu. Conf. Eng. Med. 13, 885-886.
    • (1992) Proc. Annu. Conf. Eng. Me , vol.13 , pp. 885-886
    • Flash, T.1    Gurevich, I.2
  • 14
    • 0027356407 scopus 로고
    • Energycostoftwitchand tetanic contractions ofrat muscle estimated in situ bygated 31P NMR
    • Foley, J. M., and Meyer, R. A. (1993). Energycostoftwitchand tetanic contractions ofrat muscle estimated in situ bygated 31P NMR. NMR Biomed. 6, 32-38.
    • (1993) NMR Biome , vol.6 , pp. 32-38
    • Foley, J.M.1    Meyer, R.A.2
  • 15
    • 34447646490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endpoint stiffness of the arm is directionally tuned to instability in the environment
    • Franklin, D. W., Liaw, G., Milner, T. E., Osu, R., Burdet, E., and Kawato, M. (2007). Endpoint stiffness of the arm is directionally tuned to instability in the environment. J. Neurosci. 27, 7705-7716. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0968-07.2007
    • (2007) J. Neurosc , vol.27 , pp. 7705-7716
    • Franklin, D.W.1    Liaw, G.2    Milner, T.E.3    Osu, R.4    Burdet, E.5    Kawato, M.6
  • 16
    • 0242318969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to stable and unstable dynamics achieved by combined impedance control and inverse dynamics model
    • Franklin, D. W., Osu, R., Burdet, E., Kawato, M., and Milner, T. E. (2003). Adaptation to stable and unstable dynamics achieved by combined impedance control and inverse dynamics model. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 3270-3282. doi:10.1152/jn.01112.2002
    • (2003) J. Neurophysio , vol.90 , pp. 3270-3282
    • Franklin, D.W.1    Osu, R.2    Burdet, E.3    Kawato, M.4    Milner, T.E.5
  • 17
    • 14844286195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impedance control balances stability with metabolically costly muscle activation
    • Franklin, D. W., So, U., Kawato, M., and Milner, T. E. (2004). Impedance control balances stability with metabolically costly muscle activation. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 3097-3105. doi: 10.1152/jn.00364.2004
    • (2004) J. Neurophysio , vol.92 , pp. 3097-3105
    • Franklin, D.W.1    So, U.2    Kawato, M.3    Milner, T.E.4
  • 21
    • 0030010484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium-point control hypothesis examined by measured arm stiffness during multijoint movement
    • Gomi, H., and A Kawato (1996). Equilibrium-point control hypothesis examined by measured arm stiffness during multijoint movement. Science 272, 117-120.
    • (1996) Scienc , vol.272 , pp. 117-120
    • Gomi, H.1    Kawato, A.2
  • 22
    • 0032213320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task-dependent viscoelasticity of human multijoint arm and its spatial characteristics for interaction with environments
    • Gomi, H., and Osu, R. (1998). Task-dependent viscoelasticity of human multijoint arm and its spatial characteristics for interaction with environments. J. Neurosci. 18, 8965-8978.
    • (1998) J. Neurosc , vol.18 , pp. 8965-8978
    • Gomi, H.1    Osu, R.2
  • 23
    • 33744943509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parietal area 5 activity does not reflect the differential time-course of motor output kinetics during arm-reaching and isometric-force tasks
    • Hamel-Paquet, K., Sergio, L. F., and Kalaska, J. F. (2006). Parietal area 5 activity does not reflect the differential time-course of motor output kinetics during arm-reaching and isometric-force tasks. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3353-3370. doi:10.1152/jn.00789.2005
    • (2006) J. Neurophysio , vol.95 , pp. 3353-3370
    • Hamel-Paquet, K.1    Sergio, L.F.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 24
    • 0019500463 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in premammillary cats: Intrinsic and reflex components
    • Hoffer, J. A., and Andreassen, S. (1981). Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in premammillary cats: intrinsic and reflex components. J. Neurophysiol. 45, 267-285.
