ASD Symptom Severity in Adolescence of Individuals Diagnosed with PDD-NOS in Childhood: Stability and the Relation with Psychiatric Comorbidity and Societal Participation

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 45, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 3908-3918

  Louwerse, A ^a,b   Eussen, M L J M ^a,b   Van der Ende, J ^a   de Nijs, P F A ^a   Van Gool, A R ^b   Dekker, L P ^a,b   Verheij, C ^a   Verheij, F ^a   Verhulst, F C ^a   Greaves Lord, K ^a,b  

^a SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b Yulius Mental Health Institute   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS 2); Autism spectrum disorders (ASD); Comorbid psychiatric disorders; Follow up; Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS); Societal functioning; Symptom severity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AUTISM; AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW SCHEDULE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FRIENDSHIP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MOOD DISORDER; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL PARTICIPATION; SOCIAL STATUS; SPECIAL EDUCATION; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84947867351     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2595-2     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Amone-P’Olak, K., Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A. J., Reijneveld, S. A., Verhulst, F. C., & Burger, H. (2010). Socioeconomic position predicts specialty mental health service use independent of clinical severity: The TRAILS study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,49(7), 647–655. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.007.
2. APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn text rev (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Bal, V. H., & Lord, C. (2015). Replication of standardized ADOS domain scores in the Simons simplex collection. Autism Research,. doi:10.1002/aur.1474.
5. Ballaban-Gil, K., Rapin, I., Tuchman, R., & Shinnar, S. (1996). Longitudinal examination of the behavioral, language, and social changes in a population of adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Pediatric Neurology,15(3), 217–223. doi:10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6.
6. Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2005). Autism after adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35(3), 351–360. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5.
7. Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2007). Autism in adults: Symptom patterns and early childhood predictors. Use of the DISCO in a community sample followed from childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,48(11), 1102–1110.
8. Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Aspects of quality of life in adults diagnosed with autism in childhood: A population-based study. Autism,15(1), 7–20. doi:10.1177/1362361309346066.
9. CBS. (2010). Statline Databank, Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved Aug 21, 2013, from Central Bureau of Statistics
10. CDC. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, United States, 2008. In Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance Summaries (pp 1–19).
11. Cederlund, M., Hagberg, B., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2008). Asperger syndrome and autism: A comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(1), 72–85. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0364-6.
12. Charman, T., Taylor, E., Drew, A., Cockerill, H., Brown, J. A., & Baird, G. (2005). Outcome at 7 years of children diagnosed with autism at age 2: Predictive validity of assessments conducted at 2 and 3 years of age and pattern of symptom change over time. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,46(5), 500–513. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00377.
13. Chawarska, K., Klin, A., Paul, R., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: Stability and change in syndrome expression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,48(2), 128–138. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01685.
14. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. de Bruin, E. I., Ferdinand, R. F., Meester, S., de Nijs, P. F., & Verheij, F. (2007). High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in PDD-NOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37(5), 877–886. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0215-x.
16. Dubin, A. H., Lieberman-Betz, R., & Michele Lease, A. (2015). Investigation of individual factors associated with anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2458-x.
17. Duchan, E., & Patel, D. R. (2012). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America,59(1), 27–43. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.003.
18. Education, E. A. f. D. i. S. N. (2010). Special needs Education Country Data, 2010. Odense: European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education
19. Eussen, M. L., Van Gool, A. R., Verheij, F., De Nijs, P. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2013). The association of quality of social relations, symptom severity and intelligence with anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism,17(6), 723–735. doi:10.1177/1362361312453882.
20. Farley, M. A., McMahon, W. M., Fombonne, E., Jenson, W. R., Miller, J., Gardner, M., & Coon, H. (2009). Twenty-year outcome for individuals with autism and average or near-average cognitive abilities. Autism Research,2(2), 109–118. doi:10.1002/aur.69.
21. Fein, D., Barton, M., Eigsti, I. M., Kelley, E., Naigles, L., Schultz, R. T., & Tyson, K. (2013). Optimal outcome in individuals with a history of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,54(2), 195–205. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12037.
22. Fein, D., Dixon, P., Paul, J., & Levin, H. (2005). Brief report: pervasive developmental disorder can evolve into ADHD: Case illustrations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35(4), 525–534. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-5066-3.
23. Fombonne, E. (2009). Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research,65(6), 591–598. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203.
24. Gillberg, C., & Steffenburg, S. (1987). Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions: A population based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. Journal of Autism and Devopmental Disorders,17(2), 273–287.
25. Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009). Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39(5), 693–705. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3.
26. Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37(4), 613–627. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1.
27. Granpeesheh, D., Tarbox, J., Dixon, D. R., Carr, E., & Herbert, M. (2009). Retrospective analysis of clinical records in 38 cases of recovery from autism. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry,21(4), 195–204.
28. Greaves-Lord, K., Eussen, M. J. M., Verhulst, F., Minderaa, R., Mandy, W., Hudziak, J., et al. (2012). Empirically based phenotypic profiles of children with pervasive developmental disorders: Interpretation in the light of the DSM-5. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1724-4.
29. Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Nottke, C., & Wetherby, A. M. (2012). Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: Stability and change in clinical diagnosis and symptom presentation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12008.
30. Hartman, C. A., Luteijn, E., Serra, M., & Minderaa, R. (2006). Refinement of the Children’s Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ): An instrument that describes the diverse problems seen in milder forms of PDD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,36(3), 325–342. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0072-z.
31. Helt, M., Kelley, E., Kinsbourne, M., Pandey, J., Boorstein, H., Herbert, M., & Fein, D. (2008). Can children with autism recover? If so, how? Neuropsychology Review,18(4), 339–366. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9.
32. Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(2), 212–229. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x.
33. Howlin, P., Moss, P., Savage, S., & Rutter, M. (2013). Social outcomes in mid- to later adulthood among individuals diagnosed with autism and average nonverbal IQ as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 572–581, e571. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.017
34. Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores: Separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(10), 2400–2412. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1.
35. Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2014). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Module 4: Revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(8), 1996–2012. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3.
36. Kasius, M. (1997). Interviewing children. Development of the Dutch version of the semistructured clinical interview for children and adolescents (SCICA) and testing of the psychometdc properties. (PhD), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam.
37. Kleinman, J. M., Ventola, P. E., Pandey, J., Verbalis, A. D., Barton, M., Hodgson, S., & Fein, D. (2008). Diagnostic stability in very young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(4), 606–615. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0427-8.
38. Lecavalier, L., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Houts, C., & Edwards, M. C. (2009). Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: Internal validity of the DSM-IV. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50(10), 1246–1254. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02104.x.
39. Levy, A., & Perry, A. (2011). Outcomes in adolescents and adults with autism: A review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,5(4), 1271–1282. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.023.
40. Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry,63(6), 694–701. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.694.
41. Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H, Jr, Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., & Rutter, M. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30(3), 205–223. doi:10.1023/A:1005592401947.
42. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
43. Malhi, P., & Singhi, P. (2011). Follow up of children with autism spectrum disorders: Stability and change in diagnosis. Indian Journal of Pediatrics,. doi:10.1007/s12098-011-0370-8.
44. Matson, J. L., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. S. (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities,28(4), 341–352. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004.
45. McGovern, C. W., & Sigman, M. (2005). Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,46(4), 401–408. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00361.x.
46. Moore, V., & Goodson, S. (2003). How well does early diagnosis of autism stand the test of time? Follow-up study of children assessed for autism at age 2 and development of an early diagnostic service. Autism,7(1), 47–63. doi:10.1177/1362361303007001005.
47. Moss, J., Magiati, I., Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2008). Stability of the autism diagnostic interview-revised from pre-school to elementary school age in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(6), 1081–1091. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0487-9.
48. Muris, P., Steerneman, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Meesters, C. (1998). Comorbid anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00022-X.
49. Orinstein, A. J., Suh, J., Porter, K., De Yoe, K. A., Tyson, K. E., Troyb, E., & Fein, D. A. (2015). Social function and communication in optimal outcome children and adolescents with an autism history on structured test measures. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(8), 2443–2463. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2409-6.
50. Orsmond, G. I., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Sterzing, P. R., & Anderson, K. A. (2013). Social participation among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1833-8.
51. Rondeau, E., Klein, L. S., Masse, A., Bodeau, N., Cohen, D., & Guile, J. M. (2010). Is pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified less stable than autistic disorder? A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Devopmental Disorders. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1155-z
52. Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). The Autism diagnostic interview-revised: Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
53. Schaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Lucas, C. (1998). NIHM DISC-IV. Diagnostic interview schedule for children, parent-informant. New York: Columbia University.
54. Schaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Lucas, C. (1998). NIMH DISC-IV. Diagnostic interview schedule for children, parent-informant. New York, NY: Columbia University.
55. Schaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,39(1), 28–38. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014.
56. Simonoff, E., Jones, C. R. G., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Happé, F., & Charman, T. (2013). The persistence and stability of psychiatric problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,54(2), 186–194. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02606.x.
57. Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,47(8), 921–929. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
58. Soke, G. N., Philofsky, A., Diguiseppi, C., Lezotte, D., Rogers, S., & Hepburn, S. (2011). Longitudinal changes in scores on the autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R) in pre-school children with autism: Implications for diagnostic classification and symptom stability. Autism,15(5), 545–562. doi:10.1177/1362361309358332.
59. Starr, E., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2003). Stability and change among high-functioning children with pervasive developmental disorders: A 2-year outcome study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,33(1), 15–22. doi:10.1023/A:1022222202970.
60. Stoutjesdijk, R., & Scholte, E. M. (2009). Special education for children with psychiatric problems: A comparison between students in separated schools for special education and students in inclusive education [cluster 4 speciaal onderwijs: een vergelijking tussen leerlingen op cluster 4 scholen en cluster 4 rugzakleerlingen]. Tijdschrift Voor Orthopedagogiek,48, 161–169.
61. Turner, L. M., & Stone, W. L. (2007). Variability in outcome for children with an ASD diagnosis at age 2. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,48(8), 793–802. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01744.x.
62. van Steensel, F. J., Bogels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I. (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorders: A comparison with children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies,22(3), 368–376. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9587-z9587.
63. Verhulst, F. C., & Van der Ende, J. (2013). Handleiding ASEBA. Vragenlijsten voor de leeftijden 6 tot en met 18 jaar. Rotterdam: ASEBA Netherlands.
64. Verhulst, F. C., Van der Ende, J., & Koot, H. M. (1996). Handleiding voor de CBCL/4-18 (Manual for the CBCL/4-18). Rotterdam: Erasmus University/Deparment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sophia Children’s Hospital.
65. Volkmar, F., & Reichow, B. (2013). Autism in DSM-5: Progress and challenges. Molecular Autism, 4(1), 13.
66. Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
67. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, manual. TX Harcourt Assessment: San Antonio.
68. Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Research and Practice,17, 281–292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x.
69. Woolfenden, S., Sarkozy, V., Ridley, G., & Williams, K. (2012). A systematic review of the diagnostic stability of autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,6, 345–354. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.008.
70. Zahra, D., & Hedge, C. (2010). The Reliable Change Index: Why isn’t it more popular in academic psychology? PSyPag Quarterly76(76), 14–19.