    • (1981) J. Neurophysio , vol.45 , pp. 267-285
    • Hoffer, J.A.1    Andreassen, S.2
  • 25
    • 0031981159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contraction duration affects metabolic energy cost and fatigue in skeletal muscle
    • Hogan, M. C., Ingham, E., and Kurdak, S. S. (1998). Contraction duration affects metabolic energy cost and fatigue in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 274, E397-E402.
    • (1998) Am. J. Physio , vol.274
    • Hogan, M.C.1    Ingham, E.2    Kurdak, S.S.3
  • 26
    • 0022391632 scopus 로고
    • The mechanics of multi-joint posture and movement control
    • Hogan, N. (1985a). The mechanics of multi-joint posture and movement control. Biol. Cybern. 52, 315-331.
    • (1985) Biol. Cyber , vol.52 , pp. 315-331
    • Hogan, N.1
  • 27
    • 0022027124 scopus 로고
    • Impedance control: An approach to manipulation. Parts I, II, III. ASMEJ
    • Hogan, N. (1985b). Impedance control: an approach to manipulation. Parts I, II, III. ASMEJ. Dyn. Sys. Meas. Control 107, 1-24.
    • (1985) Dyn. Sys. Meas. Contro , vol.107 , pp. 1-24
    • Hogan, N.1
  • 29
    • 0022744902 scopus 로고
    • Perception of force and weight: Theory and research
    • Jones, L. A. (1986). Perception of force and weight: theory and research. Psychol. Bull. 100, 29-42.
    • (1986) Psychol. Bul , vol.100 , pp. 29-42
    • Jones, L.A.1
  • 30
    • 0020488889 scopus 로고
    • Force sensation in isometric contractions: A relative force effect
    • relative force effect. Brain Res. 244, 186-189.
    • (1982) Brain Re , vol.244 , pp. 186-189
    • Jones, L.A.1    Hunter, I.2
  • 31
    • 84894041386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visuo-proprioceptive interactions during adaptation of the human reach
    • Judkins, T., and Scheidt, R. A. (2014). Visuo-proprioceptive interactions during adaptation of the human reach. J. Neurophysiol. 111, 868-887. doi:10.1152/jn.00314.2012
    • (2014) J. Neurophysio , vol.111 , pp. 868-887
    • Judkins, T.1    Scheidt, R.A.2
  • 32
    • 0032249168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal models for motor control. Novartis Found
    • Kawato, M., and Wolpert, D. (1998). Internal models for motor control. Novartis Found. Symp. 218, 291-304.
    • (1998) Sym , vol.218 , pp. 291-304
    • Kawato, M.1    Wolpert, D.2
  • 33
    • 0028484540 scopus 로고
    • Muscle stiffness during transient and continuous movements of cat muscle: Perturbation characteristics and physiological relevance
    • Kirsch, R. F., Boskov, D., and Rymer, W. Z. (1994). Muscle stiffness during transient and continuous movements of cat muscle: perturbation characteristics and physiological relevance. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 41, 758-770.
    • (1994) IEEE Trans. Biomed. En , vol.41 , pp. 758-770
    • Kirsch, R.F.1    Boskov, D.2    Rymer, W.Z.3
  • 34
    • 20044391116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random change in cortical load representation suggests distinct control of posture and movement. Nat
    • Kurtzer, I., Herter, T. M., and Scott, S. H. (2005). Random change in cortical load representation suggests distinct control of posture and movement. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 498-504. doi:10.1038/nn1420
    • (2005) Neurosc , vol.8 , pp. 498-504
    • Kurtzer, I.1    Herter, T.M.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 35
    • 0028168580 scopus 로고
    • Rapid adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory
    • ackner, J. R., and Dizio, P. (1994). Rapid adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 299-313.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysio , vol.72 , pp. 299-313
    • Lackner, J.R.1    Dizio, P.2
  • 36
    • 0027972155 scopus 로고
    • Independent control of limb position and contact forces in cat posture
    • Lacquaniti, F., and Maioli, C. (1994). Independent control of limb position and contact forces in cat posture. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1476-1495.
    • (1994) J. Neurophysio , vol.72 , pp. 1476-1495
    • Lacquaniti, F.1    Maioli, C.2
  • 37
    • 34547512591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflex responsiveness of a human hand muscle when controlling isometric force and joint position. Clin
    • Maluf, K. S., Barry, B. K., Riley, Z. A., and Enoka, R. M. (2007). Reflex responsiveness of a human hand muscle when controlling isometric force and joint position. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2063-2071. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.06.009
    • (2007) Neurophysio , vol.118 , pp. 2063-2071
    • Maluf, K.S.1    Barry, B.K.2    Riley, Z.A.3    Enoka, R.M.4
  • 38
    • 43049166821 scopus 로고
    • Servo Hypotheses for the Biological Control of Movement
    • McIntyre, J., and Bizzi, E. (1993). Servo Hypotheses for the Biological Control of Movement. J. Mot. Behav. 25, 193-202.
    • (1993) J. Mot. Beha , vol.25 , pp. 193-202
    • McIntyre, J.1    Bizzi, E.2
  • 39
    • 79958733651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Force field adaptation can be learned using vision in the absence of proprioceptive error
    • Melendez-Calderon, A., Masia, L., Gassert, R., Sandini, G., and Burdet, E. (2011). Force field adaptation can be learned using vision in the absence of proprioceptive error. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19, 298-306. doi:10.1109/TNSRE.2011.2125990
    • (2011) IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. En , vol.19 , pp. 298-306
    • Melendez-Calderon, A.1    Masia, L.2    Gassert, R.3    Sandini, G.4    Burdet, E.5
  • 40
    • 34548136167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haptic feedback enhances force skill learning
    • 2007 and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. World Haptics 2007. Second Joint (Tsukuba), 21-26
    • Morris, D., Hong, T., Barbagli, F., Chang, T., and Salisbury, K. (2007). "Haptic feedback enhances force skill learning," in EuroHaptics Conference, 2007 and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. World Haptics 2007. Second Joint (Tsukuba), 21-26.
    • (2007) Eurohaptics Conferenc
    • Morris, D.1    Hong, T.2    Barbagli, F.3    Chang, T.4    Salisbury, K.5
  • 41
    • 77249131700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rigorous model of reflex function indicates that position and force feedback are flexibly tuned to position and force tasks
    • Mugge, W., Abbink, D. A., Schouten, A. C., Dewald, J. P., and van der Helm, F. C. (2010). A rigorous model of reflex function indicates that position and force feedback are flexibly tuned to position and force tasks. Exp. Brain Res. 200, 325-340. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1985-0
    • (2010) Exp. Brain Re , vol.200 , pp. 325-340
    • Mugge, W.1    Abbink, D.A.2    Schouten, A.C.3    Dewald, J.P.4    Van Der Helm, F.C.5
  • 42
    • 65649105404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensory weighting of force and position feedback in human motor control tasks
    • Mugge, W., Schuurmans, J., Schouten, A. C., and van der Helm, F. C. (2009). Sensory weighting of force and position feedback in human motor control tasks. J. Neurosci. 29, 5476-5482. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0116-09.2009
    • (2009) J. Neurosc , vol.29 , pp. 5476-5482
    • Mugge, W.1    Schuurmans, J.2    Schouten, A.C.3    Van Der Helm, F.C.4
  • 43
    • 0022345303 scopus 로고
    • Neural, mechanical, and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans
    • Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., Hogan, N., and Bizzi, E. (1985). Neural, mechanical, and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans. J. Neurosci. 5, 2732-2743.
    • (1985) J. Neurosc , vol.5 , pp. 2732-2743
    • Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.1    Hogan, N.2    Bizzi, E.3
  • 44
    • 4344682653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multijoint dynamics and postural stability of the human arm
    • Perreault, E. J., Kirsch, R. F., and Crago, P. E. (2004). Multijoint dynamics and postural stability of the human arm. Exp. Brain Res. 157, 507-517. doi:10.1007/s00221-004-1864-7
    • (2004) Exp. Brain Re , vol.157 , pp. 507-517
    • Perreault, E.J.1    Kirsch, R.F.2    Crago, P.E.3
  • 45
    • 0019573303 scopus 로고
    • Hybrid Position/Force Control of Manipulators
    • Raibert, M. H., and Craig, J. J. (1981). Hybrid Position/Force Control of Manipulators. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control 103, 126-133.
    • (1981) J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Contro , vol.103 , pp. 126-133
    • Raibert, M.H.1    Craig, J.J.2
  • 46
    • 0024771691 scopus 로고
    • Dealing with constraints: A biomechanical approach
    • 1989. Images of the Twenty-First Century, Proceedings ofthe Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering(Seattle, WA)
    • Russell, D., and Hogan, N. (1989). "Dealing with constraints: a biomechanical approach," in Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1989. Images of the Twenty-First Century, Proceedings ofthe Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering(Seattle, WA), 892-893.
    • (1989) Engineering in Medicine and Biology Societ , pp. 892-893
    • Russell, D.1    Hogan, N.2
  • 48
    • 34147174274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reach adaptation and final position control amid environmental uncertainty after stroke
    • Scheidt, R. A., and Stoeckmann, T. (2007). Reach adaptation and final position control amid environmental uncertainty after stroke. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 2824-2836. doi:10.1152/jn.00870.2006
    • (2007) J. Neurophysio , vol.97 , pp. 2824-2836
    • Scheidt, R.A.1    Stoeckmann, T.2
  • 49
    • 0007021332 scopus 로고
    • Learning as change of coordination dynamics: Theoryand experiment
    • Schoner, G., Zanone, P. G., and Kelso, J. A. (1992). Learning as change of coordination dynamics: theoryand experiment. J. Mot. Behav. 24, 29-48.
    • (1992) J. Mot. Beha , vol.24 , pp. 29-48
    • Schoner, G.1    Zanone, P.G.2    Kelso, J.A.3
  • 50
    • 70349876486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impedance control reduces instability that arises from motor noise
    • Selen, L. P., Franklin, D. W., and Wolpert, D. M. (2009). Impedance control reduces instability that arises from motor noise. J. Neurosci. 29, 12606-12616. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2826-09.2009
    • (2009) J. Neurosc , vol.29 , pp. 12606-12616
    • Selen, L.P.1    Franklin, D.W.2    Wolpert, D.M.3
  • 51
    • 24944449407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics During Isometric-Force and Arm-Reaching Tasks
    • Sergio, L. E., Hamel-Paquet, C., and Kalaska, J. F. (2005). Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics During Isometric-Force and Arm-Reaching Tasks. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 2353-2378. doi:10.1152/jn.00989.2004
    • (2005) J. Neurophysio , vol.94 , pp. 2353-2378
    • Sergio, L.E.1    Hamel-Paquet, C.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 52
    • 0031790064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the temporal pattern ofprimary motor cortex activity in a directional isometric force versus limb movement task
    • Sergio, L. E., and Kalaska, J. F. (1998). Changes in the temporal pattern ofprimary motor cortex activity in a directional isometric force versus limb movement task. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1577-1583.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysio , vol.80 , pp. 1577-1583
    • Sergio, L.E.1    Kalaska, J.F.2
  • 53
    • 0028270380 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive representation ofdynamics during learning of a motor task
    • hadmehr, R., and Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. (1994). Adaptive representation ofdynamics during learning of a motor task. J. Neurosci. 14, 3208-3224.
    • (1994) J. Neurosc , vol.14 , pp. 3208-3224
    • Shadmehr, R.1    Mussa-Ivaldi, F.A.2
  • 55
    • 0037387346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic cost offorce generation
    • Sih, B. L., and Stuhmiller, J. H. (2003). The metabolic cost offorce generation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35, 623-629. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000058435.67376.49
    • (2003) Med. Sci. Sports Exer , vol.35 , pp. 623-629
    • Sih, B.L.1    Stuhmiller, J.H.2
  • 56
    • 33745198236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning
    • Smith, M. A., Ghazizadeh, A., and Shadmehr, R. (2006). Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning. PLoS Biol. 4:e179. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040179
    • (2006) Plos Bio , vol.4
    • Smith, M.A.1    Ghazizadeh, A.2    Shadmehr, R.3
  • 60
    • 0034641916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives
    • Thoroughman, K. A., and Shadmehr, R. (2000). Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Nature 407, 742-747. doi:10.1038/35037588
    • (2000) Natur , vol.407 , pp. 742-747
    • Thoroughman, K.A.1    Shadmehr, R.2
  • 61
    • 0344877202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perception and reproduction offorce direction in the horizontal plane
    • Toffin, D., McIntyre, J., Droulez, J., Kemeny, A., and Berthoz, A. (2003). Perception and reproduction offorce direction in the horizontal plane. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 3040-3053. doi:10.1152/jn.00271.2003
    • (2003) J. Neurophysio , vol.90 , pp. 3040-3053
    • Toffin, D.1    McIntyre, J.2    Droulez, J.3    Kemeny, A.4    Berthoz, A.5
  • 62
    • 33751227793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-time separation during obstacle-avoidance learning in m nkeys
    • Torres, E., and Andersen, R. (2006). Space-time separation during obstacle-avoidance learning in m nkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 2613-2632. doi:10.1152/jn.00188.2006
    • (2006) J. Neurophysio , vol.96 , pp. 2613-2632
    • Torres, E.1    Andersen, R.2
  • 63
    • 0033818323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation disrupts eye-hand interactions in the posterior parietal cortex
    • Van Donkelaar, P., Lee, J. H., and Drew, A. S. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation disrupts eye-hand interactions in the posterior parietal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 1677-1680.
    • (2000) J. Neurophysio , vol.84 , pp. 1677-1680
    • Van Donkelaar, P.1    Lee, J.H.2    Drew, A.S.3
  • 64
    • 38949132700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural control of motion-to-force transitions with the fingertip
    • Venkadesan, M., and Valero-Cuevas, F. J. (2008). Neural control of motion-to-force transitions with the fingertip. J. Neurosci. 28, 1366-1373. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4993-07.2008
    • (2008) J. Neurosc , vol.28 , pp. 1366-1373
    • Venkadesan, M.1    Valero-Cuevas, F.J.2
  • 65
    • 0028810433 scopus 로고
    • Stabilityproperties ofhuman reaching movements. Exp
    • Won, J., and Hogan, N. (1995). Stabilityproperties ofhuman reaching movements. Exp. Brain Res. 107, 125-136.
    • (1995) Brain Re , vol.107 , pp. 125-136
    • Won, J.1    Hogan, N.2
  • 66
    • 58849161912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of visual perturbations on the neural control of limb stiffness
    • ong, J., Wilson, E. T., Malfait, N., and Gribble, P. L. (2009). The influence of visual perturbations on the neural control of limb stiffness. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 246-257. doi:10.1152/jn.90371.2008
    • (2009) J. Neurophysio , vol.101 , pp. 246-257
    • Wong, J.1    Wilson, E.T.2    Malfait, N.3    Gribble, P.L.4
  • 67
    • 0003696410 scopus 로고
    • Foundation ofRobotics
    • Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Yoshikawa, T. (1990). Foundation ofRobotics, Analysis and Control. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    • (1990) Analysis and Contro
    • Yoshikawa, T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.